91-565: Panhala fort (also known as Panhalgad and Panhalla ( literally "the home of serpents")), is located in Panhala , 20 kilometres northwest of Kolhapur in Maharashtra , India . It is strategically located looking over a pass in the Sahyadri mountain range which was a major trade route from Bijapur in the interior of Maharashtra to the coastal areas. Due to its strategic location, it
182-453: A translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be
273-490: A 5-month siege by Siddhi Johar. It consists of three buildings called the Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati Kothis. The Ganga kothi, which was the largest, had a capacity of 25,000 khandis (with one khandi being 650 lbs). It covers an area of 950 sq m and is 10.5 m high. Rice, nachni and warai were the major provisions stored. Stairs on both sides lead the top of the buildings. It has sixteen bays each with its own flat vault with
364-488: A barber, Shiva Kashid, who looked like Shivaji, kept the enemy engaged, giving them an impression that Shiva Kashid was actually Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. In the ensuing battle ( see Battle of Pavan Khind ), almost three quarters of the one thousand strong force died, including Baji Prabhu himself. The fort went to Adil Shah. It was not until 1673 that Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj could occupy it permanently. Sambhaji Maharaj , Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj son and successor to
455-407: A database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in the original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct
546-473: A great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or
637-514: A hole on top through which grain used to be passed. The eastern entrance has a domed chamber with a balcony and plasterwork of the Bijapuri style. This was an additional granary next to the three granaries that constituted the Amberkhana. It was a stone building 55 feet by 48 feet by 35 feet high. This has an entrance and a staircase that leads to the terrace. Grain was distributed from here to
728-474: A joke which dates back to 1956 or 1958. Another joke in the genre transforms "out of sight, out of mind" to "blind idiot" or "invisible idiot". Rajaram I Rajaram I (Rajaram Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation: [[ɾaːd͡ʒaɾaːm ˈbʱos(ə)le] ; c. 24 February 1670 – 3 March 1700) was the third Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom , who ruled from 1689 to his death in 1700. He
819-456: A literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however,
910-399: A mausoleum to Moropant an 18th-century Marathi poet who wrote poetry in the adjacent Parashar caves can be seen. A shrine to a Muslim saint Sadhoba is also present. The palace of Tarabai , arguably the fort's most famous resident, is still intact. It is now used to house a school, several government offices and a boys' hostel. there are two buildings for food storage .The rest of the fort
1001-548: A sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from
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#17327730964251092-404: A serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used
1183-620: A sinister nature against our nation, of which you must beware. The Nimbalkars and the Manes have already deserted him and his ranks are being rapidly thinned. God is helping us. We are sure to succeed.” In 1691, as a direct taunt to Mughal encroachment in the Deccan and to show off the undaunted morale of the Marathas, Rajaram issued contemptible bounties which were deliberately exiguous to his generals for capturing Mughal cities. One such challenge
1274-557: Is built on the Sahyadris , rising more than 400 m (1,312 ft) above its surrounding plain. Numerous tunnels stretch out from underneath the fort, one of which is almost 1 km long. Most of the architecture is of the Bijapuri style with the peacock motif of the Bahmani Sultanate prominently visible on several structures. Some of the older bastions also have the lotus motif of Bhoja II. There are several monuments at
1365-399: Is in ruins though the structures within the fort are frequented by tourists who visit Panhala town- a major hill station. It has been declared as a protected monument by the government. The Masai Pathar behind Panhala fort was chosen as an alternative location to shoot Padmaavat film. Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation is
1456-632: Is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in
1547-550: The Khafi Khan , so great was the terror of his name “that there was no imperial Mughal Amir bold enough to resist him and every loss he inflicted made the imperial Mughal forces quake". Aurangzeb was at his wits’ end and admitted in public that "The creature could do nothing, for everything was in the hands of God". The Mughals looked upon Dhanaji Jadhav with such awe that Mughal troops used to ask their horses, when they refused to drink, whether they had seen Dhanaji's reflection in
1638-399: The lintel having finely carved motifs, including one of Ganesh . The latter has been placed by the Marathas during their occupation of the fort. There are three Persian inscriptions—one on top and one each on either side. All three declare that the gate "was built in the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah I by Malik Daud Aki son of Minister Ahmed" in 954 AH (1534 CE). This was another entrance to
1729-535: The "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y
1820-545: The 'Fort of Snakes' as it is zigzagged in shape. Panahala fort was built between 1178 and 1209 CE, one of 15 forts (others including Bavda, Bhudargad , Satara, and Vishalgad ) built by the Shilahara ruler Bhoja II . It is said that aphorism Kahaan Raja Bhoj, kahan Gangu Teli is associated with this fort. A copper plate found in Satara shows that Raja Bhoja held court at Panhala from 1191–1192 CE. About 1209–10, Bhoja Raja
1911-457: The Bijapur general Afzal Khan , in the ensuing confusion Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took Panhala from Bijapur. In May 1660, to win back the fort from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Adil Shah II (1656–1672) of Bijapur sent his army under the command of Siddi Johar to lay siege to Panhala. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj fought back and they could not take the fort. The siege continued for 5 months, at
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#17327730964252002-639: The Char Darwaja and Wagh Darwaja. The Char Darwaza was destroyed when during the British siege. The Teen Darwaja gate which is the main entrance to the fort is located north of the Andhar Bavai on the West side of the fort. It is a double gate with a court in between that has arcades . The outer gate has an ornate chamber on top with decorated eaves . The inner gate from the court is highly decorated with
2093-457: The Deccan forts, while he and his lieutenants invaded with large bodies of horse the Mughal territories further than they had been invaded for many years. Thus while the Mughal emperor was trying to destroy Maratha bases, the Marathas would retaliate by destroying his. Rajaram declared: "The enemy's power is weakened, our troops no longer fear to meet the emperor's. Our task is reaching its close. By
2184-435: The German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told about machine translation , translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion to Mark 14:38 ) into Russian and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather
2275-643: The Mahakali temple. The Ambabai temple is very old and it was here that Shivaji would make offerings before embarking on major expeditions. The mausoleum of Jijabai lies opposite to that of her husband, Sambhaji II. Ramchandra Pant Amatya (who wrote Adnyapatra , a treatise on Maratha policy) was the youngest minister in Shivaji's fort. He died at Panhala fort and a mausoleum was erected here for him and his wife. The mausoleums were covered with rubble till 1941 and till 1999 had not undergone any restoration work. Also
2366-567: The Maratha bands spread over the vast territories from Khandesh to the south coast, over Gujarat , Baglan , Gondwana , and the Karnataka , devastating Mughal stations, destroying their armies, exacting tribute, plundering Mughal treasures, animals and stocks of camp equipage. Through imminent peril Rajaram had won his goal and at Jinji had sustained that which scholars like C.A. Kincaid call, "a siege hardly shorter than that of Troy with
2457-501: The Maratha contingent down the Bhor Ghat and attacked the rear of Itikad Khan's army besieging Raigad, carrying off five imperial Mughal war elephants. Following this Maratha contingents under Dhanaji Jadhav and Santaji attacked and completely routed Muqarrab Khan , the Mughal general responsible for capture of Chhatrapati Sambhaji, at Bhudhargad 45 miles south of Kolhapur. Muqarrab Khan and his son were mortally bloodied and chased up to
2548-623: The Maratha lords also repeated the inducements that Aurangzeb had offered them, and demand something better, saying to the Chhatrapati, “ We, your own kith and kin, should not at least fare worse than strangers who come and obtain handsome rewards from the Emperor.” The main purport of them was, that the Maratha bands should roam anywhere and everywhere, plunder the Mughal treasure and territory, and ravage them in all possible ways. These sanads were in actuality promises of future reward, assuring
2639-1067: The Marathas in the Deccan , and specially sent Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung to capture the Jingi Fort . He laid siege to it in September, 1690. When Rajaram had retired from. Maharastra to Jinji, there was virtually no money in his treasury. Raigad, the capital of the Maratha Empire, fell into the hands of Aurangzeb. There were no practical centralised Maratha army or government. In these adverse circumstances Rajaram and his advisers were compelled to offer inducements of feudal estates to their helpers, in order to retain their services and allegiance. Rajaram's Government deliberately weaned away many Maratha Chiefs who had accepted Mughal service. Aurangzeb profusely offered lands, titles and rewards as inducements to Maratha lords to renounce their Chhatrapati and accept Mughal service. Maratha Government adopted
2730-412: The Marathas. Rajaram thus died of lung disease in 1700 at Sinhagad near Pune in Maharashtra leaving behind widows and infants. Rajaram's funeral ceremonies were performed by Jivajiraje Bhonsle, the direct descendant of Vithoji Bhonsle, younger brother of Maloji Bhosale and Chhatrapati Shivaji's great uncle. To keep alive Chhatrapati Rajaram's memory, Ramchandra Bavdekar built a temple to Shiva on
2821-449: The Mughal camp at Kolhapur and all their loot was captured. With this booty Santaji Ghorpade presented himself before Rajaram at Panhala . Rajaram distributed rich cloths and titles to the successful commander and his officers. Santaji Ghorpade was titled 'Mamalkatmadar', his brothers Bahirji and Maloji Ghorpade were titled 'Hindurao' and 'Amir-Ul-Umra'. Vithoji Chavan was styled Himmat Bahadur. Sidhoji Gujar who helped Santaji and Vithoji
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2912-478: The Mughal trenches and outposts, while Santaji Ghorpade held the roads by which the imperial Mughal convoys sought to reach the besiegers. So feeble at last did the investing army become, that the Maratha commanders resolved to raise the siege. According to Maratha chroniclers, the Maratha forces nearly numbered at 100,000 by this time. Of these 10,000 were with Chhatrapati Rajaram in Jinji . 20,000 were actively opposing
3003-588: The Mughals came to possess the fort. However, it was re-captured in 1692 by Kashi Ranganath Sarpotdar under the guidance of Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi a Maratha garrison commander of the fort of Vishalgad . In 1701 Panhala finally surrendered to Aurangzeb, who came for it in person. On 28 April 1692 the Mughal Emperor famously received the English ambassador Sir William Norris at Panhala fort. Norris spent "300 pounds in fruitless negotiation" with Aurangzeb but
3094-406: The Mughals under Itikad Khan (later Zulfikar Khan ) started laying siege to the region around Raigad on 25 March 1689, a daring plan was formulated by Santaji Ghorpade to counter this. They fell upon Mughal detachments and sometimes routed them so thoroughly that succours could not reach Zulfikar Itikad Khan in time for his operations. Santaji and Dhanaji made wonderful progress in the plan that
3185-486: The State in its present sore extremity, we solemnly bind ourselves to continue your hereditary holdings to you and your heirs and successors.” In this way, letters and sanads granting Inams and jagirs began to pour from the Maratha court in an unbroken current to Maratha lords for raising forces against the Mughals. They particularly brought their fivefold service to the notice of the Chhatrapati. They say: These letters of
3276-493: The accumulated loot when his burdened army was ambushed by Zulfikar Khan . Rajaram tried to evacuate with all speed, but could shake off the Mughal pursuit owing to the baggage. In this disastrous retreat the Rajaram's resourcefulness and courage alone saved his army. Although half dead with fatigue, Rajaram fought a continuous series of rearguard actions for fifty miles and at last brought his command, reduced but not destroyed, to
3367-565: The administration of the fort, resolved disputes, and gained the respect of the people. The time she spent at Panhala provided her with experience in courtly matters and the support of her officers, which would influence later events. Rajaram did send reinforcements from Gingee, and Panhala came into Maratha's hands in October 1693. In 1700, Rajaram , died leaving behind a 12-year-old son— Shivaji II —by his wife Tarabai . In 1705, Tarabai asserted her autonomy by founding an independent dynasty in
3458-542: The attack in person; bring home to the Emperor that the army that Shivaji built still exists and that Rajaram is a part of it. Prove to him that the Maratha spirit is not extinct". A letter of 22 March 1690, composed by Rajaram and drafted by Khando Ballal Chitnis to Baji Sarjerao Jedhe Deshmukh of Kari speaks of the rallying of the Vijaynagar Poligars of the South to the Maratha banner in these terms and
3549-473: The blessing and merit of my father, the divine Shivaji , fortune will crown our efforts with victory". Rajaram led a large Maratha force to attack the Mughal city of Jalna which he successfully plundered and set on fire. Entering the Godavari valley, he plundered Paithan , Beed and other Mughal-occupied towns along the river banks. Instead of progressing further he turned back towards Sinhagad to deposit
3640-407: The capital, fearlessly awaiting the result. Our principal commanders should carry on their usual harassing operations in all directions against the Mughal forces, and convince them that the death of their King has made no difference in our resistance.” The Maratha leaders took solemn oaths of remaining faithful to Shahu as their true Chhatrapati and carrying on the warfare in his name till the country
3731-409: The capture of Aurangabad , and 2,50,000 hons after the capture of Delhi itself. Similarly, Krishnaji Ghorpade was entitled to receive 12,500 hons after the conquest of Raigad territory, 12,500 hons after the conquest of Bijapur , 12,500 hons after the conquest of Bhaganagar , 12,500 hons after the conquest of Aurangabad and 50,000 hons after the conquest of Delhi . These aims included even
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3822-611: The conquest of Delhi , so as to make the whole Indian sub-continent safe for the Hindu religion, and no more destruction of temples and idols was to be tolerated. This statement of the Maratha Chhatrapati's aims is not confined to a few rare documents, but runs through most of the writings detailing the political transactions of the Maratha Government of that period. Animated by a desire to avenge their wrongs,
3913-605: The details of what was being discussed were not disclosed. Within a few months the fort was retaken by the Maratha forces under Ramchandra Pant Amatya . In 1693, Aurangzeb attacked it again. This led to another long siege in which Rajaram escaped disguised as a beggar to Gingee Fort , leaving his 14-year-old wife Tarabai Ranisaheb in Panhala. As Aurangzeb pursued Rajaram, Tarabai Ranisaheb would stay at Panhala for almost five years before meeting her husband again. During this formative period of her life, Tarabai Ranisaheb looked after
4004-480: The east side of the fort close to the rampart. By 1886, it had become a complete wreck with only traces of ornamental work on the ceiling. This was used during the occupation of the fort by the Bahmani Sultanate as a Rang Mahal(residences for the ladies of the court) The Amberkhana, situated in the center of the fort, were three granaries built in the Bijapuri style of architecture. They enabled Shivaji to withstand
4095-524: The edge of Sinhgad fort. The temple was handsomely endowed with lands and money and may still be seen in undiminished splendour. Ambikabai, one of his widows, committed sati upon Rajaram's death. Many folk tales are centered on her powers of piety. Rajaram's widow Tarabai then proclaimed her own young son, Shivaji II as the Chhatrapati Shivaji prophesied by Shivaji I destined to conquer all India from Attock to Rameshwaram, going against
4186-414: The end of which all provisions in the fort were exhausted and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was on the verge of being captured. Under these circumstances, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj decided that escape was the only option. He gathered a small number of soldiers along with his trusted commander Baji Prabhu Deshpande and, on 13 July 1660, they escaped in the dead of night to flee to Vishalgad. Baji Prabhu and
4277-444: The enemy is nothing of himself : it is people like you who have raised him into that importance. If our Marathas had not joined him, he would have been nowhere. You alone possess the nerve to overcome this Aurangzeb . He has wronged you by threatening to convert you to his religion. He has already converted Netaji and Sabaji Ghatge and Janojiraje, in addition to several Brahmans also. He also entertains further deep-rooted motives of
4368-488: The fort which are considered notable by the Archaeological Survey of India . More than 7 km of fortifications ( Tatabandi ) define the approximately triangular zone of Panhala fort. The walls are protected for long sections by steep escarpments , reinforced by a parapet with slit holes. The remaining sections have 5–9 m (16–30 ft) high ramparts without a parapet, strengthened by round bastions
4459-533: The fort. It was designed to elude invaders such that they would get trapped into a small courtyard and could then be easily neutralized. It has an elaborate Ganesh motif at the entrance. The Rajdindi bastion was one of the hidden exits of the fort to be used in times of an emergency. It was used by Shivaji to escape to Vishalgad during the Battle of Pavan Khind . Rajdindi is still intact. There are temples devoted to Sambhaji II, Someshwar and Ambabai in addition to
4550-670: The garrison farewell moving towards to the Bhavani temple at Pratapgad . As he went inspecting the fortresses that lay along the route, he had them provisioned and armed. Everywhere the Maratha garrisons hailed his advent with enthusiasm. The charm of his address won all their hearts and from his name men drew a fortunate omen: “The army of Rajaram like that of Rama should fall upon the Muslims suddenly, from unexpected quarters in bands of 500 or 1,000, even 200 men. They should separate them, drive them, kill them and then run away. To sum up, all
4641-472: The height of Shivaji's power in 1678, Panhala housed 15,000 horses and 20,000 soldiers. also the main darwaza was chaar darwaza When Shivaji died, Sambhaji was able to convince the garrison at Panhala to join him in overthrowing his stepbrother Rajaram I thus becoming the Chhatrapati (king) of the Maratha Empire. In 1689, when Sambhaji was imprisoned by Aurangzeb's general Mukkarab Khan at Sangameshwar,
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#17327730964254732-490: The imperial Mughal troops in the western Deccan. The remainder were divided into 3 contingents each of 20,000, commanded respectively by Senapati Santaji Ghorpade, Parsoji Bhonsle, honoured by the appellation of 'Senasahibsubha' or master of the army, and Siddhojirao Nimbalkar; to whom Rajaram had given the title of 'Sarlashkar', or chief of the cavalry. Lastly, 10,000 troopers formed a flying column under Jaysinghrao Dhanaji Jadhav. After three failed attempts to conquer Jinji, it
4823-466: The middle of his army. Santaji and Vithoji Chavan, his second in command, led a two thousand strong contingent for this purpose towards Tulapur. On stealthily reaching the Mughal camp they rushed at Aurangzeb's pavilion, cut down the supporting ropes and the huge cloth edifice came down in a crash, killing everyone inside. this significant event has been vividly depicted in the drama "Bhangale Swapna Maharashtra" written by Bashir Momin (Kavathekar); showcasing
4914-459: The military leaders that they would be considered owners of the territory they would subjugate in any quarter of India. This game became profitable for a time to the roving Maratha bands; they borrowed money, raised troops and carried on expeditions to distant parts of India . The process gave a sudden impetus to the business of banking and fighting. The Jinji siege dragged on through 1694 and 1695. The Jinji garrison made spirited sorties, destroying
5005-465: The most notable of which is Rajdindi. (See later section) Whenever an army besieged a fort, their first action was to poison the main water source of the fort. To counter this, Adil Shah commissioned the building of the Andhar Bavadi (Hidden Well). This is a three-storey structure with winding staircases that conceal the well which was the main water source for Panhala fort. There are recesses in
5096-500: The name of her son Shivaji II and ruling it as regent with Panhala as her headquarters. In Tarabai Ranisaheb's war with Shahuji of Satara in 1708, Shahu took Panhala and Tarabai fled to Malvan in Ratnagiri. Shortly after, in 1709, Tarabai again took Panhala, established a separate state (Kolhapur Rajaram by his second wife Rajasbai Ranisaheb succeeded to the throne. He died without issue in 1760. His widow Jijabai Ranisaheb adopted
5187-410: The needy. Sajja Kothi is a one-storey structure built by Ibrahim Adil Shah in 1500 CE. It is also built in the Bijapuri style . Sajja Kothi was constructed as a viewing pavilion looking over the valley below. The domed upper chambers have faceted pendentives with the balconies hanging over the ramparts of the fort. The Teen Darwaza was one of the three double gateways of the fort - the others being
5278-636: The northern invaders. When the council for planning the next course of action opened at Satara, Hukumatpanah Ramchandrapant, supported by his lieutenants, Parashuram Trymbak and Shankar Narayan, advanced to the Chhatrapati's seat and were lauded for their administration during the exile of Rajaram. Rajaram lauded the services of the Maratha Houses of Atole, Dabhade, Pawar and Patankar and distributed to them and to others dresses of honour suited to their rank and achievements and disclosed his strategy. Rajaram meant to let Aurangzeb wear out his army besieging
5369-413: The people should have one aim of protecting Rajaram's kingdom at the sacrifice of their own lives. The whole Hindu people should struggle for their independence without caring for their lives.” Through the countryside the folk rumors were circulated that "just as in olden times Rama of Ayodhya had conquered the demons of Lanka , so the new Raja Ram would drive from the land, the demons of Delhi". As
5460-438: The popularly held notion that it was Shahu I (whose original name was Shivaji) who was to be the Shivaji prophesied about, and ruled as her son's regent. However, the release of Shahu , by the successors of Aurangzeb led to an internecine conflict between Tarabai and Shahu with the latter emerging as the successful claimant to the Maratha throne of Satara. Tarabai established a separate seat at Kolhapur and installed her son as
5551-466: The rainy season of 1469. On the establishment of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur in 1489, Panhala came under Bijapur and was fortified extensively. They built the strong ramparts and gateways of the fort which, according to tradition, took a hundred years to build. Numerous inscriptions in the fort refer to the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah, probably Ibrahim I (1534–1557). In 1659, after the death of
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#17327730964255642-483: The rival Chhatrapati. She was shortly deposed by Rajasbai, the other surviving widow of Rajaram. She installed her own son by Rajaram called Sambhaji II on the Kolhapur throne. The Kolhapur line has continued to this day through natural succession and adoptions per Hindu customs.The Satara seat passed to a grandson of Rajaram called Ramaraja after he was adopted at the insistence of Tarabai, by Shahu who did not have
5733-546: The role of Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav leading them: “We have enlisted on arrival in the Karnatak forty thousand cavalry and a lakh and a quarter of infantry. The local Palegars and fighting elements are fast rallying to the Maratha Standard. Our Raj now has a peculiar message for the people, and you as one of them already suffer the agonies of the wrongs inflicted upon it by the Mughals. You must now put forth
5824-405: The sacrifice required on behalf of our religion. We have dispatched Keshav Trimal Pingale to Maharashtra with a treasure of a lakh of Hons, guarded by an escort of forty thousand armed men with Santaji and Dhanaji at their head. As soon as this party arrives in your part of the country, you must join it with your following with the utmost expedition, in order to overcome the common enemy. In fact
5915-686: The same methods for counteraction. One such letter Rajaram wrote to the Maratha leaders: “We note with pleasure that you have preserved the country and served the King loyally. You are highly brave and serviceable. We know that you hold Inam lands from the Emperor, but that you are now ready to forsake him and fight for us and suffer hardships for us and our nation. The Emperor has created a havoc in our land. He has converted Hindus wholesale to his creed. Therefore, you should cautiously conduct measures of safety and retaliation and keep us duly informed of your services. If you do not swerve from loyalty and if you help
6006-549: The seat of the Kolhapur government was moved from Panhala to Kolhapur. In 1827, under Shahaji I (1821–1837), Panhala and its neighboring fort Pavangad were given over to the British Raj . In 1844, during the minority of Shivaji IV (1837–1860), Panhala and Pavangad were taken by rebels who seized Colonel Ovans, the Resident of Satara, when he was on tour and imprisoned him in Panhala. A British force under General Delamotte
6097-462: The skill and valour and more than the fortunes of Hector ". Rajaram had created armies, planned campaigns, governed distant provinces. Well-nigh unbearable though his burden was, he had nobly and worthily borne it. Through an endless darkness he had kept alive the flickering flame of his country's independence; and when Aurangzeb thought he had at last crushed him for ever, Rajaram had re-appeared in his own kingdom and had once again hurled defiance at
6188-464: The son of a Sahaja Bhonsle of Canvas. Thus, Jijabai Ranisaheb became the acting regent during the time that her adopted son was a minor. She came to believe that to prevent the fall of Panhala, the Mahakali shrine at the fort had to be ritually offered human blood for the appeasement of Goddess Kali. She would periodically send out her soldiers at night to scour the neighboring villages for victims. This practice would continue until her death in 1772. One of
6279-534: The target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed
6370-473: The territory of Kasim Khan. As per Keladinṛipavijaya of Linganna, Rajaram and Bahirji sought assistance from Keladi Chennamma - who kept the Mughal attack in check to ensure safe passage and escape of Rajaram. To punish Chennamma, Aurangzeb dispatched Jannisar Khan, Matabar Khan, and Sharza Khan, who captured the forts of Madhavpura, Anantpur and besieged Bednur while Chennama escaped to Bhuvangiri to save her life. The Maratha general Santaji Ghorpade then defeated
6461-677: The three Khans, protecting Chenamma and throttling the Khans' attempts to pursue Rajaram. Rajaram reached Jinji after a month and a half on 1 November 1689. Details of his escape are known from the incomplete poetical biography of Rajaram, the Rajaramacharita written by his Rajpurohit , Keshav Pandit , in Sanskrit . After defeating the Mughals ,Rajaram cremated his late brother. Aurangzeb deputed Ghazi-ud-din Firoze Jung against
6552-467: The throne Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj met his brave son after he escaped from the Camp of Diler Khan after executing his father political agenda to bring Aurangzeb's successor over to the Maratha's. He escaped from here along with his wife on 13 December 1678 and attacked Bhupalgad. He returned to Panhala, however, on 4 December 1679 to reconcile with his father just before his father's death on 4 April 1680. At
6643-525: The towers near were these sacrifices occurred is still called the Kali tower. There were reports of Jijabai Ranisaheb bestowing a plot of land to an oilman or Teli in return for the grant of his daughter-in-law to be buried alive under one of the Panhala towers. A shrine to the Teli's daughter-in-law (Gangubai) was subsequently erected and it is still a pilgrimage site for the people of the Teli community. In 1782,
6734-462: The valar of Maratha soldiers and how that brave surgical strike instilled fear in the mughal army. Afterwards it was discovered that Aurangzeb by chance was passing that night in his daughter's tent and thus escaped death. However the Marathas cut the gold spires off the Mughal poles and carried them away in triumph to Sinhagad which was under Prataprao Sidhoji Gujar, son of Sarsenapati Prataprao Kudtoji Gujar . After some rest at Sinhagad, Santaji led
6825-462: The wall so that soldiers can be permanently stationed. Several hidden escape routes in the Andhar Bavai lead outside the fort. With its own water source, living quarters and its own exit routes, likely this structure was designed like a fort within a fort with the intention of making it an emergency shelter in case the main fort fell. The name of this building, which is also called Nayakini Sajja , literally means "Courtesans' Terrace room". It stands on
6916-449: The water. Rajaram had occupied the fort at Jinji from 11 November 1689, but left before it fell in 1698. Rajaram then set up his court at fort Satara . In this while Rajaram set his objectives on rallying the Maratha army to drive out the Mughal invaders. The Chitnis Bakhar records Rajaram as saying: "Time and again we have grappled with the Mughal armies. The Emperor is camped at Aurangabad, in our homeland, and there I intend to lead
7007-406: The welcome shelter of Sinhgad. The hardships and exposure of the chase had aggravated a weakness of Rajaram's lungs contracted at Jinji . After some days high fever set in with frequent hemorrhages. Knowing his end was near, Rajaram called upon his council and commanded them not to relax their efforts in the war of liberation until King Shahu had been freed and the Mughals driven from the land of
7098-459: The widow of Sambhaji, heartened the spirits of the Maratha garrison at Raigad by her brave words, “Raigad is doubtless a strong fort and can hold out long; but it is hazardous that we should all remain confined in this one small spot. In order to distract the Mughal Emperor's attention, I should advise you that Rajaram with his wives and followers should clear out before the siege becomes too stringent. I can stay here with my little son Shahu and defend
7189-467: Was adopted. The forty thousand strong Maratha army under the immediate command of Dhanaji Jadhav was still too small to achieve anything in pitched battle against the large hordes of Aurangzeb . So Santaji Ghorpade suggested that the Maratha army should entrench itself at Phaltan and from that base draw the attention of Mughal generals while Santaji and a small cavalry contingent would raid the main Mughal camp at Tulapur , and if possible kill Aurangzeb in
7280-514: Was as follows: "Having clearly grasped your readiness to quit the Mughal service and return to the Chhatrapati's for defending the Maharashtra Dharma, we are assigning to you for your own personal expenses and those of your troops, an annuity...". Hanmantrao Ghorpade was entitled to receive, 62,500 hons after the capture of Raigad , 62,500 hons after the capture of Bijapur , 62,500 hons after the capture of Bhaganagar , 62,500 hons after
7371-460: Was at the age of ten to Jankibai , the five -year-old daughter of Shivaji's army chief, Prataprao Gujar . His other wives were Tarabai , the daughter of Sarsenapati Hambirrao Mohite , the Maratha army commander who succeeded Prataprao, and Rajasbai from the influential Ghatge family of Kagal . Rajaram had three sons, After the execution of Sambhaji by the Mughals, Rajaram was informally crowned at Raigad on 12 March 1689. Maharani Yesubai ,
7462-495: Was captured only after seven years on 8 January 1698. Rajaram, however, successfully escaped due to intervention of the Shirke family who hid him in the Mughal camp itself and then furnished him with horses to travel first to Vellore and later to Vishalgad. Early in their career Dhanaji and Santaji inflicted a severe defeat upon Sharza Khan, alias Rustam Khan, who was responsible for the death of Sarsenapati Hambirrao Mohite as he
7553-546: Was coming to capture the fort of Satara in May 1690. During that period when Jinji remained unconquered, "the intrepid Maratha commanders, Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav , wrought havoc in the Karnataka and Maharashtra by defeating the Mughal generals and cutting off their lines of communication." Santaji Ghorpade captured and held to ransom Ismail Khan, Rustam (Sharza) Khan, Ali Mardan Khan, and Jannisar Khan. According to
7644-609: Was defeated by Singhana (1209–1247), the most powerful of the Devgiri Yadavas , and the fort subsequently passed into the hands of the Yadavas. Apparently it was not well looked after and it passed through several local chiefs. In 1376 inscriptions record the settlement of Nabhapur to the south-east of the fort. It was an outpost of the Bahamanis of Bidar . Mahmud Gawan , an influential prime minister, encamped here during
7735-417: Was liberated from the enemy's possession. Before evacuating Raigad, Rajaram paid a last visit to Yesubai and laid his head at her feet to seek her blessings. The queen sternly placed her hand on Rajaram's head, said to him, “There is no cause for grief. Victory will surely be yours and you will reconquer your father's kingdom and avenge your brother's death”. Rajaram rose, embraced prince Shivaji , and bade
7826-432: Was sent against the rebels and on 1 December 1844 breached the fort wall, took it by storm and dismantled the fortifications. Thereafter, a British garrison was always left to guard the fort. The administration of the fort remained with Kolhapur until 1947. It is one of the largest forts in the Deccan, with a perimeter of 14 km (9 mi) and 110 lookout posts. It is 845 m (2,772 ft) above sea level. This fort
7917-569: Was soon able to invest Panhala as well. Rajaram who was in Panhala slipped through the besieging lines. A 300-strong Maratha army then fought with the Mughals and led the new Maratha king, Rajaram to escape through Kavlya ghat to the fort of Jinji in present-day state of Tamil Nadu via Pratapgad and Vishalgad forts. After crossing the crocodile-infested Tungabhadra river swimming on Bahirji Ghorpade's back, Rajaram and Bahirji reached Keladi (Near present-day Sagar in Karnataka) in disguise entering
8008-515: Was the centre of several skirmishes in the Deccan involving the Marathas , the Mughals and the British the grand son's of chhatrapati shivaji maharaj East India Company , the most notable being the Battle of Pavan Khind . Here, the queen regent of Kolhapur , Tarabai Ranisaheb , spent her formative years. Several parts of the fort and the structures within are still intact. It is also called as
8099-478: Was the second son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , the founder of the empire and younger half-brother of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj whom he succeeded. His eleven-year reign was marked with a constant struggle against the Mughals. He was succeeded by his infant son Shivaji II under the regentship of his dowager Maharani Tarabai . Rajaram was born in the family of Bhonsle dynasty , to Chhatrapati Shivaji and his second wife, Soyarabai on 24 February 1670. He
8190-519: Was thirteen years younger than his brother, Sambhaji . Given the ambitious nature of Soyarabai, Rajaram was installed on the Maratha throne upon the death of his father in 1680 at the age of 10. However, the Maratha generals wanted Sambhaji as the king and thus, he claimed the throne. Upon Sambhaji's death at the hands of the Mughals, Rajaram was informally crowned as Chhatrapati of as a regent for his nephew Shahu I . He vowed to avenge his brother's murder. Rajaram married three times. His first marriage
8281-600: Was titled 'Sarkhel' and appointed the Grand Admiral of the Maratha Navy with Kanhoji Angre and Bhavanji Mohite as his deputies. Dhanaji Jadhav with the main army repulsed a full-fledged attack on his position at Phaltan and with some of the enemy's captured guns joined the ceremony at Panhala. There he received the title of 'Jaysinghrao', or Lion of Victory. Determined at all costs to take Raigad, Aurangzeb continued to send reinforcements to Itikad Zulfikar Khan, who
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