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60-538: In 1880, Julio Argentino Roca assumed the presidency under the motto " peace and administration ". The PAN was created on March 15, 1874 by the union of the Autonomist Party of Adolfo Alsina and the National Party of Nicolás Avellaneda . Its principal figure was Julio Argentino Roca , twice president of Argentina . In economic matters it promoted the agricultural exports model, which favored

120-782: A border dispute with Chile was settled in 1902 by singing the Pacts of May and erecting Christ the Redeemer of the Andes with significant assistance from Ángela de Oliveira Cézar de Costa the sister of his mistress Guillermina Oliveira Cézar . Luis Drago , Roca's foreign minister, articulated the Drago Doctrine of 1902 asserting that foreign powers could not collect public debts from sovereign American states by armed force or occupation of territory. Argentina's foreign debt increased in this period, although economic growth continued. Roca

180-433: A national monument. After the national government broke down in 1820, the town was capital of the short-lived Republic of Tucumán . Its telephone code is 0381, and its postal codes are T4000 (Center), T4001 (North), T4002 (South) and T4003 (East). San Miguel de Tucuman lies in a transition zone between temperate climates to the south, and subtropical climates to the north. It has a humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ) under

240-457: A presidential candidate once more. Unopposed, he was able to begin a second regular term in office on 12 October 1898. During his second presidency, the Ley de Residencia law was passed, which made it possible to expel some of Argentina's trade union leaders, who were noncitizen anarchists and socialists deemed dangerous to Argentina. During this presidency military service was introduced in 1901 and

300-625: A private airport, located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west from the city, for private aviation. It is locally known as Aeroclub. The city has also four railway stations , with only the Mitre Railway terminus operating passenger trains to Retiro in Buenos Aires, with intermediate stops in Santiago del Estero and Santa Fe provinces amongst other stations. The other train station active is Belgrano Railway station , originally built by

360-672: A senator and Minister of the Interior under Carlos Pellegrini . After President Luis Sáenz Peña resigned in January 1895, José Evaristo Uriburu took over the presidency, when Roca was President of the Senate. Because of this, Roca again assumed the duties of President between 28 October 1895 and 8 February 1896, when Uriburu was ill. In the middle of 1897 the Partido Autonomista Nacional party put forward Roca as

420-516: A sweeping victory for the voters of Roca, except in Buenos Aires and Corrientes. On June 13 the Electoral College met and elected President General Roca and Vice President Francisco Bernabé Madero. But in Buenos Aires it was brewing a revolution against the triumph of Roca. Four days later the fighting began, which ended on June 25 with an agreement between the province and the nation; the revolution of 1880 had cost 3,000 dead. Shortly before

480-651: A tower inspired in the palaces of Florence (specially Palazzo Vecchio ), the old Legislature, the Palace of Justice, the Casino (former Savoy Hotel, built in 1912), the birthplace of Nicolás Avellaneda , the Colegio Nacional Bartolomé Mitre and the Campo de las Carreras, where the battle of Tucumán took place and which is now an historical park. For decades, San Miguel de Tucumán has been one of

540-547: A true democratic system without electoral fraud as a means of perpetuating the party's power. Most preeminent in this political current were Roque Sáenz Peña , Carlos Pellegrini , Ramón J. Cárcano , among others. Under the administration of Sáenz Peña, a law was written to allow for secret universal suffrage , which permitted the free elections of 1916 . Its principal opposition was the Radical Civic Union ( Spanish : Unión Cívica Radical , UCR), created after

600-436: A wide array of events, including plays, concerts, operas, and ballet, all year round. The Septiembre Musical is by far the most important cultural event during the year. This music festival, generally held at Independence Square, brings together several local and national artists who perform different musical styles ranging from folk music to rock. Universities in the city include the public National University of Tucumán and

660-488: Is also based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán but was founded in 1901. This team is the oldest football club in the Tucumán Province and the team has five national titles (1959, 2004, 2005, 2007–08, and 2008–09) and also many regional titles. Basketball is also a popular sport, some clubs are Juan Bautista Alberdi Club, Central Córdoba Club, Belgrano Club, Villa Luján Club, Tucumán BB Club and others. Tucumán

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720-518: Is bordered on the north by Las Talitas ( Tafí Viejo ), on the east by Banda del Río Salí and Alderetes (Cruz Alta), on the west by the city of Yerba Buena , and on the south by Lules. The city is located on the slopes of the Aconquija mountains, the easternmost mountain range before the large Chaco - Pampean flats. It is the commercial center of an irrigated area that produces large quantities of sugarcane , rice , tobacco , and fruit , giving

780-558: Is credited with the liberation of several hundred European hostages. In mid-1879, after the death of Alsina, Roca became the most prestigious leader of the National Autonomous Party, and was proposed as a candidate by Cordoba's governor Miguel Celman, and in Buenos Aires by the doctor Eduardo Wilde; quickly gained the support of most of the Argentine state governors. The April 11 elections for president, which came

840-420: Is often sunny and arid. April marks the beginning of the fall, but temperatures remain near summer levels: 21 to 27 °C (69.8 to 80.6 °F) during the day, and 12 to 18 °C (53.6 to 64.4 °F) during the night. Rainfall decreases as fall progresses. Summers are the hottest and most humid time of year. The average temperature during the summer ranges from 24 to 26 °C (75.2 to 78.8 °F). In

900-559: Is part of the Provincial Health System (Sistema Provincial de Salud or SIPROSA). This system divided the Tucuman province into four systematic areas with San Miguel being in its own area. Each area has its own public hospitals and Health Primary Attention Centers for the people. This divisions purpose was to help regulate health care assistance across the population and make it more accessible. Since then, SIPROSA has been

960-432: Is possible after cold fronts from the south caused by Pampero winds which brings in cooler air. These winds can be strong following a hot day in advance of the cold fronts. The highest temperature recorded was 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) on October 31, 2009 while the lowest temperature recorded was −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) on July 16, 1962. The first foundation of "San Miguel de Tucumán y Nueva Tierra de Promisión"

1020-466: Is the capital and largest city of Tucumán Province , located in northern Argentina 1,311 kilometres (815 mi) from Buenos Aires . It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba , Rosario and Mendoza and the most important of the northern region. The Spanish conquistador Diego de Villarroel founded the city in 1565 in the course of an expedition from present-day Peru . Tucumán moved to its present site in 1685. The city

1080-478: Is the city's airport (though located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) east of the city, in the neighboring department of Cruz Alta) serving over 290,000 passengers a year. There are daily flights to Buenos Aires , Jujuy , Santiago del Estero , Campo Arenal, the Minera Alumbrera Gold Mine, as well as international flights to Santa Cruz de la Sierra , Bolivia . The Mauricio Gilli Aerodrome is

1140-451: Is the coldest month with a mean temperature of 12.1 °C (53.8 °F). Frosts are uncommon, with some years recording no frosts at all. Usually, when frosts occur, they are light with temperatures rarely falling below −2 °C (28.4 °F). Winters are sunny, averaging 9–12 clear days and 9–12 overcast days per month. Snow is extremely rare, but in 2007, it reached the city center. There have been other episodes of sleet and snow in

1200-690: Is the most important representative of the Generation of '80 and is known for directing the Conquest of the Desert , a series of military campaigns against the indigenous peoples of Patagonia sometimes considered a genocide . During his two terms as president, many important changes occurred, particularly major infrastructure projects of railroads and port facilities; increased foreign investment, along with immigration from Europe and particular large-scale immigration from southern Europe ; expansion of

1260-558: The Argentine Championship of Unions ; this is the greatest number won by a hinterland union. Other important rugby clubs of the city are Natación y Gimnasia , Cardenales , Tucumán Lawn Tennis , Los Tarcos , amongst others. The fans of the rugby of Tucumán are the most passionate among the Argentines. The city is served by several bus lines that have routes within the city limits, and some others that connect it to

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1320-801: The Conquest of the Desert ) that would "extinguish, subdue or expel" the Indians who lived there. "He began the campaign against the Ranqueles", which eventually resulted in the "transfer of 35% of national territory from the Indians to local caudillos . This land conquest would also strengthen Argentina's strategic position against Chile . He devised a "tentacle" move, with waves of 6,000 men cavalry units stemming coordinately from Mendoza , Córdoba , Santa Fé and Buenos Aires in July 1878 and April 1879 respectively, with an official toll of nearly 1,313 Native Americans killed and 15,000 taken as prisoners, and

1380-604: The Córdoba Central Railway and currently operated by freight company Trenes Argentinos Cargas y Logística . Railway stations in San Martín de Tucumán: Notes: San Miguel de Tucumán is home to two free-to-air television stations ( Channel 8 and Channel 10 ), four newspapers ( La Gaceta , El Siglo , El Periódico , El Tribuno de Tucumán ), three cable television companies (CCC, ATS, and TCC), and several radio stations. San Miguel de Tucuman

1440-472: The Köppen climate classification , with vastly more precipitation in the summer than in the winter. The average annual temperature is 19.3 °C (66.7 °F). The precipitation pattern is monsoonal: out of the 966 mm (38.0 in) that fall annually, most of it falls in the summer months, while the winter months tend to be drier. The average temperature in winter is 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). July

1500-602: The National Technological University , and the private (and Catholic) Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North and the Saint Paul T University . Since August 2008, the city has been the location of trials of high-ranking former military officers charged with war crimes from the 1976–83 dictatorship . Luciano Menéndez , a former colonel, was convicted for crimes against humanity, including

1560-746: The Río de la Plata and the Upper Peru and Santa Cruz de la Sierra , San Miguel de Tucumán was designated as the venue for the Congress of Independence. On July 9, 1816, the Independence of Argentina was declared, not only from Spain but from any other foreign domination. The act of the Independence was signed at the Casa de Tucumán , also named "Casa Histórica" or "Casa de la Independencia". By 1850

1620-412: The history of Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an Argentine political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Julio Argentino Roca Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was an army general and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 1880 to 1886 and from 1898 to 1904. Roca

1680-724: The 1890 revolution. After the electoral reform of 1912, and the presidential elections of 1916, which was won by the UCR, the PAN fractured and disappeared from politics. Following the introduction of the Sáenz Peña Law in 1912, much of PAN would reorganise as the Conservative Party. Another faction would be the descendant of the Democratic Progressive Party which still exists today. In 1931, following

1740-552: The Church. This led to a break in relations with the Vatican. Roca presided over an era of rapid economic development fueled by large scale European immigration, railway construction, and booming agricultural exports. In May 1886 Roca was the subject of a failed assassination attempt. Roca himself had put forward Juárez Celman as his successor, who was his brother-in-law. However, Celman distanced himself from Roca. Celman's government

1800-562: The Iglesia Nuestra Señora de Lourdes are some of the most important churches of the city. The Casa de Tucumán (or "Casa de la Independencia"), as the site of the declaration of independence of Argentina, is the most significant building in the city. After the Congress of Tucumán various people lived in the house and deterioration became visible over the years, which is clearly evident in the famous photo taken by Angel Paganelli in 1869. The Government of Argentina acquired

1860-452: The Independence of Argentina. After the battle of Tucumán, the same army led by Belgrano would achieve another victory in Salta . After those battles, Belgrano established a circular fortress known as "La Ciudadela", located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the current Plaza de la Independencia (former Plaza Mayor). Because it had patriot barracks and was located on an intermediate point between

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1920-780: The National College in Concepción del Uruguay , Entre Ríos . Before he was 15, Roca joined the army of the Argentine Confederation, on 19 March 1858. While still an adolescent, he went to fight as a junior artillery officer in the struggle between Buenos Aires and the interior provinces, first on the side of the provinces and later on behalf of the capital. He also fought in the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay between 1865 and 1870. Roca rose to

1980-415: The agricultural and pastoral sectors of the economy; and laicizing legislation strengthening state power. Roca's main foreign policy concern was to set border limits with Chile , which had never been determined with precision. In 1881 Argentina gained territory by treaty with Chile. Roca was born in the northwestern city of San Miguel de Tucumán in 1843 into a prominent local family. He graduated from

2040-458: The army led by Manuel Belgrano . Belgrano had been obliged to fall back to Córdoba by the government of Buenos Aires, but the inhabitants of Tucumán called on him to resist another Spanish invasion. With his troops almost unarmed and tired but reinforced by local gauchos (calling themselves Los decididos de Tucumán ), Belgrano attacked the Spanish army from behind, defeating them and ensuring

2100-605: The cattle and cereal producers of the Pampas and was a key in the development of the Argentine Railroad. After the 1890 Revolución del Parque , a movement started inside the PAN opposed to the policies of Roca, which became known as the National Autonomist Party (modern faction) ( PAN - línea modernista ), which proposed institutional modernization of the country, with goals towards opening up

2160-460: The city's population had increased considerably, surpassing the estimated registers. Because of that, in 1870 it was proposed that the city be expanded, setting new limits. During those years, the first railway line reached the city, built by British -owned Córdoba Central Railway . The immigrants arriving in the region (most of whom were Spanish, Arabic, Jewish, and Italian) influenced the architectural style that adapted to those new cultures, leaving

2220-535: The congressists. In 1942 the house was completely rebuilt, based on the original plans and the picture taken by Paganelli in 1869. For that purpose, the same kind of bricks, tejas (roof tiles) and baldosas (stone floor tiles) were used. Other notable buildings of San Miguel include the Teatro San Martín (with some elements in neoclassical style), and the Correo Central, made in a mix of styles and

2280-567: The country. Examples include the city of General Roca in the province of Río Negro, the town of Presidencia Roca in the province of Chaco ; the town of Presidente Roca in the province of Santa Fe; the Colonia Roca of the province of Entre Ríos ; the General Roca Department of the province of Córdoba. In Buenos Aires, a major thoroughfare and a railway branch are named after him and an equestrian statue of him

2340-642: The cultural spots in the country, in part due to the influence of the National University of Tucumán . It has been the birthplace and/or home of well-known personalities such as folk singer Mercedes Sosa , author Tomas Eloy Martínez , a professor at Rutgers University in the United States; musician Miguel Ángel Estrella , artist/architect Tomás Saraceno , painter Luis Lobo de la Vega , and many others. Two large theatres (San Martín and Alberdi) and several smaller and independent theaters offer

2400-405: The historic house in 1874 with a view to its serving as a post office. Starting in the 1880s celebrations took place in the building to commemorate Independence. Nevertheless, the government did not remodel the house until 1903, when it was demolished almost completely due to its very poor condition. The only room that was preserved from demolition was the room where the Independence was declared by

2460-403: The idea of Juan Bautista Alberdi around the idea of a "possible republic ": a republican government, with broad civil and economic freedoms but with an exercise of political life restricted to the ruling elites . The possible republic would give way to the true republic, of a fully democratic character. The ideal of a possible republic, with its politically conservative line, was one of

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2520-620: The kidnapping and disappearance of senator (Guillermo Vargas Aignasse) on the night of the golpe (coup) in 1976. Many Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo (Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo) have been seen in and around the Tucumán trials. The convictions of Menéndez and Ricardo Bussi were the first of this round of prosecution of military leaders of the Jorge Rafael Videla dictatorship. Their sentencings were seen as symbolic victories for

2580-543: The mothers and grandmothers whose children or husbands were " disappeared " by the military during that dark period of Argentine history. Association football is the most popular sport in the city. San Miguel's main football clubs are Club Atlético San Martín de Tucumán and Club Atlético Tucumán . Club Atletico San Martín is based out of San Miguel de Tucumán and was founded in 1909. This team has won four total national titles (1944, 1988, 2005, and 2007–08) and several regional titles. The longtime rival, Club Atletico Tucumán,

2640-419: The mountains around the city, and in 2010, sleet was reported downtown again, a very rare event. Spring and fall are transition seasons. Springs are very short, and by October, summer weather settles in the city, with highs beyond 30 °C (86.0 °F) very common. This is due to the dryness of the season: daytime highs are close to those in the summer, when rainfall and clouds are persistent, whereas spring

2700-525: The neighbouring cities of Yerba Buena, El Manantial, Tafí Viejo, Las Talitas, Banda del Río Salí, and Alderetes. San Miguel de Tucumán enjoys one of the largest bus stations in Argentina. The 30,000 m estación central de ómnibus (opened in 1994) is the point from where hundreds of bus services arrive from and depart to almost all of the largest and mid-size cities throughout the country. The Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport (TUC/SANT)

2760-538: The original colonial style behind. Therefore, new buildings in the city were made in Neoclassical , eclectic and picturesque styles. During the first years of the 20th century, the city added 400 hectares (990 acres) for recreational uses, and the first great park (similar to those existing in Paris and London ) was thus established. By 1930 the city's population had doubled. The House of Government of Tucumán

2820-462: The presidential inauguration Roca was passed in Congress federalization of Buenos Aires. Under his mandate the so-called "laicist laws" ( Leyes Laicas ) were passed, which nationalized a series of functions that previously were under the control of the Church. He also created the so-called Registro Civil , an index of all births, deaths and marriages. President Roca also made primary education free of charge by nationalizing education institutions run by

2880-608: The previous year's military coup, the conservatives returned to power under the banner of the National Democratic Party , leading the Concordancia coalition. The traditional conservative forces were politically marginalized following World War II and the rise of Peronism , and after 1955 the PDN fell apart. Conservative parties descended from these continue to exist in Argentina today. This article about

2940-646: The province its nickname, the Garden of the Republic. The National University of Tucumán (1914) and the Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North (1965) are in the city. On July 9, 1816, a congress gathered in Tucumán declared independence from Spain , which did not officially recognize it until 1862. The meeting place of the congress, the House of Tucumán , has been reconstructed as

3000-503: The provincial upper class." In 1878, during Nicolás Avellaneda 's presidency, he became Minister of War and it was his task to prepare a campaign that would bring an end to the " frontier problem " after the failure of the plan of Adolfo Alsina (his predecessor). A number of indigenous groups defended their traditional territories and frequently assaulted non-indigenous frontier settlements, taking horses and cattle, and capturing women and children, who were enslaved or offered as brides to

3060-467: The rank of colonel serving in the war to suppress the revolt of Ricardo López Jordán in Entre Ríos. President Nicolás Avellaneda later promoted him to General after his victory over rebel general José M. Arredondo in the battle of Santa Rosa, leading the loyalist forces. Roca saw the army "as an agent of national unification," and his experience in the army "broadened his understanding of Argentina and

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3120-438: The sources of political conflict that led to the emergence of various oppositions, even from the members of the Generation of '80 themselves. During the twentieth century, Roca was recognized as one of the statesmen who forged the foundations of the modern Argentine republic. As such, Roca has been honored by designating cities, departments, lakes, streets, avenues, squares, monuments, parks, schools and railway lines throughout

3180-449: The summer, one can expect daytime highs ranging from 30 to 31 °C (86.0 to 87.8 °F); at night, 19 to 20 °C (66.2 to 68.0 °F) are the norm. Much of the rainfall that the city receives occurs during the summer months and cloudy weather tends to be more common, averaging 11–13 overcast days and only 2–4 clear days per month. Heat waves can push temperatures up to 40 to 45 °C (104.0 to 113.0 °F). However, some relief

3240-579: The warriors. Roca's approach to dealing with the Indian communities of the Pampas , however, was completely different from Alsina's, who had ordered the construction of a ditch and a defensive line of small fortresses across the Province of Buenos Aires . Roca saw no way to end native attacks ( malones ) but by putting under effective government control all land up to the Río Negro in a campaign (known as

3300-673: Was built in Art Nouveau style at the end of 19th century. The White Room is commonly used to receive notable people who visit the city. In the city downtown, the San Miguel de Tucumán Cathedral still preserves some colonial elements and other elements from Italian architecture. The Basílica de San Francisco (also declared a historical heritage), the Parroquia de San Roque, Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento (known as "Iglesia de Santo Domingo"), Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Merced and

3360-630: Was erected in 1941. In recent years, there has been an increasing re-evaluation of Roca's place in Argentine history, particularly his involvement in the Conquest of the Desert . Some groups claim that he committed genocide against the Native Argentines. Those who consider Roca as genocidal have proposed removing the name Roca from the places and areas with which he has been honored. San Miguel de Tucum%C3%A1n San Miguel de Tucumán ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsam miˈɣel de tukuˈman] ), usually called simply Tucumán ,

3420-543: Was on May 31, 1565 by Diego de Villarroel in the Campos de Ibatín, 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the southwest from where the current city is located nowadays. The city was moved to "La Toma" (where the old town or casco histórico is placed today) in 1685, due to the low quality of Ibatín water. On September 24, 1812, the Battle of Tucumán took place near the city, when the Spanish army coming from Upper Peru were defeated by

3480-629: Was one of two co-hosts of the 1995 FIBA Americas Championship . The city is also a rugby union hotbed and hosts the Unión de Rugby de Tucumán , as well as the province's two most successful clubs: Tucumán Rugby Club and Universitario . The rugby of Tucumán is the second most powerful in the Argentine, behind the Rugby of the Buenos Aires Union. For eight times, the Naranjas (Oranges) won

3540-466: Was ultimately tarnished by the Baring crisis and corruption allegations. Roca did not participate in the 1890 revolution attempt against Celman, which was instigated by Leandro N. Alem and Bartolomé Mitre ( Unión Cívica , later Unión Cívica Radical ). However, he was pleased in the resulting weakness of Miguel Juárez Celman . After his first presidency Roca remained important politically, becoming

3600-635: Was unable to continue his political domination, and he was unable to essentially name his successor. Roca's second term ended in 1904, and is considered less successful than his first. In 1912 Roca was appointed as Special Ambassador of Argentina to Brazil by President Roque Sáenz Peña. Roca returned to Argentina in 1914 and died in Buenos Aires on October 19, 1914. He was buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires. His son, Julio Argentino Roca, Jr. , became vice-president of Argentina in 1932 to 1938. Roca's thought has been associated with

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