165-606: Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation: [ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le] ; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty . Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Confederacy . Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with
330-455: A lakh (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of Rs . 8,000, which Shivaji paid. The total expenditure for feeding
495-550: A shudra . Compelled to postpone his coronation, Shivaji had his secretary Balaji Avji Chitnis sent to the Sisodiyas of Mewar for inspection of the royal genealogies; Avji returned with a favorable finding — Shahji turned out to be a descendant of Chacho Sisodiya, a half-Rajput uncle of Mokal Singh . Gaga Bhatt, a famed Brahmin of Banaras , was then hired to ratify Chitnis' find, and the Bhonsles were now permitted to stake
660-630: A Horseman. In 1577, they joined the service of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate , under Sultan Murtaza Nizam Shah I . Maloji became a trusted General of the Peshwa Malik Amber fighting against rival powers such as the Mughals and Bijapur Sultanate the parganas (administrative units) of Elur (Verul), Derhadi and Kannarad. In 1595 or 1599, Maloji was given the title of raja by Bahadur Nizam Shah , officially establishing
825-474: A Maratha, not a Kshatriya. They noted that Shivaji had never had a sacred thread ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would. Shivaji summoned Gaga Bhatt , a pandit of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodias , and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank. To enforce this status, Shivaji
990-416: A Mughal-aligned sardar claiming descent from a Yadav royal family of Devagiri . His paternal grandfather Maloji (1552–1597) was an influential general of Ahmadnagar Sultanate , and was awarded the epithet of " Raja ". He was given deshmukhi rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence ( c. 1590 ). At
1155-779: A blitzkrieg manner at the Battle of Delhi (1737). The Nizam set out from the Deccan to rescue the Mughals from the invasion of the Marathas, but was defeated decisively in the Battle of Bhopal . The Marathas extracted a large tribute from the Mughals and signed a treaty which ceded Malwa to the Marathas. The Battle of Vasai was fought between the Marathas and the Portuguese in Vasai ,
1320-558: A branch of the Bhosles named "Sirsat Bhosles" and Bhosle (or "Bhosale") is linguistically similar to "Hoysala". M. K. Dhavalikar found the work to convincingly explain the foundation of the Bhosle clan (as well as Sambhu Mahadev cult). Vajpeyi too advocates that Dhere's theory be probed in greater detail — "[f]rom pastoralist big men to warlords on horseback, is not an impossible distance to cover in two to three centuries." Vajpeyi notes
1485-497: A claim to Kshatriya caste. The coronation would be re-executed in June 1674 but only after going through a long list of preludes. Led by Bhatt, who employed traditional Hindu imagery in an unprecedented scale, the first phase had Shivaji penance for having lived as a Maratha despite being a Kshatriya. Then came the sacred thread ceremony ('maunjibandhanam') followed by remarriage according to Kshatriya customs ('mantra-vivah') and
1650-584: A constant process of industrial land acquisition and the creation of required support infrastructure. Since then, there has been a massive influx of several European companies who continue to be keen on setting up manufacturing facilities in the city. The city serves as headquarters to many companies. Major industrial areas around Pune are Chakan , Chinchwad , Bhosari , Pirangut , Hinjawadi , Talegaon , Talawade , Urse . The Independent referred Chakan as India's "Motor City". The Kirloskar Group , one of India's largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and
1815-543: A contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax. However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of Sabhasad Bakhar , a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death. Putalabai , the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed sati by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai,
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#17327757683341980-515: A dagger in his right hand. What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan. Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army. In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh , Shivaji's forces decisively defeated
2145-467: A formal title, he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or the son of a Bijapuri jagirdar , with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals. Such a title would also provide the Hindu Marathis with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims. The preparation for
2310-516: A large plunder. The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the Rajput general Jai Singh I with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji. Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with
2475-483: A majority(80) were Deshastha Brahmins , 46 were Chitpawan , 15 were Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu ( CKP ) whereas Karhade Brahmin and Saraswat accounted for 11 families each. The Third Anglo-Maratha War broke out between the Marathas and the British East India Company in 1817. The Peshwas were defeated at the Battle of Khadki (then spelled Kirkee) on 5 November near Pune and
2640-752: A modern metropolis. The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in 1950. The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post-independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune (now, Savitribai Phule Pune University ) in 1949, the National Chemical Laboratory in 1950 and the National Defence Academy in 1955. The establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics in 1954 marked
2805-442: A month and a half before breaching the walls. He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal . On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp. He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers. In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed. The Khan took refuge with
2970-406: A number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital, Sahyadri , Jahangir Nursing Home, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Sancheti Hospital, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital , KEM Hospital , Ruby Hall , Naidu Hospital and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune. Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India. With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs. 3,31,478 crores for year 2019–20, Pune District
3135-551: A peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young Ali Adil Shah II as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji. In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent Afzal Khan , a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple , a holy site for Shivaji's family, and
3300-539: A proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year. One controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the kshatriya varna (warrior class) in Hindu society. Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as
3465-544: A result, the city saw a huge influx of people due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries. The breach in the Panshet dam and the resulting flood of 1961 led to severe damage and the destruction of housing close to the river banks. The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes. To integrate urban planning, the Pune Metropolitan Region
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#17327757683343630-476: A second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony. Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July). In November,
3795-465: A second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from Mawara-un-Nahr , who was returning from Mecca . Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; this force
3960-558: A sequence of Vedic rituals before the eventual coronation ('abhisheka') — a public spectacle of enormous expense that heralded the rebirth of Shivaji as a Kshatriya king. Panegyrics composed by court-poets during these spans (and afterward) reinforced onto the public memory that Shivaji (and the Bhonsles) indeed belonged from the Sisodiyas. However, the Kshatriyization was not unanimous; a section of Brahmins continued to deny
4125-465: A strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion. Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and
4290-516: A tributary state of the Mughal Empire . It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the Maratha uplands of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of jagir land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity. Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by
4455-765: A village lying on the northern shore of Vasai creek (Part of modern-day Mumbai ). After Shahu's death, he was succeeded by Rajaram II When Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao left for the Mughal frontier, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to remove him from the post of Peshwa. When Rajaram refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara, on 24 November 1750. She claimed that he was an imposter from Gondhali caste and she had falsely presented him as her grandson to Shahu. His health deteriorated considerably during this imprisonment. On 14 September 1752, Tarabai and Balaji Rao took an oath at Khandoba temple in Jejuri , promising mutual peace. After
4620-482: Is 100 km (62 mi) north of the seismically active zone around Koyna Dam . The India Meteorological Department has assessed this area as being in Zone 3 , on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes. Pune has experienced some moderate – and many low – intensity earthquakes in its history. The city has a population of 3,124,458; while 5,057,709 people reside in
4785-452: Is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on 30 April 1897. The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F). Most of
4950-593: Is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, Serum Institute of India . Pune is situated at approximately 18° 32" north latitude and 73° 51" east longitude. The city's total area is 15.642 km , and the municipal corporation area covers 518 km . By road Pune is 149 km (93 mi) south-east of Mumbai , 580 km (360 mi) south-west of Indore , 695 km (432 mi) west of Nagpur , 1,173 km (729 mi) south of Delhi , 734 km (456 mi) north of Bangalore , 562 km (349 mi) north-west of Hyderabad . Pune lies on
5115-564: Is one of the largest IT hubs in India . It is also one of the most important automobile and manufacturing hubs of India. Pune is often referred to as the "Oxford of the East" because of its educational institutions . It has been ranked "the most liveable city in India" several times. Pune at different points in time has been ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty , Ahmadnagar Sultanate ,
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5280-416: Is sketchy. Ananya Vajpeyi rejects the designation of Shudra, since the category has remained in a state of flux across centuries; she instead notes them to be a Marathi lineage, who enjoyed "reasonably high" social status as landholders and warlords, being in the service of Deccan Sultanate or Mughals. According to R. C. Dhere's interpretation of local oral history and ethnography, Bhonsles descend from
5445-514: Is the official and most-spoken language. Pune, being the cultural capital of Maharashtra, is a centre for Marathi literature and its dialect forms the basis for the written standard of Marathi. As a destination for migrants throughout India, Hindi is also widely-spoken, as is Dakhni Urdu by the Muslim community. Gujarati and Marwari are spoken by the business community. Pune Municipal Corporation and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation are
5610-694: Is the seat of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona . Pune has Jain temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples in PMR with the one at Katraj being the largest. Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in Pune Camp and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in Ganesh Peth being the ones situated in the heart of
5775-575: Is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Thane. Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country. As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Maharashtra), the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019–20 was Rs. 3,16,848. In 2014–15, the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500,000 people. The formation of MIDC in 1962 resulted in
5940-534: The Chhatrapatis or kings of the Maratha Confederacy from 1674 to 1818, where they gained dominance of the Indian subcontinent. They also ruled several states such as Satara , Kolhapur , Thanjavur , Nagpur , Akkalkot , Sawantwadi and Barshi . The dynasty was founded in 1577 by Maloji Bhosale , a predominant general or sardar of Malik Ambar of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate . In 1595 or 1599, Maloji
6105-523: The Paduka (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in a pilgrimage , the Pandharpur Vari , to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to Pandharpur attracting hundreds of thousands of Varkaris and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in PMR or the district include Jejuri , and five of Ashtavinayak Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses
6270-612: The Government of Maharashtra lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth ( Shivaji Jayanti ). Shivaji was named after a local deity, the Goddess Shivai Devi. Shivaji belonged to a Maratha family of the Bhonsle clan. Shivaji's father, Shahaji Bhonsle , was a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates . His mother was Jijabai , the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed ,
6435-616: The Hoysalas and Yadavas of Devagiri , who were cow-herding Gavli sovereigns. In early thirteenth century, "Baliyeppa Gopati Sirsat", a Hoysala cousin of Simhana migrated from Gadag to Satara along with his pastoral herd and kul-devta; the Sambhu Mahadev was thus installed at a hill-top in Singhnapur. Historical records indicate that this shrine received extensive patronage from Maloji onwards. Further, there exists
6600-558: The Jingi Fort . He laid siege to it in September, 1690. After three failed attempts, it was finally captured after seven years on 8 January 1698. Rajaram, however, escaped and fled first to Vellore and later to Vishalgad . Rajaram returned to jinji and occupied the fort 11 November 1689, but left before it fell in 1698, setting up his court at fort Satara . Then, Maratha commanders, Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav , defeated
6765-520: The Jizya tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter to Aurangzeb criticising his tax policy. He wrote: Bhonsle dynasty The Bhonsle dynasty (or Bhonsale , Bhosale , Bhosle ) is an Indian Marathi royal house of the Bhonsle clan . The Bhonsles claimed descent from the Rajput Sisodia dynasty , but were likely Kunbi Marathas . They served as
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6930-470: The Kasba Ganapati temple. The Ganesha idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity ( Gramadevata ) of the city. Pune changed hands between the Mughals and the Marathas many times during the rest of the 1600s.Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal general Shaista Khan and later, the emperor Aurangzeb further developed the areas around the town. Pune
7095-820: The Maratha empire era under the Maratha and Peshwa rule of the city in the 18th century, before the arrival of the British . Pune is home to many distinctive peths, or place names, for various neighbourhoods. The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week. Pune has a tropical wet and dry ( Köppen Aw ) climate, closely bordering upon a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh ) with average temperatures ranging between 20 and 28 °C (68 and 82 °F). Pune experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon , and winter. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching 42 °C (108 °F). The warmest month in Pune
7260-539: The Mughal Empire , the Sultanate of Golconda , the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers . Shivaji offered passage and his service to Aurangzeb to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals. Following the Battle of Purandar , Shivaji entered into vassalage with
7425-885: The Mughals , and the Adil Shahi dynasty . In the 18th century, the city was part of the Maratha Empire , and the seat of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire. Pune was seized by the British East India Company in the Third Anglo-Maratha War ; it gained municipal status in 1858, the year in which Crown rule began. Many historical landmarks like Shaniwarwada , Shinde Chhatri , and Vishrambaug Wada date to this era. Historical sites from different eras dot
7590-550: The Mysore plateau . Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shahji 's tomb ( samadhi ). The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent
7755-694: The Nizam . The defeat of the Nizam by Bajirao I in the Battle of Palkhed in 1728 led to the former ending his support for Sambhaji. Sambhaji II signed the Treaty of Warna in 1731 with his cousin Shahuji to formalize the two separate seats of Bhonsle family. Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath a member of the Bhat Family as his Peshwa . The Peshwa was instrumental in securing Mughal recognition of Shahu as
7920-475: The PMC , six townships with up to 15,000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process. The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145, second highest in India after Hyderabad at 144. The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around
8085-522: The Peshwa , the leader of the council. Shivaji was succeeded by his son Sambhaji I . In early 1689, Sambhaji and his commanders met at Sangameshwar . Mughal forces, under Emperor Aurangzeb attacked Sangameshwar when Sambhaji was accompanied by just a few men. Sambhaji captured by the Mughal troops on 1 February 1689. Aurangzeb had charged Sambhaji with attacks by Maratha forces on Burhanpur . He and his advisor, Kavi Kalash , were taken to Bahadurgad by
8250-482: The Umbrella "). He also took the title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector of the Hindu faith) and Kshatriya Kulavantas : Kshatriya being the varna of Hinduism and kulavantas meaning the 'head of the kula , or clan'. Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and
8415-506: The Vithoba temple at Pandharpur , a major pilgrimage site for Hindus. Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender. The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting
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#17327757683348580-466: The "veridical status" of Chitnis' finds to be not determinable to "historical certainty" — the links were tenuous at best and inventive at worst. Shivaji was not a Rajput and the sole purpose of the lineage was to guarantee Shivaji's consecration as a Kshatriya, in a tactic that had clear parallels to Rajputisation . Jadunath Sarkar deemed that the genealogy was cleverly fabricated by Balaji Awji and after some reluctance accepted by Gaga Bhatt, who in turn
8745-498: The 1970s and 1980s. The Osho International Meditation Resort , one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located in Koregaon Park and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known as Osho Monsoon Festival . Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event. Languages of Pune M Corp (2011) Marathi
8910-594: The 722 mm (28.43 in) of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of. For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around 29 °C (84.2 °F) while overnight temperatures are below 12 °C (53.6 °F). On 11 May 2023, Koregaon Park recorded a temperature of 44.4 °C (112 °F) Pune has been ranked 23rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Pune
9075-472: The 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty . The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this era. Pune was part of the territory ruled by the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of various Muslim sultanates until
9240-482: The Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service. The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier. In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them. Shivaji sacked Surat for
9405-531: The Battle of Khed, Shahu established himself at Satara, forcing her to retire with her son to Kolhapur. This resulted in the creation of the Kolhapur branch in 1709 under Tarabai, splitting from the main Satara branch under Shahu.. Shivaji II and Tarabai were soon deposed by Rajasbai, the other widow of Rajaram. She installed her own son, Sambhaji II as the new ruler of Kolhapur. Sambhaji then made alliance with
9570-473: The Bhonsles are Mudhoji Bhonsle and his kin Rupaji Bhonsle, who were the village headman (pāṭīl) of Hingani — this branch has been since known as Hinganikar Bhonsles. A branch seem to have split soon, who went on to claim an ancestral right to the post of district steward (deśmukhī) of Kadewalit: Suryaji Bhonsle during the reign of Ahmad Nizam Shah I (early 1490s), and his son Sharafji Bhonsle during
9735-571: The Bhonsles in unclear. According to Jadunath Sarkar and other scholars, Bhonsles were predominantly Deccani tiller-plainsmen from the Shudra caste; they were part of the Marathas / Kunbis , an amorphous class-group. Scholars have however disagreed about the agricultural status of Bhosles. Rosalind O'Hanlon notes that the historical evolution of castes grouped under the Maratha-Kunbis
9900-433: The Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner. After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly. Having defeated
10065-517: The Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort. In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained Poona as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in Bangalore by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona. Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged
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#173277576833410230-401: The Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the Konkan coast and Kolhapur , seizing Panhala fort , and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under Rustam Zaman and Fazl Khan, in 1659. In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji
10395-480: The Bijapuri government. In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the Torna Fort , taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah , and seized the large treasure he found there. In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including Purandar , Kondhana , and Chakan . He also brought areas east of Pune around Supa , Baramati , and Indapur under his direct control. He used
10560-454: The British, and numerous suburbs . There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city. The industrial growth in the Pimpri , Chinchwad , Akurdi , Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation. The Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR), initially defined in 1967, has grown to 7,256 km made up of the ten talukas of the Pune district . The areas of PMC and PCMC along with
10725-427: The Carnatic Region. In 1675, the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the Maratha general Venkoji a half-brother of the Shivaji , to Capture the city of Thanjavur and Established the Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom . Venkoji defeated Alagiri, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protege on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began
10890-405: The Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan. Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near Ahmednagar . This
11055-409: The Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force. Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude toward his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities. He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After
11220-478: The English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663. After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad; Shivaji would retake Panhala in 1673. Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh , along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to
11385-439: The German Bakery in the upmarket Koregaon Park neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60. Evidence suggested that the Indian Mujahideen terrorist group carried out the attack. Pune has evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub. Pune
11550-479: The Kshatriya status. Brahmins of the Peshwa period rejected Bhatt's acceptance of Shivaji's claims and blamed the non-dharmic coronation for all ills that plagued Shivaji and his heirs—in tune with the general Brahminical sentiment to categorize all Marathas as Shudras, carte-blanche; there have been even claims that Bhatt was excommunicated by Maratha Brahmins for his role in the coronation of Shivaji! Interestingly, all claims to Rajput ancestry had largely vanished from
11715-439: The Maratha navy skirmished with the Siddis of Janjira , but failed to dislodge them. Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676. In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders. His appeal
11880-553: The Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy . Shivaji's legacy was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and appropriated by Hindutva activists. Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri , near Junnar , which is now in Pune district . Scholars disagree on his date of birth;
12045-494: The Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief and was conferred with the title of Raja by Aurangzeb. He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal empire for a brief duration. In 1674, Shivaji was coronated as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins. Praised for his chivalrous treatment of women, Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces. Shivaji's military forces expanded
12210-405: The Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to Bengal . In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji sacked the port city of Surat , a wealthy Mughal trading centre. On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a naval raid on Portuguese -held Basrur in present-day Karnataka, and gained
12375-480: The Mughal forces, therefore cutting off their lines of communication in Jingi. In 1707, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah released Shahu Bhosale , the son of Sambhaji. However, his mother was kept as a hostage of the Mughals, in order to ensure that Shahu adhered to the release conditions. Immediately the Maratha throne was claimed his aunt Tarabai , claiming the throne for her son Shivaji II . After his victory at
12540-458: The Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general Prataprao Gujar , to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam . Sambhaji
12705-546: The Mughals in the Deccan, as a mansabdar . In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to Kandahar , now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle. Shivaji took offence, stormed out, and
12870-467: The Mula-Mutha river into a dead river. The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers. PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste. Around 1,600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day. The waste consists of 53% organic, compostable material; and 47% inorganic material, of which around half is recyclable. The unrecovered solid waste is transported to
13035-529: The PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi-member wards (39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each). The general body, in turn, elects the mayor and the deputy mayor. The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner. For policy deliberations, corporators form several committees. Perhaps
13200-489: The PMR is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of Allopathic medicine as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e. Ayurved , Homeopathy and Unani ). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine. The PMR is served by three government hospitals: Sassoon Hospital , Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also
13365-466: The Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies. At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding. Shivaji's royal seal
13530-558: The People ) This advocated for more representation of the people and less power of the elites. He later established the Ashta Pradhan, ( Modern council of ministers ) an institution of a council of eight ministers to guide the administration of his nascent state. Each of the ministers was placed in charge of an administrative department; thus, the council heralded the birth of a bureaucracy. Shivaji appointed Moropant Trimbak Pingle as
13695-495: The Pune Urban Agglomeration as of the 2011 census . The latter was c. 4,485,000 in 2005. According to the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), 40% of the population lived in slums in 2001. Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005. The sharp increase in population during
13860-543: The Rashtrakuta dynasty, the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur. The copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that the Yadava dynasty had renamed the city Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya. 'Vishaya' means land, and 'Punaka' and 'Punya' mean holy. The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha king Shivaji 's father, Shahaji . Mughal emperor Aurangzeb renamed a small neighbourhood in central part of
14025-530: The Sufi Pir Shah Sharif of Ahmadnagar to bless her with a son. She gave birth to two sons, who were named Shahaji and Sharifji after the Pir. By 1670s, Shivaji had acquired extensive territory and wealth from his campaigns. But, lacking a formal crown, he had no operational legitimacy to rule his de facto domain and technically, remained subject to his Mughal (or Deccan Sultanate) overlords; in
14190-621: The Treaty of Deogaon which resulted in Nagpur becoming a Protectorate of the East India Company . On 11 December 1853, the last Raja of Nagpur Raghuji III died without a male heir. Nagpur was annexed by the British under the doctrine of lapse . The former kingdom was administered as Nagpur Province , under a commissioner appointed by then Governor-General of India , James Broun-Ramsay . The Bhonsoles were also influential in
14355-718: The Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of Dakshinamurthy . Prominent mosques include Roshan Masjid, Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid, Manusha Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located in Nana Peth , is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters ( markaz ) for the Tablighi Jamaat . Pune is also the birthplace of Meher Baba , although his followers usually travel to Meherabad to visit his tomb. Hazrat Babajan , identified by Meher Baba as one of
14520-474: The advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji
14685-463: The area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area. The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates, which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months. In 2009 only 65% of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers. According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh, unplanned and haphazard development has turned
14850-463: The assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million rupees . On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the Maratha Empire ( Hindavi Swaraj ) in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort. In the Hindu calendar it was the 13th day ( trayodashi ) of the first fortnight of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 1596. Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with
15015-635: The beginning of industrial development in the Hadapsar , Bhosari , and Pimpri areas. MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations. In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie with Chennai . In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established in Aundh , Viman Nagar , Hinjawadi , Wagholi , Kharadi and Balewadi - Baner region. As
15180-415: The city was a centre of agitation led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak . The city was also a centre for social reform led by Gopal Ganesh Agarkar , Mahatma Jyotirao Phule , feminist Tarabai Shinde , Dhondo Keshav Karve and Pandita Ramabai . They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice, equal rights for women, harmony between the Hindu and Muslim communities, and better schools for
15345-619: The city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency and the British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (now used by the Indian Army ).The old city and the cantonment areas followed different patterns of development, with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion. The settlement of
15510-633: The city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill and many Maruti , Vithoba , Vishnu , Mahadeo , Rama , Krishna , and Ganesh temples. The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period. Pune prospered as a city during the reign of Nanasaheb Peshwa. He developed Saras Baug , Heera Baug, Parvati Hill and new commercial, trading , and residential localities. Sadashiv Peth , Narayan Peth , Rasta Peth and Nana Peth were developed. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after
15675-531: The city. Pune has historically been a major cultural centre, with important figures like Dnyaneshwar , Shivaji , Tukaram , Baji Rao I , Balaji Baji Rao , Madhavrao I , Nana Fadnavis , Mahadev Govind Ranade , Gopal Krishna Gokhale , Mahatma Jyotirao Phule , Savitribai Phule , Gopal Ganesh Agarkar , Tarabai Shinde , Dhondo Keshav Karve , and Pandita Ramabai doing their life's work in Pune City or in an area that falls in Pune Metropolitan Region . Pune
15840-469: The city. As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 per cent of the population growth. The average literacy rate of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001. Hinduism is the major religion, practised by a little under 80% of people in Pune. Other religions with a significant presence include Islam , Buddhism , Jainism , Christianity , Sikhism and Zoroastrianism . Of
16005-459: The city. The 19th-century Ohel David Synagogue , known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel. The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple. Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial Guru Osho , formerly the self-styled Bhagwan Rajneesh, lived and taught in Pune for much of
16170-569: The civic bodies responsible for local government . It comprises two branches, the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the Government of Maharashtra , and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by the Mayor of Pune . Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors, commonly known as "corporators", who form the general body. The current general body of
16335-507: The confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana , a tributary of Mula river and Indrayani river , a tributary of the Bhima river , traverse the northwest Neighbourhoods of Pune. The modern city of Pune has many distinct neighbourhoods . These include the numerous peths of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river, the cantonment areas of Khadki and Camp established by
16500-601: The conquest of the region by Daniyal Mirza (1599). This branch has been since known as Kadewalit Bhonsles. The next significant Bhonsle was probably Maloji Bhosale from the Hinganikar branch. He was the great-grandson of one Kheloji (c. 1490). The dynasty was founded by Maloji Bhosale who initially served as a patil (chief) of the Hingni Berdi and Devalgaon villages around Pune . Later, along with his brother Vithoji, he migrated to Sindkhed and served as
16665-475: The death of Chand Sultan , the Gond ruler of Deogarh , in 1739, there were quarrels over the succession, leading to the throne being usurped by Wali Shah, an illegitimate son of Bakht Buland Shah . Chand Sultan's widow Ratan Kunwar invoked the aid of the Maratha leader Raghoji Bhonsle of Berar in the interest of her sons Akbar Shah and Burhan Shah. Wali Shah was put to death and the rightful heirs placed on
16830-495: The death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the Vishalgad fort. In the ensuing battle of Pavan Khind , the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad, signalling Shivaji had safely reached
16995-530: The decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city. The top five source areas of migrants are Karnataka , Uttar Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat , and Rajasthan . The Sindhis in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947. Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number of Sindhi people . However, they are also present in other parts of
17160-617: The defeat of Maratha forces at the Battle of Panipat but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Poona , directly precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II by the British East India Company in 1818. Historian Govind Sakharam Sardesai lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families,
17325-459: The dumping grounds in Urali devachi. The state owned Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited supplies electricity to the city. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), owned by the central government , as well as private enterprises such as Reliance Jio , Bharti Airtel and Vodafone Idea are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city. Healthcare in
17490-800: The dynasty. On the recommendation of Malik Ambar, he was given the jagir of Pune and Supe parganas , along with the control of the Shivneri and Chakan forts. Maloji carried out the restoration of the Grishneshwar temple near Verul, and also constructed a large tank at the Shambhu Mahadev temple in Shikhar Shingnapur . Maloji and his wife Uma Bai had 2 sons: Shahaji and Sharifji, named Sufi Pir Hazrat Shah Sharif. According to Shivabharata , composed by Shivaji's court poet Paramananda, Maloji's wife Umabai prayed to
17655-417: The emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces. Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance. On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra. After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with
17820-590: The empire Eastwards, invading Bengal in 1740, which was a major confrontation with the Nawab of the Carnatic , Dost Ali Khan . Raghoji was victorious and increased Maratha Influence in the Carnatic. after the successful campaign in Carnatic at the Battle of Trichinopolly . Raghoji invaded Bengal . Raghoji was able to annex Orissa permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in
17985-627: The family's subsequent projections of identity. The Maratha Empire was established by Shivaji I the grandson of Maloji in 1674. This was established to invasions from the Mughal Empire and the Bijapur Sultanate . Shivaji's forces initially occupied the Fort of Torna in 1642. He had expanded his kingdom to Raigad by 1674. he crowned himself He was crowned as Chhatrapati , meaning emperor. Shivaji wanted to establish his government based on his Philosophy of Hindavi Swarajya. ( The Rule of
18150-516: The five perfect masters , has a shrine ( Dargah ) erected in her honour under a neem tree in Pune Camp . Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising Roman Catholic , Pentecostals , CNI , Methodist , Presbyterians , Christian Missionaries helped in setting up schools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith. The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations such as St. Anthony's Shrine and Dapodi Church. St. Patrick's Cathedral built in 1850
18315-617: The fort of Jinji through the Pratapgad and Vishalgad forts, Rajaram reached Keladi in disguise and pursued assistance from Keladi Chennamma - who kept the Mughal attack in check to ensure safe passage and escape of Rajaram to Jinji where he reached after a month and a half on 1 November 1689. Aurangzeb sent Uzbek general Ghazi-ud-din Firoze Jung against the Marathas in the Deccan . He then sent Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung to capture
18480-547: The fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660. Ghod Khind ( khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there. Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb , the son of the Mughal Emperor and viceroy of
18645-487: The fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh. In the Treaty of Purandar , signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold hun to the Mughals. Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for
18810-603: The guardian deities of the city. Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune district has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the Varkari sect of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra, namely Alandi where the samadhi of 13th century Saint Dnyaneshwar is located and Dehu where the 17th century Saint Tukaram lived. Every year in the Hindu month of Ashadh (June/July),
18975-415: The hierarchy of power, Shivaji's position remained similar to fellow Maratha chieftains. Also, he was often opposed by the orthodox Brahmin community of Maharashtra. A coronation sanctioned by the Brahmins was thus planned, in a bid to proclaim sovereignty and legitimize his rule. On proposing the Brahmins of his court to have him proclaimed as the rightful king, a controversy erupted: the regnal status
19140-419: The imperial army, where they were executed by the Mughals on 21 March 1689. After the execution of Sambhaji, Rajaram I was crowned at Raigad on 12 March 1689. During the Mughal started siege on Raigad on 25 March 1689, the widow of Sambhaji (Maharani Yesubai) and Peshwa Ramchandra Pant Amatya sent young Rajaram to the stronghold of Pratapgad through Kavlya ghat. Rajaram to escape through Kavlya ghat to
19305-519: The late 1600s. Pune was part of the Jagir (fiefdom) granted by the Nizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate) to Maloji Bhosale in 1599. Maloji Bhosale passed on Jagir of Pune to his son Shahaji Bhosale . The town was destroyed by Murar Jagdeo, a general from the rival Adil Shahi dynasty in 1636.Soon Shahaji himself joined Adilshahi and got his Pune jagir back.At that time he selected the town for
19470-464: The latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son Rajaram I . Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite ), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on
19635-834: The law enforcement agency for the city of Pune. It is a division of the Maharashtra Police and is headed by the Police Commissioner , an officer of the Indian Police Service . The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate police commissionerate was announced for PCMC, Pune in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department. The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018. Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA)
19800-540: The many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex on Parvati Hill and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century. These temples were commissioned by the Peshwas , who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities including Maruti , Vithoba , Vishnu , Mahadeo , Rama , Krishna and Ganesh . The historic temples of Kasba Ganapati , the Tambadi (Red) Jogeshwari are considered
19965-401: The most important of these is the 16-member Standing Committee, half of whose members retire every year. The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals. PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014. It scored 3.5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. The Pune City Police Department is
20130-496: The official name until 1978 ), is a city in the state of Maharashtra in the Deccan plateau in Western India . It is the administrative headquarters of the Pune district , and of Pune division . According to the 2011 Census of India , Pune has 7.2 million residents in the metropolitan region , making it the seventh-most populous metropolitan area in India . The city of Pune is part of Pune Metropolitan Region . Pune
20295-564: The old city as Muhiyabad (the only divergent naming) some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great-grandson Muhi-ul-Milan, who died there. The name Muhiyabad was reverted soon after Aurangzeb's death. Anglicized to Poona in 1857 by the English during British rule, the city's name was changed to Pune in 1978. [REDACTED] Maratha Empire 1674–1818 [REDACTED] Bombay Presidency 1818–1947 [REDACTED] Bombay State 1947–1960 [REDACTED] Maharashtra 1960–Present Copper plates dated 858 and 868 CE show that by
20460-547: The orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji. Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of Jinji secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains. Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao More , a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized
20625-655: The poor. Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned at the Yerwada Central Jail several times and placed under house arrest at the Aga Khan Palace between 1942 and 1944, where both his wife Kasturba Gandhi and aide Mahadev Desai died. Savarkar used to study in Fergusson College and performed the "Holi" of foreign items near Mutha river bank . After Indian independence from the British in 1947, Pune saw enormous growth, transforming it into
20790-653: The regiments of the 17 Poona Horse cavalry, the Lancashire Fusiliers , the Maratha Light Infantry , and others, led to an increase in the population. Due to its milder weather, the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay, thus making it one of the most important cities of the Bombay Presidency . The Southern Command of the Indian Army , established in 1895, is headquartered in Pune cantonment . The city of Pune
20955-429: The region after the death of their Governor Murshid Quli Khan in 1727. Nawab of Bengal ceded territory up to the river Suvarnarekha to the Marathas, and agreeing to pay Rs. 20 lacs as chauth for Bengal (includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and 12 lacs for Bihar (including Jharkhand), thus Bengal becoming a tributary to the Marathas. On 17 December 1803, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War , Raghoji II signed
21120-483: The request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan , with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of Chakan , besieging it for
21285-458: The residence of his wife Jijabai , and young son Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha empire. Shahaji appointed Dadoji Konddeo to help Jijabai in the administration of Jagir and in the reconstruction of the town.The Lal Mahal residence of Jiajabai and Shivaji was completed in 1640 AD. Shivaji spent his young years at the Lal Mahal. Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of
21450-589: The rightful heir of Shivaji and the Chhatrapati of the Marathas. Balaji also gained the release of Shahu's mother, Yesubai , from Mughal captivity in 1719. The Peshwas later became de facto rulers of the Maratha Empire. Under the Peshwas, Chhatrapati was limited to simply a monarchial figurehead. Maratha Empire dominated most of the Indian subcontinent. Under the Peshwas the Marathas expanded to their greatest extent. 1737, Under Bajirao I invaded Delhi in
21615-600: The rule of the Marathas over Thanjavur. Shivaji Maharaj also invaded Gingee and Thanjavur in 1676–1677 and made his brother Santaji the ruler of all lands to the north of the Coleroon . Satara State , Kolhapur State , Thanjavur State , Nagpur State , Akkalkot State , Sawantwadi State and Barshi were amongst the prominent states ruled by the Bhonsles. Pune Pune ( / ˈ p uː n ə / POO -nə , Marathi: [ˈpuɳe] , ISO : Puṇē ), previously spelled in English as Poona (
21780-594: The slums are on mixed ownership land. The living conditions in slums varies considerably, depending on their status (formal/informal) and in how far non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community organisations (CBOs) and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions. Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such as Magarpatta , Nanded city , Amanora , Blue Ridge , Life Republic and Lavasa . They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure. According to
21945-523: The three cantonment areas of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR, which also includes seven municipal councils and 842 villages. Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people into the city. Housing supply has not kept pace with demand, causing the number of slum dwellings to increase. Approximately 36% of the population lives in 486 slum areas. Of these, 45% slum households do not have in-house toilet facilities and 10% do not have electricity. One third of
22110-545: The throne. Raghoji I Bhonsle was sent back to Berar with a plentiful bounty for his aid. Raghoji then declared himself the King of Nagpur and the 'protector' of the Gond king. Thus in 1743, Burhan Shah was practically made a state pensionary, with real power being in the hands of the Maratha ruler. After this event the history of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh is not recorded. During Shahu's reign, Raghoji Bhosale of Nagpur expanded
22275-557: The time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur , Ahmednagar , Golkonda , and the Mughal Empire . Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army. In 1636, the Sultanate of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south. The sultanate had recently become
22440-459: The treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named Rajgad . That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade. After this, Shivaji turned west to the Konkan and took possession of the important town of Kalyan . The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under
22605-411: The two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations. The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him, wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had
22770-690: The valley of Javali , near the present-day hill station of Mahabaleshwar . The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including Sawant of Sawantwadi , Ghorpade of Mudhol , Nimbalkar of Phaltan , Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and Mohite —also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass
22935-416: The waters of the seven sacred rivers— Yamuna , Indus , Ganges , Godavari , Narmada , Krishna , and Kaveri —over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies. Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") and Chhatrapati (" Lord of
23100-518: The western margin of the Deccan plateau , at an altitude of 560 m (1,840 ft) above sea level. It is on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which forms a barrier from the Arabian Sea . It is a hilly city, with Vetal Hill rising to 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea level. The Sinhagad fort is at an altitude of 1,300 metres (4,300 feet). The old city of Pune is at
23265-556: The world with the citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies". The 2017 Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) report, released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities. Peth is a general term in the Marathi language for a locality in Pune. Seventeen peths are located in Pune, which today constitute the old city of Pune. Most were established during
23430-510: Was "rewarded with a huge fee". V. K. Rajwade , Dhere, Allison Busch, John Keay and Audrey Truschke also agree with Sarkar about the fabrication. G. S. Sardesai notes that the descent is "not authentically proved". Stewart N. Gordon does not pass any judgement but notes Bhatt to be a "creative Brahmin". André Wink deems that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever. The earliest accepted members of
23595-428: Was a major centre of resistance to British Raj, with people like Gopal Krishna Gokhale , Bal Gangadhar Tilak playing leading roles in struggle for Indian independence in their times. The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on a Rashtrakuta Dynasty copper plate dated 937 CE, which refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya, meaning 'sacred news'. By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi. During
23760-631: Was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection. Aurangzeb also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying Adil Shahi dynasty ; the weakened Sultan Ali Adil Shah II sued for peace and granted the rights of sardeshmukhi and chauthai to Shivaji. The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji. Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting
23925-535: Was appointed Peshwa (prime minister) of the Maratha Empire by Shahu I , the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire . As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base from Saswad to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a kasbah into a city. He also commissioned the construction of the Shaniwar Wada on the high grounds of right bank of the Mutha River . The construction
24090-448: Was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor, Nanasaheb constructed a lake at Katraj on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city. The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004. The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune, with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in
24255-457: Was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to Panhala Fort in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala Fort. Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50, on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti . The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux , after being sick for 12 days. In
24420-417: Was defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik . In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of
24585-407: Was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation , the three cantonments, and the surrounding villages. In 1998 work on the six-lane Mumbai-Pune expressway began; it was completed in 2001. In 2008, the Commonwealth Youth Games took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city. On 13 February 2010, a bomb exploded at
24750-453: Was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at Rajapur , and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering
24915-429: Was followed by raids in Junnar , with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200 horses. Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of the emperor Shah Jahan . At
25080-443: Was formed on 31 March 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR. Currently its jurisdiction extends over 7,256.46 km (2,802 sq mi) and includes two municipal corporations , three cantonment boards, seven municipal councils, 13 census towns and 842 villages. The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Khadakwasla Reservoir. There are five other reservoirs in
25245-405: Was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya. However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput , and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen as being anything from tenuous, at best, to purely inventive. On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he
25410-403: Was given the title of Raja by Bahadur Nizam Shah , the ruler of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. He was later granted was given the jagir of Pune , Elur (Verul), Derhadi, Kannarad and Supe . He was also given control over the first of the Shivneri and Chakan . These positions were inherited by his sons Shahaji and Sharifji, who were named after a Muslim Sufi Shah Sharif. The origins of
25575-501: Was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and Arabic terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the Rājavyavahārakośa , the thesaurus of state usage in 1677. Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments. When Aurangzeb imposed
25740-603: Was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of Raigad Fort after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July. Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife Janki Bai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October. The Council of Eight Ministers, or Ashta Pradhan Mandal , was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji. It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows: Except
25905-526: Was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread. On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the twice-born , instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime. He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with
26070-419: Was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, Rajaram , to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by Hambirrao Mohite , as the new sarnaubat . Raigad Fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar , as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom. Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking
26235-410: Was known as Poona during British rule. Poona Municipality was established in 1858. A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858, run by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR). Navi Peth , Ganj Peth (now renamed Mahatma Phule Peth ) were developed during the British Raj . Pune was prominently associated with the struggle for Indian independence . In the period between 1875 and 1910,
26400-424: Was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682. In 1674, Prataprao Gujar , the sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces) and Anandrao , was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling
26565-409: Was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter. There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son Rajaram on the throne. After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji . On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram
26730-415: Was occupied again by Marathas in June 1670, four months to the battle of Sinhagad and remained in the hands of Marathas. From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-long Mughal–Maratha Wars , the town was occupied by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and its name was changed temporarily to Muhiyabad. This name was abandoned and reverted to its original name soon after Aurangzib's death. In 1720, Baji Rao I
26895-475: Was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son. Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision. Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to
27060-423: Was reserved for those belonging to the kshatriya varna . Not only was there a fundamental dispute among scholars on whether any true Kshatriya survived in the Kali Yuga, having been all destroyed by Parashurama but also Shivaji's grandfather was a tiller-headman, Shivaji did not wear the sacred thread, and his marriage was not in accordance with the Kshatriya customs. Thus, the Brahmins had him categorised as
27225-419: Was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited Hyderabad for a month and entered into a treaty with the Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee ;
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