Opposition Alliance (14)
126-533: The Senate of Pakistan , constitutionally the House of the Federation , is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan . As of 2023, It has a maximum membership of 96, of which 92 are elected by the provincial legislatures using single transferable vote ; four represent the federal capital . Members sit for terms lasting six years, with half of the house up for election every three years. Unlike
252-498: A Bachelor's degree in his class of 29th PMA Long Course together with Ali Kuli Khan and his lifelong friend Abdul Aziz Mirza. He was commissioned in the artillery regiment as second lieutenant and posted near the Indo-Pakistan border. During this time in the artillery regiment, Musharraf maintained his close friendship and contact with Mirza through letters and telephones even in difficult times when Mirza, after joining
378-583: A television interview given in 2001, Musharraf openly spoke about the negative role of a few high-ranking officers in the Pakistan Armed Forces in state's affairs . Musharraf labelled many of his senior professors at NDU as "pseudo-intellectuals", including the NDU 's notable professors, General Aslam Beg and Jehangir Karamat under whom Musharraf studied and served well. The Military Police held former prime minister Sharif under house arrest at
504-512: A Constitution Commission in February 1960 which framed the 1962 Constitution. That Constitution provided for a Presidential form of Government with a unicameral legislature. The 1962 Constitution was abrogated on 25 March 1969. The Civil Government, which came to power in December 1971 pursuant to 1970 elections, gave the nation an interim Constitution in the year 1972. The 1970 Assembly framed
630-573: A bachelor's degree in English literature. She then married and devoted herself to raising a family. His father, Syed, was an accountant who worked at the foreign office in the British Indian government and eventually became an accounting director. Musharraf was the second of three children, all boys. His elder brother, Javed Musharraf, based in Rome , is an economist and one of the directors of
756-513: A ceremonial Head of State who is to represent the unity of the state. The first six articles of the constitution outline the political system as federal parliamentary republic system; as well as Islam as its state religion . The Constitution also encapsulates provisions stipulating the legal system's compliance with Islamic injunctions contained in the Quran and Sunnah. The Parliament cannot make any laws which may be repugnant or contrary to
882-732: A coup after the Kargil conflict. Sharif was placed in Adiala Jail, infamous for hosting Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's trial, and his leading defence lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was shot dead in Karachi in mid-March. Sharif's defence team blamed the military for intentionally providing their lawyers with inadequate protection. The court proceedings were widely accused of being a show trial . Sources from Pakistan claimed that Musharraf and his military government's officers were in full mood to exercise tough conditions on Sharif, and intended to send Nawaz Sharif to
1008-485: A delicate balance of power among the country's institutions. The Constitution defined the role of Islam ; Pakistan was to be a Federation of Four Provinces and shall be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; introduction of check and balances , separation of powers , and provided the federal system under which the government should govern. The Constitution established a " Bicameral Parliament " as
1134-575: A dog named Whiskey that gave him a "lifelong love for dogs". He played sports in his youth. In 1956, he left Turkey and returned to Pakistan in 1957 where he attended Saint Patrick's School in Karachi and was accepted at the Forman Christian College University in Lahore. At Forman, Musharraf chose mathematics as a major in which he excelled academically, but later developed an interest in economics. In 1961, at
1260-516: A dorm with the admiral in the 1960s and they graduated together from the academy) was appointed by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Mirza remained extremely supportive of Musharraf's coup and was also a close friend of Musharraf since 1971 when both participated in a joint operation against the Indian Army . After Mirza's retirement, Musharraf appointed Admiral Shahid Karimullah, with whom Musharraf had trained together in special forces schools during
1386-558: A fallout between Musharraf and Sharif, Sharif officially certified Musharraf's remaining two years of his term on 30 September. Musharraf left for a weekend trip to take part in Sri Lanka's Army 's 50th-anniversary celebrations. When Pervez Musharraf was returning from his visit to Colombo his flight was denied landing permissions at Karachi International Airport on orders from the Prime Minister's office. Upon hearing
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#17327726190351512-489: A government guesthouse and opened his Lahore home to the public in late October 1999. He was formally indicted in November on charges of hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, and treason for preventing Musharraf's flight from landing at Karachi airport on the day of the coup. His trial began in early March 2000 in an anti-terrorism court, which is designed for speedy trials. He testified Musharraf began preparations of
1638-747: A large scale general strike all over the country. Under pressure by the PPP, President Yahya postponed the National Assembly session on 25 March which came as a shattering disillusionment to the AL and their supporters throughout East Pakistan. It was seen as a betrayal and as proof of the authorities of the Pakistan to deny them the fruits of their electoral victory. This resulted in the outbreak of violence in East Pakistan. The Awami League launched
1764-451: A legislative authority that consists of the Senate as Upper house (providing equal provincial representation), and National Assembly as Lower house (providing the will and representation of people). The Constitution put stipulation on the eligibility of becoming President and Prime Minister that only " Muslim " of not less than forty-five years of age and is qualified for becoming
1890-554: A non-co-operation movement as they virtually controlled the entire province. Due to disturbances in East Pakistan , no National Assembly session was called and the military moved into East Pakistan and executed Operation Searchlight . The civil disobedience movement turned into an armed liberation movement backed by India . With India successfully intervening in the conflict, the Pakistan military surrendered to
2016-695: A proceeding in Supreme Court regarding the suspension of the writ of the constitution in 2007. In 2014, Musharraf was declared an " absconder " in the Bugti and Bhutto assassination cases by virtue of moving to Dubai due to failing health. Finally in 2019, the Special Court found Musharraf of guilty of violating the constitution in 2007, and upheld a verdict that sentenced him to death in absentia . Musharraf died at age 79 in Dubai in 2023 after
2142-614: A prolonged case of amyloidosis . His legacy is seen as mixed; his time in power saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but his open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy and the state of Pakistan. Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 to an Urdu-speaking family in Delhi, British India, the son of Syed Musharrafuddin and his wife Begum Zarin Musharraf ( c. 1920 –2021). His family were Muslims who were also Sayyids , claiming descent from
2268-712: A radio talk addressed to the people of Pakistan , broadcast in February 1948, Jinnah expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution-to-be in the following way: The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today these are as applicable in actual life as these were 1300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are
2394-534: A rapid rate. The Musharraf presidency also suffered with containing the religiously-motivated terrorism , violence , tribal nationalism, and the fundamentalism . His presidency was also accused of violating the basic rights granted in the constitution . In 2007, he attempted to seized the control of the Supreme Court by approving the relieve of the Chief Justice of Pakistan , and later suspended
2520-641: A resolution, passed by not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the Parliament in a joint sitting of the two Houses, convened for the purpose. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant, the Chairman of the Senate acts as President till such time that the position may be filled through a by election. This also occurs when the President, by reason of absence or any other incapacity,
2646-674: A secret meeting at the Pakistani embassy in Washington, D.C. , with officials from the Mossad and a special envoy of Israeli premier Yitzhak Rabin . It was during this time Musharraf built an extremely cordial relationship with Shaukat Aziz who, at that time, was serving as the executive president of global financial services of the Citibank . After the collapse of the fractious Afghan government, Musharraf assisted General Babar and
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#17327726190352772-897: A two-star promotion, elevating him to the rank of major general and held the command of 40th Division as its GOC , stationed in Okara Military District in Punjab Province . In 1993–95, Major-General Musharraf worked closely with the Chief of Army Staff as Director-General of Pakistan Army's Directorate General for the Military Operations (DGMO). During this time, Musharraf became close to engineering officer and director-general of ISI lieutenant-general Javed Nasir and had worked with him while directing operations in Bosnian war . His political philosophy
2898-436: A valuable impact at RCDS. His country is fortunate to have the services of a man of his undeniable quality." He graduated with a master's degree from RCDS and returned to Pakistan soon after. Upon returning in the 1980s, Musharraf took an interest in the emerging Pakistani rock music genre, and often listened to rock music after leaving duty. During that decade, regarded as the time when rock music in Pakistan began, Musharraf
3024-545: Is a disagreement between the two houses The Constitution provides that there shall be a Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister, which is collectively responsible to the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is chosen from the National Assembly. The Federal Ministers and Ministers of State are appointed from among the members of Parliament. However, the number of Federal Ministers and Ministers of State who are members of Senate, shall not at any time, exceed one fourth of
3150-515: Is indicative of "the family's western education and social prominence" that the house's title deeds, although written entirely in Urdu, were signed by Musharraf's father in English. Musharraf was four years old when India achieved independence and Pakistan was created as the homeland for India's Muslims. His family left for Pakistan in August 1947, a few days before independence. His father joined
3276-512: Is located in the east wing of the Parliament Building ; the National Assembly convenes in the west wing of the same building. The Senate has several exclusive powers not granted to the National Assembly , including the powers of making parliamentary bills as a being enforced into law . Elections are held every three years for one half of the Senate and each Senator has a term of six years. The Constitution does not allow for
3402-643: Is still the case in Canada, Australia etc. Before writing a constitution, a Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution , on the insistence of the ulama and Jamaat-e-Islami , in March 1949 to define the basic directive principles of the new state and to declare state recognition of the sovereignty of Allah over the universe. The Objectives Resolution affirmed the role of democracy and contained religious provisions to enable society to adhere to
3528-456: Is unable to effectively exercise their office. Unless both the Houses pass a Bill, and it receives the President's assent it cannot become a law including in the case of a money bill which is the sole prerogative of the National Assembly. Through an amendment, the role of a Mediation Committee, composed of eight members of each House, has been introduced to evolve consensus on Bills, in case there
3654-436: The 1973 Constitution , is the supreme law of Pakistan . The document guides Pakistan's law, political culture, and system. It sets out the state's outline, the fundamental rights of the population, the state's law and orders, and also the structure and establishment of the institutions and the armed forces. Drafted by the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , with additional assistance from the country's opposition parties , it
3780-520: The AL refused to make concessions over its six points to draft the constitution and instead maintaining that the AL was able to frame a constitution and to form a central government on its own. The PPP was not willing to dilute the authority of the federal government in spite of assuring full provincial autonomy for all the provinces of Pakistan . Negotiations on framing the work on constitution were held between January and March 1971 between leaders of
3906-729: The Eighteenth amendment reduced presidential powers, returning the government to a parliamentary republic . The successful independence movement led the establishment of Pakistan , independent from the British Raj in 1947. The British Empire divided the Raj into two parts, India and Pakistan . The provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 , had greatly influenced the state and served as its basic legal document until 1956. In 1950, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan authored
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4032-572: The Imtiazi Sanad medal for gallantry. Shortly after the end of the War of 1965, he joined the elite Special Service Group (SSG) . He served in the SSG from 1966 to 1972. He was promoted to captain and to major during this period. During the 1971 war with India, he was a company commander of an SSG commando battalion. During the 1971 war he was scheduled to depart to East Pakistan to join
4158-498: The Indian military and almost 93,000 military personnel were taken as prisoners of war on 16 December 1971. Demoralized, gaining notoriety in the country, and finding himself unable to control the situation, President Yahya ultimately handed over the national power to the PPP, of which Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was sworn in on 20 December 1971 as President and as the (first civilian) Chief Martial Law Administrator . After Bangladesh
4284-669: The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in devising a policy of supporting the newly formed Taliban in the Afghan civil war against the Northern Alliance government. On policy issues, Musharraf befriended senior justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Justice Rafiq Tarar (later president) and held common beliefs with the latter. His last military field operations posting was in the Mangla region of
4410-597: The International Fund for Agricultural Development . His younger brother, Naved Musharraf, is an anaesthesiologist based in the state of Illinois , in the United States. At the time of his birth, Musharraf's family lived in a large home that belonged to his father's family for many years called Nehar Wali Haveli , which means "House Next to the Canal". Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 's family lived next door. It
4536-636: The Islamic prophet Muhammad . Syed Musharraf graduated from Aligarh Muslim University and entered the civil service , which was an extremely prestigious career under British rule . He came from a long line of government officials as his great-grandfather was a tax collector while his maternal grandfather was a qazi (judge). Musharraf's mother Zarin, born in the early 1920s, grew up in Lucknow and received her schooling there, after which she graduated from Indraprastha College at Delhi University , taking
4662-534: The Kashmir Province in 1995 when Benazir Bhutto approved the promotion of Musharraf to three-star rank, Lieutenant-General . Between 1995 and 1998, Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander of I Strike Corps (CC-1) stationed in Mangla, Mangla Military District . There were three lieutenant-generals potentially in line to succeed General Jehangir Karamat as chief of army staff. Musharraf
4788-539: The Legal Framework Order No. 2002 , which added numerous amendments to the Constitution . Musharraf called for nationwide political elections in the country after accepting the ruling of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Musharraf was the first military president to accept the rulings of the Supreme Court and holding free and fair elections in 2002, part of his vision to return democratic rule to
4914-437: The National Assembly as the lower house and the Senate as the upper house . It also established the parliamentary form of government with Prime Minister as its head of government ; the elected National Assembly genuinely representing the will of the people. The Constitution truly maintained a delicate balance between traditionalists and modernists and reflected heavy compromises on fundamental religious rights in
5040-589: The National Assembly , the Senate is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. First convened in 1973, the Senate's composition and powers are established by the Article 59 of the Constitution of Pakistan . Each of the four provinces is represented by 23 senators regardless of population, while the Islamabad Capital Territory is represented by four senators, all of whom serve staggered six-year terms. The Senate secretariat
5166-723: The Navy Special Service Group , was stationed in East-Pakistan . His first battlefield experience was with an artillery regiment during the intense fighting for the Khemkaran sector in the Second Kashmir War . He also participated in the Lahore and Sialkot war zones during the conflict. During the war, Musharraf developed a reputation for sticking to his post under shellfire. He received
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5292-726: The Pakistan Civil Services and began to work for the Pakistani government ; later, his father joined the Foreign Ministry , taking up an assignment in Turkey . In his autobiography In the Line of Fire: A Memoir , Musharraf elaborates on his first experience with death, after falling off a mango tree. Musharraf's family moved to Ankara in 1949, when his father became part of a diplomatic deputation from Pakistan to Turkey. He learned to speak Turkish . He had
5418-528: The Parliament , Musharraf voluntarily transferred the powers of chief executive to Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali. Musharraf succeeded to pass the XVII amendment , which grants powers to dissolve the parliament, with approval required from the Supreme Court. Within two years, Jamali proved to be an ineffective prime minister as he forcefully implemented his policies in the country and caused problems with
5544-463: The Prime Minister . No law repugnant to Islam shall be enacted and the present laws shall also be Islamised . The Constitution also introduced a new institution known as the "Council of Common Interests" consisting of Chief Minister of each four provinces and an equal number of Cabinet ministers of the Government nominated by the Prime Minister. The Council could formulate and regulate
5670-911: The Royal College of Defence Studies (RCDS) in Britain during 1990–91. His course-mates included Major-generals B. S. Malik and Ashok Mehta of the Indian Army, and Ali Kuli Khan of Pakistan Army. In his course studies, Musharraf performed extremely in relation to his classmates, submitted his master's degree thesis, titled "Impact of Arm Race in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent", and earned good remarks. He submitted his thesis to Commandant General Antony Walker who regarded Musharraf as one of his finest students he had seen in his entire career. At one point, Walker described Musharraf: "A capable, articulate and extremely personable officer, who made
5796-576: The Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel the interpretation and application of Islam. After another coup d'état in 1977, the constitution was held in abeyance until it was "restored" in 1985 but with an amendment (the Eighth) shifting power from the parliament and Prime Minister to the president. Another Amendment (Seventeenth) in 2004 continued this shift, but in 2010,
5922-521: The army-navy joint military operations, but the deployment was cancelled after Indian Army advances towards Southern Pakistan . Musharraf was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1974; and to colonel in 1978. As staff officer in the 1980s, he studied political science at the National Defence University (NDU), and then briefly tenured as assistant professor of war studies at the Command and Staff College and then assistant professor of political science also at NDU. One of his professors at NDU
6048-409: The first set was promulgated in 1956 each and every year as Republic Day . Technically there are 26 amendments but 23 amendments were made in constitution and three were not passed by the parliament as the three amendments collapsed. Currently the promulgated Constitution of Pakistan, in its amended form, stands as the 7th lengthiest constitution of the world with a word count of 56,240 Words. In
6174-409: The gallows to face a similar fate to that of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979. It was the pressure on Musharraf exerted by Saudi Arabia and the United States to exile Sharif after it was confirmed that the court is about to give its verdict on Nawaz Sharif over treason charges, and the court would sentence Sharif to death. Sharif signed an agreement with Musharraf and his military government and his family
6300-405: The martial law in the country. On assuming the presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by abolishing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the principle of one man, one vote . The military government and President Yahya himself made no efforts to frame a constitution, aside from issuing the extrajudicial order in 1970. Across the country,
6426-410: The social liberalism under his enlightened moderation program; and on economic front, the privatization and economic liberalization was aggressively pursued though the Aziz's premiership that sharply rose the overall gross domestic product (GDP). Without the meaningful reforms and the continued banned on the trade unions , the decline of social security , and the economic inequality rose at
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#17327726190356552-407: The 18th Amendment, which restored the powers of the Prime Minister and reduced the role of the President to levels below that of even the pre-Musharraf era. He suspended the country's democratic process and imposed two states of emergency, leading to his conviction for treason. During his rule, he implemented both liberal reforms and authoritarian measures, while also forming alliances and impacting
6678-603: The 1960s, to four-star rank and chief of naval staff. Musharraf's first foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on 26 October where he met with King Fahd . After meeting senior Saudi royals, the next day he went to Medina and performed Umrah in Mecca . On 28 October, he went to the United Arab Emirates before returning home. By the end of October, Musharraf appointed many technocrats and bureaucrats in his Cabinet, including former Citibank executive Shaukat Aziz as Finance Minister and Abdul Sattar as Foreign Minister . In early November, he released details of his assets to
6804-430: The 1962 constitution it gave Pakistan a parliamentary democracy with executive power concentrated in the office of the prime minister, and the formal head of state—the president—limited to acting on the advice of the prime minister. The Constitution states that all laws are to conform with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah . The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as
6930-401: The 1973 Constitution, which was unanimously passed on 12 April and promulgated on 14 August 1973. The 1973 Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of Government with a bicameral legislature, comprising the National Assembly and the Senate. The membership of the Senate, which was originally 45, was raised to 63 in 1977 and to 87 in 1985. The government of Gen. Pervez Musharraf raised
7056-469: The Constitution came into full effect on 14 August 1973. On the same day, the successful vote of confidence movement in the Parliament endorsed Zulfikar Bhutto as the elected Prime Minister after latter relinquishing the presidency after appointing Fazal-i-Ilahi to that office. Contrary to Constitution of 1956 and Constitution of 1962 , several ideas in the Constitution were new, and guaranteed security to each citizen of Pakistan. First part of
7182-460: The Constitution introduced the definition of State , the idea of life, liberty and property, individual equality , prohibition of slavery , preservation of languages , right to fair trial , and provided safeguard as to arrest and detention as well as providing safeguards against discrimination in services. The due process clause of the Constitution was partly based on the British Common law , as many founding fathers and legal experts of
7308-419: The Constitution; however, the Constitution itself may be amended by a two-thirds majority in both the houses of the bicameral Parliament, unlike the previous legal documents of 1956 and 1962 . It has been amended over time, and most recent impulses for political upgrades and reforms has been amended. Although enforced in 1973, Pakistan, however, celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 23 March—when
7434-423: The Kargil operation have become public. Before the operation, between January and March, Sharif was briefed about the operation in three separate meetings. In January, the army briefed him about the Indian troop movement along the LOC in Skardu on 29 January 1999, on 5 February at Kel, on 12 March at the GHQ, and finally on 17 May at the ISI headquarters. During the end of the June DCC meeting, a tense Sharif turned to
7560-497: The Line of Fire , published in 2006. With his friends, Musharraf passed the standardised, physical, psychological, and officer-training exams, he also took discussions involving socioeconomics issues; all three were interviewed by joint military officers who were designated as Commandants. The next day, Musharraf along with PQ Mehdi and Mirza, reported to PMA and they were selected for their respective training in their arms of commission. Finally, in 1964, Musharraf graduated with
7686-422: The National Assembly unless there was 'some amount of reciprocity' from the Awami League. Sheikh Mujib replied at a press conference on 21 February, asserting that "Our stand is absolutely clear. The constitution will be framed on the basis of the six points". Such an announcement led the PPP to demand the removal of the National Assembly session, or the opening session to be postponed. The PPP threatened to stage
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#17327726190357812-412: The PPP, the AL , and the military government of Yahya Khan , which turned out to be a failure. Under the LFO , the President was to decide when the National Assembly was to meet. By 13 February 1971, the President Yahya announced that the National Assembly was to meet at Dhaka on 3 March 1971. By this time the differences between the main parties to the conflict had already crystallized . Over
7938-422: The Senate are elected according to Article 59 of the Constitution. Under Article 50 of the Constitution, the Majlis-i-Shoora (Parliament) of Pakistan consists of the President and two Houses, to be known respectively as the National Assembly and the Senate. The President is elected by members of both Houses of the Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies. The President may be removed from office or impeached through
8064-406: The US Army, all of whom were premier four-star generals. The Pakistan Army originally conceived the Kargil plan after the Siachen conflict but the plan was rebuffed repeatedly by senior civilian and military officials. Musharraf was a leading strategist behind the Kargil Conflict. From March to May 1999, he ordered secret infiltration of forces into the Kargil district . After India discovered
8190-399: The age of 18, Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul . At the Academy, General Musharraf formed a deep friendship with General Srilal Weerasooriya , who went on to become the 15th Commander of the Sri Lankan Army. This enduring camaraderie between the two officers played a pivotal role in cultivating robust diplomatic and military ties between Pakistan and Sri Lanka in
8316-430: The airport control tower . At 2:50 am on 13 October, Musharraf addressed the nation with a recorded message. Musharraf met with President Rafiq Tarar on 13 October to deliberate on legitimising the coup. On 15 October, Musharraf ended emerging hopes of a quick transition to democracy after he declared a state of emergency, suspended the Constitution and assumed power as Chief Executive. He also quickly purged
8442-502: The announcement of Nawaz Sharif replacing Pervez Musharraf with Khwaja Ziauddin , the third replacement of the top military commander of the country in less than two years, local military commanders began to mobilise troops towards Islamabad from nearby Rawalpindi . The military placed Sharif under house arrest, but in a last-ditch effort Sharif privately ordered Karachi air traffic controllers to redirect Musharraf's flight to India. The plan failed after soldiers in Karachi surrounded
8568-414: The army chief General Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator. Shortly afterwards on 27 October 1958, General Ayub Khan deposed Mirza and declared himself president. General Ayub Khan appointed a Constitution Commission to draft another part of the constitution under Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin . Submitted its considerations on 6 May 1961, Ayub Khan altered the entire version of
8694-399: The army chief and said "you should have told me earlier", Musharraf pulled out his notebook and repeated the dates and contents of around seven briefings he had given him since the beginning of January. Military officials from Musharraf's Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ) met with regional corps commanders three times in late September in anticipation of a possible coup. To quieten rumours of
8820-561: The business class elites. Musharraf accepted the resignation of Jamali and asked his close colleague Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain to appoint a new prime minister in place. Hussain nominated Finance minister Shaukat Aziz, who had been impressive due to his performance as finance minister in 1999. Musharraf regarded Aziz as his right hand and preferable choice for the office of Prime minister. With Aziz appointed as Prime minister, Musharraf transferred all executive powers to Aziz as he trusted Shaukat Aziz. Aziz proved to be extremely capable in running
8946-448: The constitution which was entirely different from the one recommended by Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin . It was promulgated on 8 June 1962. Main feature of this set was the introduction of the presidential system and more consolidated powers to the President . No further changes were carried out to oppose the 1956 document. Its features includes: President Ayub Khan invited Chief of Army Staff General Yahya Khan to enforce
9072-403: The constitutional convention in 1972. The law experts, constitutional analysts, and country's reputed clergymen worked on formulating a constitution that they hoped would represent the will and desire of people. Unlike earlier attempts, the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations, but for the "sole and express purpose of revising the 1956 articles ." Also, the convention
9198-616: The country had followed the British legal tradition. The fundamental rights are supreme in the Constitution and any law that is ultra vires the fundamental rights can be struck down by the Apex Courts in their constitutional jurisdiction vested on them under Article 199 of the Constitution. In contrast to the constitutions of India and Bangladesh , the Constitution reflected a heavy compromise over several issues to maintain
9324-405: The country to formulate a constitution for Pakistan. Finally, the joint work led to the promulgation of the first set of the constitution on 23 March 1956—a day when Pakistan celebrates its Republic Day over the adoption of the constitution. The constitution provided for parliamentary form of government with a unicameral legislature . It officially adopted Pakistan as " Islamic Republic " and
9450-453: The country. His cultural policies liberalised Pakistan's media , and he issued many television licences to the private-sector to open television centres and media houses. The television dramas , film industry , theatre , music and literature activities, were personally encouraged by Pervez Musharraf. Under his policies, the rock music bands gained a following in the country and many concerts were held each week. His cultural policies,
9576-578: The country. In October 2002, Pakistan held general elections , which the pro-Musharraf PML-Q won wide margins, although it had failed to gain an absolute majority. The PML-Q formed a government with far-right religious parties coalition, the MMA and the liberals MQM ; the coalition legitimised Musharraf's rule. After the elections, the PML-Q nominated Zafarullah Khan Jamali for the office of prime minister, which Musharraf also approved. After first session at
9702-479: The country. The fundamental rights , freedoms of speech , religion , press , movement , association , thought , and intellectual , life, liberty and property and right to bear arms were introduced in the new Constitution. Islam was declared as the State religion of Pakistan. Geography and border statue of the country was redefined and "Pakistan was to be a Federation of Four Provinces." The Constitution
9828-459: The creation of the Senate of Pakistan was to give equal representation to all the federating units since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each province. Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly. There are one hundred senatorial seats. There are 18 women Senators; Pakistani constitution requires that there be at least 17 women Senators. Members of
9954-460: The dissolution of the Senate. Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics After Independence , the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan , elected in December 1947 after partition,
10080-526: The elements of army operations in the Kargil region. During the last meeting with the Prime minister, Musharraf faced grave criticism on results produced by Kargil infiltration by the principal military intelligence (MI) director lieutenant-general Jamshed Gulzar Kiani who maintained in the meeting: "(...) whatever has been written there is against logic. If you catch your enemy by the jugular vein he would react with full force... If you cut enemy supply lines,
10206-447: The expectations were that a National Assembly would be set up by holding a free and fair election . To hold the proposed elections, President Yahya promulgated a Legal Framework Order on 30 March 1970 that also spelled out the fundamental principles of the proposed constitution and the structure and composition of the national and provincial assemblies. In December 1970, nationwide general elections were held simultaneously for both
10332-995: The federation and the provinces. The Constitution's first parts introduce the Islamic way of life, promotion of local government, full participation of women in national life, protection of minorities, promotion of social and economic well being of the people, and strengthening the bonds with the Muslim world and to work for international peace. Under the Constitution, the Fundamental Rights include security of person , safeguards as to arrest and detention, prohibition of slavery and forced labour , freedom of movement , freedom of association , freedom of speech, freedom to profess religion and safeguards to religious institutions, non-discrimination in respect of access to public places and in service, preservation of languages , script and culture. The judiciary enjoys full supremacy over
10458-471: The film, theatre, rock and folk music, and television programs were extremely devoted to and promoted the national spirit of the country. In 2001, Musharraf got on stage with the rock music band, Junoon , and sang the national song with the band. On political fronts, Musharraf faced fierce opposition from the ultra-conservative alliance, the MMA, led by clergyman Maulana Noorani . In Pakistan, Maulana Noorani
10584-473: The first annexe that would pave a path to the drafting of the Constitution. Elected in 1947, the first Constituent Assembly drafted and adopted its first constitution in 1956. Following the adoption of a constitution in India in 1950, Pakistan's lawmakers were incentified to work on their constitution. Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali and his government officials worked with the opposition parties in
10710-435: The first Constitution of Pakistan on 29 February 1956. That Constitution was promulgated on 23 March 1956, which provided for a parliamentary form of Government with a unicameral legislature. Hence, from 14 August 1947 to 1 March 1956, the Government of India Act 1935 was retained as the Constitution of Pakistan. On October 7, 1958, Martial Law was promulgated and the Constitution abrogated. The Military Government appointed
10836-429: The first time in the history of Pakistan . He granted national amnesty to the political workers of the liberal parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement and Pakistan Muslim League (Q), and supported MQM in becoming a central player in the government. Musharraf disbanded the cultural policies of the previous Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and quickly adopted Benazir Bhutto's cultural policies after disbanding Indian channels in
10962-513: The following Parts: Pervez Musharraf [REDACTED] Pervez Musharraf (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani military officer and politician who served as the tenth president of Pakistan from 2001 to 2008. Prior to his career in politics, he was a four-star general and appointed as the chief of Army Staff and, later, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998. He
11088-442: The forced retirement of senior officers close to the Prime minister, including Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez (also known by his name's initials as TP ), commander of XII Corps , who was a brother-in-law of a high profile cabinet minister. According to Musharraf, lieutenant-general TP was an ill-mannered, foul-mouthed, ill-disciplined officer who caused a great deal of dissent within the armed forces. Nawaz Sharif's announcement of
11214-403: The government of political enemies, notably Ziauddin and national airline chief Shahid Khaqan Abbassi . On 17 October, he gave his second national address and established a seven-member military-civilian council to govern the country. He named three retired military officers and a judge as provincial administrators on 21 October. Ultimately, Musharraf assumed executive powers but did not obtain
11340-469: The government; under his leadership economic growth reached to a maximum level, which further stabilised Musharraf's presidency. Aziz swiftly, quietly and quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf, which became a factor in Musharraf's trust in him. Between 2004 and 2007, Aziz approved many projects that did not require Musharraf's permission. In 2010, all constitutional changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by
11466-569: The infiltration, a fierce Indian offensive nearly led to a full-scale war. However, Sharif withdrew support for the insurgents in July because of heightened international pressure. Sharif's decision antagonised the Pakistan Army and rumours of a possible coup began emerging soon afterward. Sharif and Musharraf dispute on who was responsible for the Kargil conflict and Pakistan's withdrawal. This strategic operation met with great hostility in
11592-479: The inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. Pakistan was founded in 1947 as a Dominion (an independent realm or kingdom) within the British Commonwealth. The same was true in independent India. During its first few years of existence the British monarch was also Pakistan's head of state, as
11718-538: The inter-services operations. Once Air-chief Marshal Pervez Kureshi was retired, the most junior air marshal Muschaf Mir (who worked with Musharraf in 1996 to assist ISI in Taliban matters) was appointed to four-star rank as well as elevated as Chief of Air Staff. There were two extremely important military appointments made by Musharraf in the Navy. Although Admiral Aziz Mirza (a lifelong friend of Musharraf, he shared
11844-610: The membership of the Senate from 87 to 100 through the Legal Framework Order (LFO), 2002, enforced on 21 August 2002 and the government of Asif Ali Zardari raised the membership of the Senate from 100 to 104 through the 18th amendment in 2011 (four minority members from four provinces). After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, the number of seats in the Senate was reduced to 96, as the seats for FATA were removed after its merger with KPK. The main purpose for
11970-465: The national and five provincial assemblies. The nationalist Awami League (AL) secured the mandate of East Pakistan but failed to perform in any four provinces of Pakistan. The socialist Pakistan People's Party (PPP) under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto gained a mandate in Punjab and Sindh but failed in East Pakistan , NWFP and Balochistan . Constitutional crisis grew further when
12096-889: The numbers of Federal Ministers. (1) The Senate shall consist of 96 members, of whom: (2) Election to fill seats in the Senate allocated to each Province shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. (3) The Senate shall not be subject to dissolution but the term of its members of parliaments, who shall retire as follows, shall be six years:- Constitution of Pakistan Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The Constitution of Pakistan ( Urdu : آئینِ پاکستان ; ISO : Āīn-ē-Pākistān ), also known as
12222-474: The office of the Prime minister. The Prime minister's secretariat (official residence of Prime minister of Pakistan) was closed by the military police and its staff was fired by Musharraf immediately. There were no organised protests within the country to the coup, that was widely criticised by the international community. Consequently, Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations . Sharif
12348-435: The office of the prime minister. It also institutionalised the intervention of military in politics by providing that for twenty years, the president or the defence minister must be a person who had held a rank not lower than that of lieutenant-general in the army. The 1962 constitution was suspended in 1969 and abrogated in 1972. The 1973 constitution was the first in Pakistan to be framed by elected representatives. Unlike
12474-484: The only option for him will be to ensure supplies by air... (sic).. at that situation the Indian Army was unlikely to confront and it had to come up to the occasion. It is against wisdom that you dictate to the enemy to keep the war limited to a certain front...." Nawaz Sharif has maintained that the Operation was conducted without his knowledge. However, details of the briefing he got from the military before and after
12600-490: The other hand General Kuli Khan lambasted the war as "a disaster bigger than the East-Pakistan tragedy" , adding that the plan was "flawed in terms of its conception, tactical planning and execution" that ended in "sacrificing so many soldiers." Problems with his lifelong friend, chief of air staff air chief marshal Pervez Mehdi also arose when air chief refrained to participate or authorise any air strike to support
12726-472: The other organs of the state. About national languages, Urdu was declared as national languages, and English as official language; all other languages were preserved by the Constitution. Many key ideas on regarding the role of Islam in the State that were mentioned in 1956 Articles were made part of the Constitution: The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into
12852-717: The policy in the Part II of the Legislative List. In case of complaint of interference in water supply by any province the Council would look into the complaint. Another major innovative introduction in the Constitution is the establishment of the National Finance Commission (NFC) consisting of the Provincial and Finance Ministers and other members to advice on distribution of revenues between
12978-529: The presidency through a legality and a referendum but was constitutionally confirmed in this capacity in 2004. With a new amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan , his presidency sponsored the premierships of Zafarullah Jamali and later Shaukat Aziz and played a sustaining and pivotal role in American-led War on terror in Afghanistan . On social issues, his presidency promoted
13104-403: The principle of parity was introduced. Its features were: By the Constitution, Iskander Mirza assumed the presidency but his constant personal involvement in national affairs , contrary to the Constitution, resulted in the dismissal of four elected prime ministers in two years. On 7 October 1958 Mirza staged a coup d'état , imposed Martial law , abrogated the Constitution, and appointed
13230-728: The promotion of General Musharraf to Chairman Joint Chiefs caused an escalation of the tensions with Admiral Bokhari: upon hearing the news, he launched a strong protest against the Prime minister. The next morning, the Prime minister relieved Admiral Bokhari of his duties. It was during his time as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs that Musharraf began to build friendly relations with the United States Army establishment, including General Anthony Zinni , USMC , General Tommy Franks , General John Abizaid , and General Colin Powell of
13356-465: The public circles and wide scale disapproval in the media who roundly criticised this operation. Musharraf had severe confrontation and became involved in serious altercations with his senior officers, chief of naval staff Admiral Fasih Bokhari , chief of air staff, Air Chief Marshal PQ Mehdi and senior lieutenant-general Ali Kuli Khan. Admiral Bokhari ultimately demanded a full-fledged joint-service court martial against General Musharraf, while on
13482-558: The public. In late December 1999, Musharraf dealt with his first international crisis when India accused Pakistan's involvement in the Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacking. Though United States president Bill Clinton pressured Musharraf to ban the alleged group behind the hijacking — Harkat-ul-Mujahideen , Pakistani officials refused because of fears of reprisal from political parties such as Jamaat-e-Islami . In March 2000, Musharraf banned political rallies. In
13608-653: The rank of four-star general to replace Karamat. After the Kargil incident, Musharraf did not wish to be the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs: Musharraf favoured the chief of naval staff Admiral Bokhari to take on this role, and claimed that: "he did not care" Prime minister Sharif was displeased by this suggestion, due to the hostile nature of his relationship with the Admiral. Musharraf further exacerbated his divide with Nawaz Sharif after recommending
13734-501: The situation in Balochistan. The legacy of Musharraf's era serves as a cautionary tale for future leaders in Pakistan. The President [Musharraf] stood clapping his hands right next to us as we sang Azadi and Jazba , and moved to the beat with us. It was such a relief to "have a coolest leader" in the office... The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the liberal forces to the national level and into prominence, for
13860-484: The six-point issue, the PPP was convinced that a federation based on the six points would lead to a feeble confederation in name only and was part of a larger Indian plan to break up and destroy Pakistan. These fears were evidently shared by the military leaders in the west, including President Yahya Khan who had publicly described Sheikh Mujibur Rehman as the 'future Prime Minister of Pakistan' on 14 January 1971. Bhutto announced on 15 February that his party would not attend
13986-414: The teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. The Objectives Resolution has henceforth been inserted as a preamble into each of Pakistan's subsequent constitutions. The country became a republic when its first constitution was approved in 1956 but this was abrogated in 1958 after a military Coup d'état . Pakistan's second constitution was approved in 1962. It granted executive power to the president and abolished
14112-517: The writ of the constitution, which led to fall of his presidency dramatically when he resigned to avoid impeachment in 2008. In 2013, Musharraf returned to Pakistan to participate in the general election but was later disqualified from participating when lawsuits were filed against him in the country's high courts alleging involvement in the assassinations of nationalists Akbar Bugti and Benazir Bhutto . Furthermore, Prime Minister Sharif instructed his administration to open an inquiry and filed
14238-610: The years that followed. Also during his college years at PMA and initial joint military testings, Musharraf shared a room with PQ Mehdi of the Pakistan Air Force and Abdul Aziz Mirza of the Navy (both reached four-star assignments and served with Musharraf later on) and after giving the exams and entrance interviews, all three cadets went to watch a world-acclaimed Urdu film, Savera (lit. Dawn ), with his inter-services and college friends, Musharraf recalls, In
14364-463: Was formed in 1971, the PPP formed the government and partially enacted the 1962 constitution . President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto called for a constitutional convention and invited the leaders of the all political parties to meet him on 17 April 1972. Leaders and constitutional experts of the Islamic political parties, conservative parties, socialists and communist parties were delegated to attend
14490-700: Was assigned the task of framing the Constitution of Pakistan . This Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution on 12 March 1949, laying down principles which later became a substantive part of the Constitution of Pakistan . However, before it could accomplish the task of framing the constitution, it was dissolved in October 1954. Thereafter, the Governor General , convened the Second Constituent Assembly in May 1955, which framed and passed
14616-423: Was exiled to Saudi Arabia in December 2000. Shortly after Musharraf's takeover, Musharraf issued Oath of Judges Order No. 2000 , which required judges to take a fresh oath of office. On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court asked Musharraf to hold national elections by 12 October 2002. After President Rafiq Tarar's resignation, Musharraf formally appointed himself as President on 20 June 2001. In August 2002, he issued
14742-668: Was general Jehangir Karamat who served as Musharraf's guidance counsellor and instructor who had significant influence on Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking. He did not play any significant role in Pakistan's proxy war in the 1979–1989 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . In 1987, he became a brigade commander of a new brigade of the SSG near Siachen Glacier . He was personally chosen by then-President and Chief of Army Staff general Zia-ul-Haq for this assignment due to Musharraf's wide experience in mountain and arctic warfare . In September 1987, Musharraf commanded an assault at Bilafond La before being pushed back. He studied at
14868-635: Was influenced by Benazir Bhutto who mentored him on various occasions, and Musharraf generally was close to Benazir Bhutto on military policy issues on India. From 1993 to 1995, Musharraf repeatedly visited the United States as part of the delegation of Benazir Bhutto. It was Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman who lobbied for his promotion to Benazir Bhutto, and subsequently getting Musharraf's promotion papers approved by Benazir Bhutto, which eventually led to his appointment in Benazir Bhutto's key staff. In 1993, Musharraf personally assisted Benazir Bhutto to have
14994-431: Was not limited to the religion, exigencies of government and the preservation of the State; rather it was intended to maintain delicacy in commerce, finances , issue of loans to federation, and Separation of powers . Several key ideas of the philosophy of John Locke and Islamic provisions on civil rights were interchanged in the Constitution. The Constitution ultimately established a bicameral Parliament , with
15120-531: Was put under house arrest and later exiled to Saudi Arabia on his personal request and under a contract. The senior military appointments in the inter-services were extremely important and crucial for Musharraf to keep the legitimacy and the support for his coup in the joint inter-services. Starting with the PAF, Musharraf pressured President Tarar to appoint most-junior air marshal to four-star rank , particularly someone with Musharraf had experienced working during
15246-517: Was remembered as a mystic religious leader and had preached spiritual aspects of Islam all over the world as part of the World Islamic Mission . Although the political deadlock posed by Maulana Noorani was neutralised after Noorani 's death, Musharraf yet had to face the opposition from ARD led by Benazir Bhutto of the PPP. On 18 September 2005, Musharraf made a speech before a broad based audience of Jewish leadership, sponsored by
15372-524: Was reportedly keen on the popular Western fashions of the time , which were then very popular in government and public circles. While in the Army he earned the nickname "Cowboy" for his westernised ways and his fashion interest in Western clothing. Earlier in 1988–89, as Brigadier, Musharraf proposed the Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto but she rebuffed the plan. In 1991–93, he secured
15498-506: Was the leading war strategist in the Kargil infiltration that brought India and Pakistan to a brink of war in 1999. When prime minister Sharif unsuccessfully attempted to dismiss general Musharraf from his command assignments, the Army GHQ took over the control of the civilian government, which allowed him to control the military and the civilian government. In 2001, Musharaff seized
15624-404: Was third-in-line and was well regarded by the general public and the armed forces. He also had an excellent academic standing from his college and university studies. Musharraf was strongly favoured by the Prime Minister's colleagues: a straight officer with democratic views. Nisar Ali Khan and Shahbaz Sharif recommended Musharraf and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif personally promoted Musharraf to
15750-485: Was unanimously approved by the 5th Parliament on 10 April and ratified on 14 August 1973. The first three chapters establish the rules, mandate, and separate powers of the three branches of the government: a bicameral legislature; an executive branch governed by the Prime Minister as chief executive; and an apex federal judiciary headed by Supreme Court . The Constitution designates the President of Pakistan as
15876-408: Was written in the point of representing the conservative Islam as well as reflecting a heavy compromise over the religious rights and humanism ideas, advocated by the PPP . On 20 October 1972, the draft was revived by all leaders of the political parties and signed the declaration of adopting the Constitution in the National Assembly on 2 February 1973. Ratified unanimously on 19 April 1973,
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