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34-588: Although IMM had begun preparations for the intercoastal service as far back as 1911, service began in May 1915 with the former Red Star Line (another IMM subsidiary line) ships Kroonland and Finland . When landslides in September 1915 closed the canal for an extended time, Kroonland and Finland were reassigned to the IMM's American Line . The outbreak of World War I and its strain on international shipping caused

68-828: A joint venture between the International Navigation Company of Philadelphia , which also ran the American Line , and the Société Anonyme de Navigation Belgo-Américaine of Antwerp , Belgium . The company's main ports of call were Antwerp in Belgium, Liverpool and Southampton in the United Kingdom and New York City and Philadelphia in the United States. The principal American organizer and general agent of INC

102-577: A result, a "friendly" receivership was put in effect in 1915, which allowed IMM to reorganize its finances; it emerged from the receivership in 1916. Saved by World War I , IMM eventually re-emerged, after a merger with Roosevelt Steamship Company, as the United States Lines , which itself went bankrupt in 1986. A proposed subsidy bill in the United States Congress failed, which became widely apparent by April 1902 and

136-652: A total of 66,838 passengers. The German-Morgan agreement, signed in New York on 20 February 1902, was a key step in the formation of what was to become the IMM, but did not fully address long-standing competitive friction between and amongst the major German and British transatlantic shipping companies. Responses in the United Kingdom helped intensify these rivalries. Cunard Line, one of the British shipping companies with independent significance, received grants from

170-480: Is a part of the museum exhibit. Other notable emigrants included the five-year-old Irving Berlin . Red Star Line ships had a black funnel with a white band bearing a five-pointed red star. The house flag was a white burgee with a red star. Most Red Star ships were given names ending in "-land". Notable Red Star ships included: The Red Star Lines appear in the Mario Puzo 's The Godfather Part II when

204-750: The Atlantic Transport Line , J. Bruce Ismay of the White Star Line , and John Ellerman of the Leyland Line . The Dominion Line was also amalgamated. The project was bankrolled by J.P. Morgan & Co. , led by financier J. P. Morgan . The company also had working profit-sharing relationships with the German Hamburg-Amerika and the North German Lloyd lines. The trust caused great concern in

238-490: The Roosevelt Line , in 1931 to form Roosevelt International Mercantile Marine Company (RIMM). Later in 1931, RIMM acquired the financially troubled United States Lines and began consolidating its operations under that brand. The Atlantic Transport Line was dissolved in late 1931 and its ships were distributed throughout RIMM's remaining divisions. The American Line was merged into United States Lines in 1932,

272-672: The British government for the construction of two great ocean liners, the Lusitania and the Mauretania , which were placed into service in late 1907. The competitive response from the IMM group came in 1908 when Harland & Wolff was authorized to build the White Star Line's Olympic class ocean liner trio: RMS  Olympic , RMS  Titanic , and HMHS  Britannic . Since 1902, IMM had an agreement with James Pirrie, chairman of Harland & Wolff and member of

306-459: The British shipping industry and led directly to the British government's subsidy of the Cunard Line 's new ships RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania in an effort to compete. IMM was a holding company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own subsidiaries. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with

340-495: The IMM to schedule a ship each day from the United Kingdom, and passengers to change their tickets to a position equivalent to another vessel of the company. Baker retired from the direction of the Atlantic Transport Line shortly after its integration with the IMM, and was replaced by Philip Franklin . He later became vice president of IMM, while Griscom was replaced as president by Joseph Bruce Ismay in 1904 (who

374-752: The International Navigation Company, which operated the Red Star Line and the American Line. Finally, in December 1900, after six months of negotiations, the Atlantic Transport Line joined INC. Subsequently, Baker, J. P. Morgan, and Simon Bettle Jr. (representative of the INC) negotiated with Ellerman, this time with a view to redeem his property. There would be two companies that would join the trust. The name of one of them

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408-612: The Red Star Line was sold to Arnold Bernstein in 1934, Baltimore Mail Line merged into United States Lines in 1937, the Panama Pacific Line was dissolved in 1938 and its ships divested, and American Merchant Line was merged into United States Lines in 1938. Finally, the Roosevelt Line was merged into United States Lines in 1940, leaving that company as RIMM's only remaining business. RIMM changed its name to United States Lines Inc. in 1943, recasting itself as

442-675: The United States or flying the flag) and in 1926 it sold the White Star Line to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company for £7 million, of which £2.35 million was still unpaid when the Royal Mail Group, which was overleveraged and undercapitalized, collapsed in the early 1930s. In 1930, IMM possessed 30 vessels. There were 19 in 1933 and only 11 by 1935. The ailing company merged with the Roosevelt Steamship Company , parent company of

476-459: The company thus was never truly successful. Beginning in the 1920s, the company underwent a series of corporate acquisitions and mergers, which resulted in its becoming the United States Lines in 1943. As the shipping industry prospered in the late 19th century, some sought to create a trust that would monopolize U.S. shipping companies. However, all negotiations in this regard in the 1890s fell short. The intervention of John Pierpont Morgan, one of

510-562: The company's profits for the next 30 years. The shipping line's home port was Antwerp and it sailed under the Belgian flag, thereby avoiding the obligation of employing far more expensive American personnel. Clement Griscom led the enterprise from its founding until the International Mercantile Marine Co. took it over in 1902. Red Star Line survived IMM's financial crisis in 1915. In the 1930s Red Star Line

544-660: The creation of the National Maritime Union . In June 1937 the United States Congress withdrew all maritime mail subsidies, which by then included a total of $ 450,000 per year to Panama Pacific for its three liners. At the beginning of March 1938 the Panama Canal tolls were revised, increasing Panama Pacific's costs by $ 37,000 per year. As a result of these cost increases and continuing labor difficulties, Panama Pacific ended its New York – California service and took all three liners out of service. California

578-456: The intercoastal service to be suspended. In 1923 Kroonland and Finland were returned to the reinstated intercoastal route along with the American Line passenger steamer Manchuria . Manchuria ' s sister ship Mongolia supplanted Kroonland on the route in 1925. Three ships with steam turbo generators and turbo-electric transmission — California , Virginia and Pennsylvania — came into service in 1928–29, replacing all

612-581: The management of the White Star Line, stating that the vessels of the company will be built by Harland & Wolff for all the time. Ships of the company were also shifting from one company to another, like the Belgic , built for the White Star Line, which was transferred to the service of the Red Star Line under the name SS  Belgenland  (1914) , or the Regina became the Westernland . This allowed

646-565: The other ships on the intercoastal service. These three newest ships included a drive-on service for passengers' automobiles, which allowed passengers to disembark with their cars at ports of call, such as Havana , a stop added in the early 1930s. In 1936 California , docked at San Pedro, California , was the setting for the SS California strike , which contributed to the demise of the International Seamen's Union and

680-440: The pub as Jack and Fabrizio are first introduced. International Mercantile Marine Co. The International Mercantile Marine Company , originally the International Navigation Company , was a trust formed in the early twentieth century as an attempt by J.P. Morgan to monopolize the shipping trade. IMM was founded by shipping magnates Clement Griscom of the American Line and Red Star Line , Bernard N. Baker of

714-477: The railroads, but that proved impossible because of the nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government. One of IMM's subsidiaries was the White Star Line, which owned the RMS Titanic . Analysis of financial records shows that IMM was overleveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow that caused it to default on bond interest payments in late 1914. As

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748-654: The richest men in the world, would change that. The Atlantic Transport Line, owned by Bernard N. Baker and having both passenger and cargo ships, competed intensely with British and other shipping companies. Baker tried to sell his company to John Ellerman, chairman of the cargo-carrying Leyland Line, who had tried unsuccessfully to take possession of the Cunard Line and HAPAG, two powerful European companies. Negotiations between Baker and Ellerman, advanced but ultimately fell through. Meanwhile, J. P. Morgan had already concluded agreements with Clement Griscom , president of

782-532: The some two million Red Star Line migrants were Jews, largely from Eastern Europe until the exodus driven by the rise of Nazi Germany. Among them were many famous persons, including regular passenger Albert Einstein . On learning of the Nazi confiscation of his possessions, Einstein chose not to return to Germany; his letter resigning from the Prussian Academy of Sciences , written on the line's stationery,

816-515: The some two million Red Star Line passengers. In the exhibition the visitor follows the travelers' tracks from the travel agency in Warsaw until their arrival in New York. The museum exhibits works of art depicting the Red Star Line emigrants by the Antwerp artist Eugeen Van Mieghem (1875-1930), together with Red Star Line memorabilia from the collection of Robert Vervoort. About a quarter of

850-502: The top American, British, and German shipping companies, the overseeing company never managed to overcome its own financial problems, nor dominate the bulk of the North Atlantic shipping trade, and was therefore not as successful as expected. The company went into receivership in 1915 and was placed in the hands of Franklin, who managed to save it. In the late 1920s, he received grants from the government to American ships (built in

884-531: The very principle of the company and Morgan. As had been arranged before Titanic sank, J. Bruce Ismay retired as president of IMM in 1913 and was succeeded by Harold Sanderson Morgan died on 31 March 1913. After the 1915–16 receivership, Sanderson was succeeded as president by Franklin, who had been the receiver. However, the sinking of the Titanic did not bring about the end of the IMM. Although theoretically powerful due to its continued influence with some of

918-591: The young Vito Corleone arrives in New-York. His identification badge is from the Red Star Lines company. The Paris football club Red Star FC are named after the Red Star Line, on which the club's founder Jules Rimet 's English housekeeper had travelled. In James Cameron 's Titanic , a warehouse can be seen at the Southampton Docks labelled Red Star Line. It is seen through the window of

952-504: Was a leader in the firm's shipping affairs and the chief force behind the creation of both INN and the chief negotiator with Belgian's King Leopold, von Der Becke, and Marsily to establish a subsidiary company in Antwerp beginning on September 19, 1872, under the title "Societe Anonyme de Navigation Belge-Americaine" (Red Star Line). The agreement established the Red Star Line as the exclusive carrier of mail service out of Antwerp to Philadelphia and New York. This subsidiary would provide most of

986-534: Was also president of the White Star Line). The early 1910s marked a turning point for the IMM. Indeed, on 15 April 1912, the Titanic , flagship of its fleet, sank during her maiden voyage . Besides the financial and human losses, the sinking had repercussions on the organization of the trust. Through the American commission of inquiry devoted to the sinking, Senator William Alden Smith openly attacked

1020-475: Was incorporated in New Jersey . Morgan's role evolved over the years. Being American, he could not directly own British ships, but he could own the company that owned the ships. In 1902, the IMM carried 64,738 passengers, a total buoyed by high immigration to the United States. The IMM had signed a partnership with the two most important German shipping companies, Norddeutscher Lloyd and HAPAG, which carried

1054-673: Was part of Arnold Bernstein Line . The company declared bankruptcy in 1934. It operated until 1935 when it ceased trading. Its assets were eventually sold to the Holland America Line . The former warehouses of the Red Star Line in Antwerp were designated as a landmark and reopened as a museum on 28 September 2013 by the City of Antwerp. The main focus of the museum is the travel stories that could be retrieved through relatives of

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1088-646: Was revealed in April 1901: the Leyland Line. The second turned out to be the prestigious White Star Line, bought by Morgan's team, after long negotiations, in April 1902. On 1 October 1902, JP Morgan & Co. announced the founding of the International Mercantile Marine Company, more commonly called IMM. (Constituent elements of IMM, including INC (chartered in 1871), had however been operating for many years already.) IMM

1122-410: Was the last to leave service, joining Pennsylvania and Virginia in New York at the beginning of May 1938. The United States Maritime Commission took over the three liners and transferred them to Moore-McCormack Lines to start a New York — River Plate service under Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Good Neighbor policy . Red Star Line The Red Star Line was a shipping line founded in 1871 as

1156-538: Was the shipbroking firm of Peter Wright & Sons, a Philadelphia import-export house. The company had established friendships and business ties with two prominent Belgian shipowners, Jules-Bernard von Der Becke and William Edouard Marsily. During the 1860s, the von Der Becke firm became an important importer of petroleum products from Pennsylvania to Antwerp in American and Belgian ships. Clement Griscom , who rose rapidly from clerk to partner at Peter Wright & Sons,

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