28-398: The panga ( Pterogymnus laniarus ), or panga seabream is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae , which includes the seabreams and porgies. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Pterogymnus . This species is endemic to the coasts of South Africa. The panga is an important species in commercial line fisheries off South Africa. The panga
56-427: A depth that fits into its standard length 2.3 to 2.5 times. The dorsal profile of the head is smoothly convex and the eye is large with the rear edge of the preorbital bone having a wave-like shape and is not covered by the scales of the cheek. The overall colour of the body is red or pink, lighter in colour on the lower body, with 5 or 6 indistinct bluish, horizontal lines underneath the lateral line . This species has
84-459: A free-swimming larval stage. However other patterns of ontogeny exist, with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism . In most cases this involves protogyny , fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor. Protandry , where a fish converts from male to female, is much less common than protogyny. Most families use external rather than internal fertilization . Of
112-565: A maximum total length of 45 cm (18 in), although 27 cm (11 in) is more typical. The panga is endemic to South Africa where it occurs in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean in False Bay in the Western Cape to Beira, Mozambique in the southwestern Indian Ocean. This species is found mostly on deep, low. topographically complex reefs and sometimes over areas of mud and sand as deep as 120 m (390 ft). The panga
140-742: A trait still present in Holostei ( bowfins and gars ). In some fish like the arapaima , the swim bladder has been modified for breathing air again, and in other lineages it have been completely lost. The teleosts have urinary and reproductive tracts that are fully separated, while the Chondrostei have common urogenital ducts, and partially connected ducts are found in Cladistia and Holostei. Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales ; but all teleosts have leptoid scales . The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges, while
168-423: Is a predatory species in which the adults feed on benthic invertebrates, mainly crabs with polychaetes , brittle stars and fishes less important as prey. The juveniles feed largely on mysids . This species is a rudimentary hermaphrodite. i.e. the gonads contain both male and female reproductive tissue but is a late gonochorist in which sexual maturity is attained at around 4 or 5 years old. They spawn mainly at
196-545: Is divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei . During the Mesozoic ( Triassic , Jurassic , Cretaceous ) and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular diversified widely. As a result, 96% of living fish species are teleosts (40% of all fish species belong to the teleost subgroup Acanthomorpha ), while all other groups of actinopterygians represent depauperate lineages. The classification of ray-finned fishes can be summarized as follows: The cladogram below shows
224-432: Is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of living teleost species; male care is far more common than female care. Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care. There are a few examples of fish that self-fertilise. The mangrove rivulus is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to
252-523: The Agulhas Bank and spawning occurs throughout the year. The panga is an important species for the offshore commercial line fishery in the southern Eastern Cape where it made up 16.5% of the total landings from 1985 to 2007. It is also an important part of the South African demersal inshore trawl fishery where it made up 63% of the landings between 1992 and 1995 and 11% of the landing from
280-506: The Cyprinidae (in goldfish and common carp as recently as 14 million years ago). Ray-finned fish vary in size and shape, in their feeding specializations, and in the number and arrangement of their ray-fins. In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with
308-519: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Actino- " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
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#1732797720734336-488: The oviparous teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care. Viviparity , ovoviviparity , or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition. The oldest case of viviparity in ray-finned fish is found in Middle Triassic species of † Saurichthys . Viviparity
364-663: The sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The Elopomorpha ( eels and tarpons ) appear to be the most basal teleosts. The earliest known fossil actinopterygian is Andreolepis hedei , dating back 420 million years ( Late Silurian ), remains of which have been found in Russia , Sweden , and Estonia . Crown group actinopterygians most likely originated near
392-686: The 5th edition of Fishes of the World . Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae. The panga has the genus name Pterogymnus which combines ptero , meaning “fin”, and gymnus , meaning “naked”, a reference to the lack of scales on the soft rayed parts of the dorsal and anal fins , when compared to Cymatoceps . The specific name , laniarius , means “butcher” or “pertaining to butchers”, an allusion Valenciennes did not explain. The panga has
420-955: The Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. The earliest fossil relatives of modern teleosts are from the Triassic period ( Prohalecites , Pholidophorus ), although it is suspected that teleosts originated already during the Paleozoic Era . The listing below is a summary of all extinct (indicated by a dagger , †) and living groups of Actinopterygii with their respective taxonomic rank . The taxonomy follows Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes with notes when this differs from Nelson, ITIS and FishBase and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016 and Xu 2021. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] actino-#Translingual From Misplaced Pages,
448-402: The adjacent diagram. The swim bladder is a more derived structure and used for buoyancy . Except from the bichirs , which just like the lungs of lobe-finned fish have retained the ancestral condition of ventral budding from the foregut , the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes derives from a dorsal bud above the foregut. In early forms the swim bladder could still be used for breathing,
476-404: The area between the eyes and the flange on the preoperculum scaled. The lower jaw has 2 rows of molar-like teeth. The dorsal fin has 12 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. There is a scaly sheath at the base of the soft rayed parts of both the dorsal and anal fin but no scales on the soft rayed part of these fins. The compressed body is ovoid in shape with
504-463: The bichirs and holosteans (bowfin and gars) in having gone through a whole-genome duplication ( paleopolyploidy ). The WGD is estimated to have happened about 320 million years ago in the teleosts, which on average has retained about 17% of the gene duplicates, and around 180 (124–225) million years ago in the chondrosteans. It has since happened again in some teleost lineages, like Salmonidae (80–100 million years ago) and several times independently within
532-440: The bulkier, fleshy lobed fins of the sister class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish). Resembling folding fans , the actinopterygian fins can easily change shape and wetted area , providing superior thrust-to-weight ratios per movement compared to sarcopterygian and chondrichthyian fins. The fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the articulation between these fins and
560-639: The demersal deep sea trawl fishery in the southern Eastern Cape and Western Cape. Actinopterygii Actinopterygii ( / ˌ æ k t ɪ n ɒ p t ə ˈ r ɪ dʒ i aɪ / ; from actino- 'having rays' and Ancient Greek πτέρυξ (ptérux) 'wing, fins'), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians , is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of skin supported by radially extended thin bony spines called lepidotrichia , as opposed to
588-706: The different actinopterygian clades (in millions of years , mya) are from Near et al., 2012. Jaw-less fishes ( hagfish , lampreys ) [REDACTED] Cartilaginous fishes ( sharks , rays , ratfish ) [REDACTED] Coelacanths [REDACTED] Lungfish [REDACTED] Amphibians [REDACTED] Mammals [REDACTED] Sauropsids ( reptiles , birds ) [REDACTED] Polypteriformes ( bichirs , reedfishes ) [REDACTED] Acipenseriformes ( sturgeons , paddlefishes ) [REDACTED] Teleostei [REDACTED] Amiiformes ( bowfins ) [REDACTED] Lepisosteiformes ( gars ) [REDACTED] The polypterids (bichirs and reedfish) are
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#1732797720734616-432: The fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below 19 °C (66 °F) and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred. Actinopterygii is divided into the subclasses Cladistia , Chondrostei and Neopterygii . The Neopterygii , in turn,
644-891: The 💕 Look for Actino- on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Actino- in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
672-549: The highest mountain streams . Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris , at 8 mm (0.3 in); to the massive ocean sunfish , at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb); and to the giant oarfish , at 11 m (36 ft). The largest ever known ray-finned fish, the extinct Leedsichthys from the Jurassic , has been estimated to have grown to 16.5 m (54 ft). Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of typical ray-finned fish are shown in
700-438: The inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue. Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales, and lack the hardened enamel - or dentine -like layers found in the scales of many other fish. Unlike ganoid scales , which are found in non-teleost actinopterygians, new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows. Teleosts and chondrosteans (sturgeons and paddlefish) also differ from
728-425: The internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). The vast majority of actinopterygians are teleosts . By species count, they dominate the subphylum Vertebrata , and constitute nearly 99% of the over 30,000 extant species of fish . They are the most abundant nektonic aquatic animals and are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to subterranean waters to
756-466: The main clades of living actinopterygians and their evolutionary relationships to other extant groups of fishes and the four-limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ). The latter include mostly terrestrial species but also groups that became secondarily aquatic (e.g. whales and dolphins ). Tetrapods evolved from a group of bony fish during the Devonian period . Approximate divergence dates for
784-585: Was first formally described as Pagrus laniarius in 1830 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes in volume 6 of Histoire naturelle des poissons , its type locality was given as the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. In 1938 James Leonard Brierley Smith reclassified this species in the monospecific genus Pterogymnus . This taxon is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by
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