Philosophers
53-507: The Kingdom of Pajang or Sultanate of Pajang ( كسلطانن ڤاجڠ ; 1586–1568) was a short-lived Muslim state in Java . It was established by Adiwijaya or Jaka Tingkir, Lord of Boyolali , after a civil war and was a successor to Sultanate of Demak . Adiwijaya claimed to be a descendant of Brawijaya V, the last king of the Majapahit empire, and Trenggana, the sultan of Demak. Pajang
106-476: A pemangku raja is the interim ruler of a Malay state if its king is elected to be the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for the usual five-year term, or is unable to assume their role. For example, Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah , became Regent of Pahang after his father, Abdullah of Pahang was elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI in 2019. Currently, Tunku Ismail is Regent of Johor when his father, Ibrahim Iskandar
159-466: A college degree but is trained in a specialized école normale ( normal school ). In the former Dutch East Indies , a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a regentschap . Consequently, in the successor state of Indonesia , the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati , the head of a kabupaten (second level local government). In Malaysia ,
212-527: A fief in a forest called Alas Mentaok, now Kotagede , on which they founded their base for the future capital of Mataram Kingdom . Legend says King Adiwijaya was so fond of Sutawijaya, that he adopted him as the playmate of his heir, Prince Banawa. Adiwijaya's rule was supposed to be succeeded by this weak-minded heir, but a rebellion by a vassal named Ario Pangiri forced the prince to seek asylum from his childhood friend Sutawijaya. Pledged to help, Sutawijaya gathered his army defeated Ario Pangiri, and seized
265-409: A monarchy , a regent (from Latin regens 'ruling, governing') is a person appointed to govern a state pro tempore ( Latin for 'for the time being') because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined. The rule of a regent or regents
318-527: A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is ‘ salima ’ to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way ‘ Islām ’ means making one's religion and faith God's alone. In several places in the Quran , the word muslim conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of Muhammad , for example: "Abraham
371-605: A governing board rather than just the equivalent of the chief executive. In the Society of Jesus , a regent is an individual training to be a Jesuit and who has completed his novitiate and philosophy studies but has not yet progressed to theology studies. A regent among the Jesuits is often assigned to teach in schools or some other academic institution. Some university managers in North America are called regents, and
424-612: A management board for a college or university may be titled the " Board of Regents ". In New York State , all activities related to public and private education ( P-12 and postsecondary ) and professional licensure are administered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York , the appointed members of which are titled regents. The term "regent" is also used for members of governing bodies of institutions such as
477-551: A person. Among Asharites , it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual's longing to improve, because the creature has no assurance of their own state (of belief) until the end of life. The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity , and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam , Noah , Abraham , Ishmael , Jacob , Moses , and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in
530-499: A person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the Khawārij developed an understanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms. When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommended to say the Istit̲h̲nāʾ , for example, " in-sha'allah I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of
583-630: Is "Muslim". For most of the 20th century, the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse. That spelling and its pronunciation was opposed by many Muslims in English-speaking countries because it resembled the Arabic word aẓ-ẓālim ( الظَّالِم ), meaning "the oppressor". In the United States, the Associated Press instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling "Muslim" in 1991, making it
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#1732775925192636-538: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Muslim Muslims ( Arabic : المسلمون , romanized : al-Muslimūn , lit. 'submitters [to God ]') are people who adhere to Islam , a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran , the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or Allah ) as it
689-635: Is a group portrait of the board of trustees, called regents or regentesses, of a charitable organization or guild . This type of group portrait was popular in Dutch Golden Age painting during the 17th and 18th centuries. Again in Belgium and France ( régent in French, or in Dutch), "regent" is the official title of a teacher in a lower secondary school ( junior high school ), who does not require
742-732: Is based in Central Java as a continuation of the Demak Sultanate. The palace complex at this time only remains in the form of the boundaries of its foundations which are on the border of Pajang Village [ id ] - Surakarta and Makamhaji Village [ id ] , Kartasura , Sukoharjo . In the last battle against the last claimant of Demak, the vicious Arya Penangsang , Jaka Tingkir commissioned his greatest vassal, Ki Ageng Pamanahan, and his son, Sutawijaya , to destroy Arya Penangsang's army. The two managed to defeat and kill Arya Penangsang and were thus awarded
795-411: Is called a regency . A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant . If the regent is holding the position due to their being in the line of succession , the compound term prince regent is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, and she
848-422: Is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." In Sunni Islam , the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah ), and Muhammadun rasul Allah ( Muhammad is the messenger of God), which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada . The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl . In Shia Islam ,
901-399: Is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun , based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact". A female adherent is a muslima ( Arabic : مسلمة ) (also transliterated as "Muslimah" ). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn ( مسلمون ) or muslimīn ( مسلمين ), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt ( مسلمات ). The ordinary word in English
954-481: Is wife or widow of the king, she would be referred to as queen regent . If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the period when the royal line has died out. This was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and
1007-585: The Shahada in front of Muslim witnesses, one of the Five Pillars of Islam , a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is God's messenger. It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh ( أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله ) "I testify that there
1060-401: The Five Pillars of Islam : the declaration of faith ( shahadah ), daily prayers ( salah ), almsgiving ( zakat ), fasting during the month of Ramadan ( sawm ), and the pilgrimage to Mecca ( hajj ) at least once in a lifetime. The majority of theological traditions of Islam accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of
1113-690: The Kingdom of Hungary , where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I . In Iceland , the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), kings were elective , which often led to a fairly long interregnum. During this period, the Roman Catholic primate (the Archbishop of Gniezno ) served as
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#17327759251921166-614: The Tawrat ( Torah ) to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel , the Zabur ( Psalms ) to David and the Injil ( Gospel ) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets . The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims, followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%). About 20% of
1219-575: The Americas (5.2 million or 0.6%), Australia (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of Europe (44 million or 6%). A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group. The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus ) have
1272-701: The Pajang Palace. Prince Banawa then submitted his crown to Sutawijaya and thus ended the Kingdom of Pajang in 1586, when Sutawijaya founded the greatest Islamic kingdom in Java: Mataram Sultanate . The name of the land of Pajang has been known since the time of the Majapahit Empire . According to Nagarakretagama , written in 1365, at that time the younger sister of Hayam Wuruk (the king of Majapahit at that time) whose real name
1325-554: The Qur'an. The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims ( wa-shahad be anna muslimūn )." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given
1378-490: The age of 96. He became the regent for Rama X of Thailand , who chose not to formally accede to the throne until the end of the mourning period for his father . Previously, this record was held by Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria , who was 91 at the end of his regency. The term “regent” may also refer to positions lower than that of a state’s ruler. The term may be used in the governance of organisations, typically as an equivalent of "director", and held by all members of
1431-483: The arch-enemy of Prabu Baka, the king of Prambanan. This story is with the fairy tale of the founding of the Prambanan Temple . When Majapahit was led by Brawijaya V [ id ] (the last king written in the babad texts), the name Pengging reappeared. It is said that Brawijaya V [ id ] 's daughter, Retno Ayu Pembayun, was kidnapped by Menak Daliputih , the king of Blambangan ,
1484-577: The collapse of the Muslim kingdom in the Pasisir , or the northern coastal region of Java. According to the babad scripts, Andayaningrat died at the hands of Sunan Ngudung [ id ] during the war between the Majapahit Empire and the Demak Sultanate . He was later replaced by his son, whose name was Raden Kebo Kenanga, with the title Ki Ageng Pengging. Since then Pengging has been
1537-781: The cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab , Byzantine , Persian and Levantine . With the rapid expansion of the Arab Islamic empires , Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Indonesian , Pakistani ( Punjabi , Pashtun , Baloch Kashmiri , Sindhi ), Hindustani , Bengali , Nigerian , Egyptian , Persian , Turkic , Caucasian , Malay , Somali , Berber , and Moro cultures. Regent Works In
1590-683: The largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively. Due to high Muslim population growth , Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world. Muslims have experienced persecution of varying severity, especially in China, India, some parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia. The word muslim ( Arabic : مسلم , IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm] ; English: / ˈ m ʌ z l ɪ m / , / ˈ m ʊ z l ɪ m / , / ˈ m ʊ s l ɪ m / ( MUZZ -lim, MUUZ -lim, MUUSS -lim ) or moslem / ˈ m ɒ z l ə m / , / ˈ m ɒ s l ə m / ( MOZ -ləm, MOSS -ləm ) )
1643-469: The lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions. About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling, and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees. Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe
Kingdom of Pajang - Misplaced Pages Continue
1696-512: The majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority. A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslims population live in non-Muslim-majority developed countries . India's Muslim population is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million). Sizable minorities are also found in
1749-665: The most common spelling thereafter. The last major newspaper in the United Kingdom to use the spelling "Moslem" was the Daily Mail , which switched to "Muslim" in 2004. The word Mosalman or Mussulman ( Persian : مسلمان , romanized : mosalmân , alternatively musalmān ) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia . In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage; however, cognates of this word remain
1802-470: The most important woman in Europe, giving her name to an age. The equivalent Greek term is epitropos ( επίτροπος ), meaning overseer. As of 2024, Liechtenstein (under Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein ) and Luxembourg (under Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg ) are the only countries with active regencies. In 2016, Prem Tinsulanonda became the oldest regent of any nation, at
1855-626: The national banks of France and Belgium . In the Dutch Republic , the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but forming a de facto patrician class, were informally known collectively as regenten (the Dutch plural for regent ) because they typically held positions as "regent" on the boards of town councils, as well as charitable and civic institutions. The regents group portrait , regentenstuk or regentessenstuk for female boards in Dutch , literally "regents' piece",
1908-480: The population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational . With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of earth's population , Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world , primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims, with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to
1961-691: The regent, and was called interrex (Latin: ruler 'between kings' as in Ancient Rome ). In the small republic of San Marino , the two Captains Regent ( Capitani Reggenti ) are both elected for a six-month term as joint heads of state . Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom , giving rise to many terms such as Regency era and Regency architecture . Strictly, this period lasted from 1811 to 1820, when his father George III
2014-402: The shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali , the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam : وعليٌ وليُّ الله ( wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh ), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God". In Quranist Islam , the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah ( la ilaha illa'llah ). The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in
2067-468: The son of Menak Jingga. A hero named Jaka Sengara appears who manages to seize the princess and kill the kidnapper. For his services, Jaka Sengara was appointed by Brawijaya [ id ] as the Pengging regent (bupati) and married Retno Ayu Pembayun. He then was given the title Andayaningrat . The Kingdom of Panjang is seen as the first kingdom that emerged in the interior of Java after
2120-533: The standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans . Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative , Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist . In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens . The Muslim philologist Ibn al-Anbari said:
2173-480: The subordinate area of the Demak Kingdom. Several years later Ki Ageng Pengging was sentenced to death because he was accused of trying to rebel against the Demak Sultanate . His son, who had the title Jaka Tingkir , when he was an adult, actually served Demak . Jaka Tingkir's brilliant achievements in the army made him appointed as Trenggana's son-in-law and became the regent (bupati) of Pajang with
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2226-644: The support of Ratu Kalinyamat (the regent (bupati) of Jepara and daughter of Trenggana), Adiwijaya and his followers succeeded in defeating Arya Penangsang. Adiwijaya then seized the throne of Demak and founded the Kingdom of Pajang. Pigeaud, T.G.T. and De Graaf, H.J. (1976). Islamic States in Java 1500-1700 . Brill. Ricklefs, M.C. (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 . New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 7°34′27″S 110°47′08″E / 7.57417°S 110.78556°E / -7.57417; 110.78556 This Indonesia -related article
2279-600: The throne is not immediate, the Ndlovukati (similar to a queen mother ) rules as regent until the new king is determined. In Lagos, Nigeria , the subnational Erelu Kuti rules the kingdom as regent whenever there is no Oba of Lagos . Much like in Eswatini, succession to the throne of Lagos is not immediate, and the Erelu Kuti (a high ranking functionary in her own right) is charged with serving as custodian until
2332-523: The title Adiwijaya. The Pajang area at that time covered the Pengging area (now roughly covering Boyolali and Klaten ), Tingkir (the Salatiga area), Butuh , and its surroundings. After the death of Trenggana in 1546, then Sunan Prawata [ id ] took the throne. However, Sultan Prawata was killed by his cousin, Arya Penangsang, the regent (bupati) of Jipang in 1547. After that, Arya Penangsang tried to kill Adiwijaya but failed. With
2385-520: The two largest denominations are Sunni Islam (75–90% of all Muslims) and Shia Islam (10–20% of all Muslims). By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population. By country, Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world , holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide; outside of the Muslim-majority countries, India and China are home to
2438-432: The world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal. As of 2010, 49 countries countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population. In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in
2491-463: The world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims. Arab Muslims form the largest ethnic group among Muslims in the world, followed by Bengalis , and Punjabis . Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni . The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya , make up 10–20%, and 1% respectively. While the majority of
2544-778: The world's total population. In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at: 45% of Africa , 25% of Asia and Oceania collectively, 6% of Europe , and 1% of the Americas . Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the Middle East–North Africa , 90% of Central Asia , 65% of the Caucasus , 42% of Southeast Asia , 32% of South Asia , and 42% of sub-Saharan Africa . While, there are several Islamic schools and branches , as well as non-denominational Muslims ,
2597-481: Was Dyah Nertaja served as the ruler of Pajang, had the title Bhatara i Pajang , or abbreviated as Bhre Pajang . Dyah Nertaja is the mother of Wikramawardhana (the heir of Majapahit at the time). Based on the babad scripts, the Pengging [ id ] country is called the forerunner of Pajang. The legendary folklore mentions that Pengging was an ancient kingdom that was once led by Prabu Anglingdriya ,
2650-660: Was elected as current Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 2024. In the Philippines – specifically, the University of Santo Tomas – the Father Regent, who must be a Dominican priest and is often also a teacher, serves as the institution's spiritual head. They also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative body of the university. In Eswatini , where succession to
2703-477: Was insane, though when used as a period label it generally covers a wider period. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans was Regent of France from the death of Louis XIV in 1715 until Louis XV came of age in 1723; this is also used as a period label for many aspects of French history, as Régence in French, again tending to cover a rather wider period than the actual regency. In the 16th century, Queen Catherine de Medici 's acts as regent caused her to become arguably
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#17327759251922756-413: Was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim [مُّسۡلِمࣰا], and he was not a polytheist." -- Quran 3:67 "Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims [مُسۡلِمُونَ].'" -- Quran 3:52 To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter
2809-776: Was revealed to Muhammad , the main Islamic prophet . Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous revelations , such as the Tawrat ( Torah ), the Zabur ( Psalms ), and the Injeel ( Gospel ). These earlier revelations are associated with Judaism and Christianity , which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad ( sunnah ) as recorded in traditional accounts ( hadith ). With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise around 25% of
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