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89-645: The Peter Parker House , also known as the former headquarters of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , is a historic row house at 700 Jackson Place NW in Washington D.C. Built in 1860, it is historically significant for its association with the Carnegie Endowment, whose headquarters it was from its founding in 1910 until 1948. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It has since been incorporated into

178-613: A library of international law . In 1925, Nicholas Murray Butler succeeded Elihu Root as president of the Endowment. In December of the same year, the endowment's Board approved a proposal by President Butler to offer aid in modernizing the Vatican Library . From 1926 to 1939, the Carnegie Endowment expended some $ 200,000 on the endeavor. For his work, including his involvement with the Kellogg–Briand Pact , Butler

267-472: A career in the law. He enrolled at New York University School of Law and earned money teaching American history at elite girls' schools. At the time, most law students in the United States applied for admission to the bar after one year of study, but Root stayed on for a second year, essentially a private tutelage under Professor John Norton Pomeroy . He graduated in 1867 with a Bachelor of Laws and

356-560: A client never can justify or require bad faith to your own consciences, and that however good a thing it may be to be known as successful and great lawyers, it is even a better thing to be known as honest men." Root took a more active role in the Ingersoll defense, successfully appealing a jurisdictional issue to the New York Court of Appeals . Judge Allen remarked to Root's co-counsel that Root's argument "was not excelled by any in

445-456: A defense of ignorance, claiming that he had been fooled by the scheme, just as the Grants had been. For six weeks, Root devoted his full attention to the case, including the deposition of former President Grant, who died before a verdict was reached. The jury returned a guilty verdict after a night of deliberation, and Fish was sentenced to ten years in prison. The Fish verdict won Root praise in

534-589: A design by architecture firm Smith, Hinchman & Grylls . The chairperson of Carnegie's board of trustees is businesswoman Catherine James Paglia, and the organization's president is former California Supreme Court justice Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar , who replaced CIA Director William J. Burns in 2021. Andrew Carnegie , like other leading internationalists of his day, believed that war could be eliminated by stronger international laws and organizations. "I am drawn more to this cause than to any," he wrote in 1907. Carnegie's single largest commitment in this field

623-578: A firm. His public career lasted through 1915, when Root returned to practice in an of counsel role at his son's firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland. Around that time, Root was elected the 38th president of the American Bar Association . In December 1871, Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed was indicted on charges of deceit and fraud in connection to his real estate dealings and political corruption. Tweed retained eminent defense counsel led by David Dudley Field ; Root joined

712-417: A free and open forum for the discussion and debate of critical national, regional and global issues; and to further cooperation and strengthen relations between Russia and the United States by explaining the interests, objectives and policies of each. From 2006 until December 2008, the center was led by former Deputy Secretary General of NATO , Rose Gottemoeller . The center was headed by Dmitri Trenin until

801-553: A lawyer," Root said in 1930. "He got in the habit politicians have of sitting around and talking instead of working." Nevertheless, after his 1878 marriage and move to East 55th Street , Root became actively involved in the Republican Party organization in his well-to-do State Assembly district . He also expanded his involvement at the Union League Club, where his father-in-law was an active member. In 1879, he

890-689: A more global perspective among the public in the United States and other countries. The Endowment concluded its support for this program in 1958. On July 14, 1923, the Hague Academy of International Law , an initiative of the Endowment, was formally opened in the Peace Palace at The Hague . The Peace Palace had been built by the Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands) in 1913 to house the Permanent Court of Arbitration and

979-508: A predecessor of the modern firm Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman . His early work was assorted and menial, but expanded rapidly after he met John J. Donaldson, the president of the Bank of North America , through their pastor. Donaldson hired Root as a Latin tutor and was impressed with his ability as a lawyer, eventually sending him personal matters and small cases for the Bank. In March 1869, Root

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1068-524: A range of foreign and domestic issues. He also served as a United States Senator from New York and received the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize . Root was a leading New York City lawyer who moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D.C., and private-sector legal practice in New York. He headed organizations such as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and

1157-453: A second term at the 1912 Republican National Convention . By 1916, he was a leading proponent of military preparedness with the expectation that the United States would enter World War I . President Woodrow Wilson sent him to Russia in 1917 in an unsuccessful effort to establish an alliance with the new revolutionary government that had replaced the Czar . Root supported Wilson's vision of

1246-489: A sentence of twelve years and a $ 12,750 fine, later reduced on appeal. Three of Tweed's attorneys were fined for contempt of court; Root was not among them. Instead, Davis addressed the junior attorneys: "I know how young lawyers are apt to follow their seniors. ... [Elihu Root and Willard Bartlett ] displayed great ability during the trial. I shall impose no penalty, except what they may find in these few words of advice: I ask you young gentlemen, to remember that good faith to

1335-641: A spy for the Soviet Union by Whittaker Chambers . Hiss was replaced in the interim by James T. Shotwell . In 1947, the Carnegie Endowment's headquarters were moved closer to the United Nations in New York City, while the Washington office at Peter Parker House (700 Jackson Pl. , NW) became a subsidiary branch. In 1950, the Endowment board of trustees appointed Joseph E. Johnson , a historian and former State Department official, to take

1424-402: Is three bays wide, with its entrance in the rightmost bay accessed by a low flight of stairs. The entrance is framed by a sandstone segmental-arch pediment with brackets. Window sills and lintels, as well as corner quoining , are also sandstone. The house was built in 1860. Its first prominent resident was Peter Parker , best known as a medical missionary to China . In 1910 it was acquired by

1513-759: The American Society of International Law . As Secretary of War from 1899 to 1904, Root administered colonial possessions won in the Spanish–American War . Root favored a paternalistic approach to colonial administration, emphasizing technology, engineering, and disinterested public service. He helped craft the Foraker Act of 1900, the Platt Amendment of 1901, and the Philippine Organic Act (1902) . Root also modernized

1602-461: The Blair House complex serving high-profile official visitors to the capital. The Peter Parker House stands at the southern end of Jackson Place , presenting a side to Pennsylvania Avenue , across from Lafayette Square . It is one of a series of relatively modest Italianate row houses built out of brick. It is three stories in height, crowned by an elaborate projecting wooden cornice. It

1691-539: The Boxer Rebellion of 1900, Root handled foreign policy matters for Secretary of State John Hay , who was ill. Root resigned from the cabinet on February 1, 1904, and returned to private practice as a lawyer. He was succeeded by William Howard Taft . At Root's appointment, the Department of War had a public reputation for inefficiency, corruption, and scandals which had characterized Alger's tenure and

1780-578: The Bureau of Insular Affairs by Root's predecessor, Russell Alger , and drafted an internal report taking the official position that residents of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and other territories became subject to all the rights granted by the Constitution. After Root's appointment, Magoon controversially revised the department's legal position to require an Act of Congress, as had been passed in

1869-618: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , from 1910 to 1925. In 1912, as a result of his work to bring nations together through arbitration and cooperation, Root received the Nobel Peace Prize . In a 1910 letter published by The New York Times , Root supported the proposed income tax amendment, which was ratified as the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution : It

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1958-515: The Carnegie Moscow Center , with the belief that "in today's world a think tank whose mission is to contribute to global security, stability, and prosperity requires a permanent presence and a multinational outlook at the core of its operations." The center's stated goals were to embody and promote the concepts of disinterested social science research and the dissemination of its results in post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia; to provide

2047-608: The Havemeyer family , Charlie Delmonico , and E. H. Harriman . In 1889, Root advised Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Thomas Brackett Reed on his controversial efforts to revise the House rules . On January 19, 1898, Root was elected a member of the executive committee of the newly formed North American Trust Company . After moving to Washington in 1899, Root never again became partner in

2136-588: The League of Nations but with reservations along the lines proposed by Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Elihu Root was born on February 15, 1845, in Clinton, Oneida County, New York , to Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick, both of English descent. His father was a professor of mathematics at Hamilton College . Elihu studied at local schools, including the Clinton Grammar School and

2225-629: The Nobel Peace Prize in 1912, Root served until 1925. Founder trustees included Harvard University president Charles William Eliot , philanthropist Robert S. Brookings , former US Ambassador to Great Britain Joseph Hodges Choate , former secretary of state John W. Foster , and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching president Henry Smith Pritchett . At the outset of America's involvement in World War I in 1917,

2314-703: The Republic of the Netherlands . The suit was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the government prevailed. Root's highest profile case as U.S. Attorney was the prosecution for embezzlement of James C. Fish, a partner in Ward and Grant, a Ponzi scheme trading on the name of former President Ulysses S. Grant and his son, Ulysses Jr. The collapse of Ward and Grant precipitated the Panic of 1884 . Fish offered

2403-459: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . It is home to the digital publication Carnegie Politika. The current director of the center is Alexander Gabuev. 38°54′33″N 77°02′28″W  /  38.909273°N 77.041043°W  / 38.909273; -77.041043 Elihu Root Elihu Root ( / ˈ ɛ l ɪ h juː ˈ r uː t / ; February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937)

2492-515: The Treaty of Paris , the native independence movement resisted imperial control. Relative to Cuba and Puerto Rico, the islands' distance and the relative underdevelopment of Spanish institutions made administration far more challenging. Root's primary goal was the establishment of a civilian governor-general (as had been applied in Cuba) rather than a military governor; however, he felt that education of

2581-759: The Williston Seminary , where he was a classmate of G. Stanley Hall , before enrolling at Hamilton. He joined the Sigma Phi Society and was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society . After graduation, Root was an instructor of physical education for two years at Williston Seminary and taught for one year at the Rome Free Academy. Despite his parents' encouragement to become a Presbyterian minister , Root moved to New York City in 1865 with his brother Wally and sought

2670-648: The al-Farabi Kazakh National University , Carnegie established the Al-Farabi Carnegie Program on Central Asia in Kazakhstan in late 2011. In April 2016, the sixth international Center, Carnegie India, opened in New Delhi . In February 2015, Mathews stepped down as president after 18 years. William J. Burns , former US Deputy Secretary of State, became Carnegie's ninth president. After Burns' nomination and confirmation as Director of

2759-593: The peace talks in France . Carnegie is often remembered for having built Carnegie libraries . They were funded by other Carnegie trusts. However, the Endowment built libraries in Belgium, France, and Serbia in three cities which had been badly damaged in the war. In addition, in 1918, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) began to support library special collections on international issues through its International Mind Alcove program, which aimed to foster

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2848-774: The Army into a professional military apparatus with a general staff, restructured the National Guard , and established the U.S. Army War College . Root returned to the Roosevelt administration as Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909. He modernized the consular service by minimizing patronage, maintained the Open Door Policy in China, promoted friendly relations with Latin America, and resolved frictions with Japan over

2937-554: The Army and Navy, including the establishment of a joint board under General Orders No. 107. Root also sought to enhance military training. To that end, he enlarged the United States Military Academy and established the U.S. Army War College and additional training posts, especially Fort Leavenworth . He likewise provided for additional National Guard officer training programs at Fort Leavenworth for those volunteer officers who had shown capacity during

3026-578: The Carnegie Endowment trustees unanimously declared, "the most effective means of promoting durable international peace is to prosecute the war against the Imperial Government of Germany to final victory for democracy." In December 1918, Carnegie Endowment Secretary James Brown Scott and four other Endowment personnel, including James T. Shotwell , sailed with President Woodrow Wilson on the USS George Washington to join

3115-699: The Central Intelligence Agency , then-California Supreme Court Justice and Stanford professor Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar became President of the Carnegie Endowment on November 1, 2021. In April 2022, the Carnegie Endowment was compelled to close its Moscow center at the direction of the Russian government. In April 2023 Russia 's Ministry of Justice added the Centre to the so-called list of " foreign agent ", and in July 2024 it designated

3204-600: The Civil War Centennial Commission, and by 1970 it had been purchased by the federal government. In the early 1980s, it along with 704 Jackson Place were internally combined into a single building and then merged with Blair House by way of a connecting structure occupying the alleyway that had separated them. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace In the University of Pennsylvania 's "2019 Global Go To Think Tanks Report", Carnegie

3293-548: The Cubans, ensured a charter of government for the Philippines, and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico. When the Anti-Imperialist League attacked American policies in the Philippines, Root defended the policies and counterattacked the critics, saying they prolonged the insurgency. For this work, he relied on legal advisor Charles Edward Magoon . Magoon had been hired at

3382-842: The New York-based Study Group on the United Nations and the International Organization Study Group at the European Centre in Geneva . In 1970, Thomas L. Hughes became the sixth president of the Carnegie Endowment. Hughes moved the Endowment's headquarters from New York to Washington, D.C., and closed the Endowment's European Centre in Geneva. The Carnegie Endowment acquired full ownership of Foreign Policy magazine in

3471-546: The Republican National Committee. He also repeatedly refused efforts to draft him as the Republican candidate for Governor in the 1904 election; instead, he focused on securing Roosevelt's nomination to a full term at the national convention, where he delivered the opening speech. After the death of John Hay, President Roosevelt named Root as United States Secretary of State and he returned to

3560-693: The Russian government ordered its closure in April 2022, shortly after the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. The Carnegie Middle East Center was established in Beirut, Lebanon, in November 2006. The center aims to better inform the process of political change in the Arab Middle East and deepen understanding of the complex economic and security issues that affect it. In October 2020, it

3649-646: The Secretary of War and the President. The Chief of Staff would carry out the Secretary's instructions and supervise discipline and maneuvers. The reorganization was accomplished by an act of Congress passed on February 14, 1903. Root also changed the procedures for promotions and also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Working with Secretary of the Navy William Henry Moody , Root established closer coordination between

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3738-599: The Southern District of New York . There was limited opposition to his nomination given that Arthur was trying to force out a political rival, Stewart L. Woodford , who had been appointed by Garfield, but he was approved by the Senate and sworn in on March 12. The role was part-time, with Root devoting his mornings to the Attorney's office and his afternoons to his private practice. Many of his cases were suits for

3827-419: The Spanish–American War; per Root's instructions, the National Guard would also be equipped with the same arms as the regular army and examinations would be administered to qualify members for higher command. As a result of the Spanish–American War , the United States held military control of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. As Secretary of War, Root was tasked with the administration of martial law on

3916-482: The United States and Canada on the Alaska boundary dispute , and competition in the North Atlantic fisheries. He supported arbitration in resolving international disputes. In January 1909 , Root was elected by the legislature as a U.S. Senator from New York , serving from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1915. He was a member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary . He chose not to seek re-election in 1914 . During and after his Senate service, Root served as president of

4005-473: The cabinet on July 7, 1905. As secretary, Root placed the consular service under the civil service . He maintained the Open Door Policy in the Far East. On a tour of Latin America in 1906, Root persuaded those governments to participate in the Hague Peace Conference . He worked with Japan to limit emigration to the United States and on dealings with China. He established the Root–Takahira Agreement . He worked with Great Britain in arbitration of issues between

4094-473: The case on behalf of Tweed's co-defendant James Ingersoll, a furniture manufacturer who stood accused of fraudulently billing the city government for millions of dollars. Root's law partner, Alexander Compton, was Ingersoll's cousin by marriage, and Compton turned the case over to Root due to his courtroom experience. Despite his family's dismay, he accepted the case and joined Tweed's defense in addition to Ingersoll's. The Tweed case stretched on for years, with

4183-636: The case, paid partly in cash and partly by a real estate transfer, also came in for criticism, with Hearst papers implying that Root had inherited Tweed's mansion. In fact, Tweed was penniless after paying the fines assessed against him, and his heavily encumbered real estate holdings were his lone assets. Early in his legal career, Root joined the Union League Club , where he met a number of young New York Republicans. He avoided political office personally, believing that it would obstruct his legal career. As an example, he cited Robert H. Strahan , an early law partner who had entered state politics. "It ruined him as

4272-491: The case." Ingersoll was ultimately sentenced to five years but was pardoned by Governor Samuel J. Tilden . After Root had risen to national prominence, his work on the Tweed case formed the basis for public attacks from newspapers owned and directed by William Randolph Hearst , particularly after Root opposed Hearst's 1906 campaign for governor. Hearst exaggerated Root's role in the case and implied he had advised Tweed on political corruption before his indictment. Root's fee in

4361-435: The cases of the Northwest Territory and Louisiana Purchase , to regulate the rights of territorial subjects. This revised position was upheld by the Supreme Court in a series of landmark decisions collectively known as the Insular Cases . In Cuba, the American challenge was to arrange for the transition to civilian government while preserving order and guaranteeing protection against international predation. Root established

4450-399: The conspiracy were later prosecuted, and Root returned from private life to assist with the prosecutions. In July 1899, President William McKinley offered Root a position in his cabinet as Secretary of War . The offer came on the heels of the Spanish–American War . In general, the war had been a success, but Secretary Russell A. Alger had come under heavy criticism for his management of

4539-436: The department, and McKinley had requested his resignation. At first, Root declined, but accepted when he realized "McKinley wanted a lawyer to run the governments of the islands." As Secretary of War, Root actively framed the establishment of civilian governments in the new American territories of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. He also modernized the Department of War. His rapid success and popularity led Root to become

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4628-458: The dispute was resolved by British jurist Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone in favor of the United States on every point of contention. Root's retirement from public office was brief, but he remained active in public life, delivering speeches in defense of Roosevelt's policies in Panama and in the Northern Securities case . After Mark Hanna died in February 1904, shortly after Root's resignation, Root declined to succeed him as chair of

4717-511: The election. He never again stood for a popular election, other than as a delegate to party conventions, but his association with Arthur rapidly advanced his national profile. In 1880, Arthur was elected Vice President of the United States with Root's support. Root attended the inauguration and was among the friends at Arthur's New York home on September 19, 1881, when the Vice President was informed that President James A. Garfield had succumbed to an assassin's bullet and that he had succeeded to

4806-399: The first choice of the Republican National Committee for the vice presidential nomination in 1900 by December 1899, but McKinley had objected to losing his Secretary of War, and Root himself preferred to stay in the Cabinet. The nomination ultimately went to Theodore Roosevelt over his own objection and led to his ascension as President upon the assassination of McKinley in 1901. During

4895-432: The first trial commencing more than fifteen months after the indictment and ending in a hung jury. Four more indictments were brought in November 1873 after the defense's failed attempt to get judge Noah Davis to recuse himself. Root took a minor role in the proceedings, examining jurors and occasionally cross-examining the prosecution witnesses. The jury returned a guilty verdict on two hundred and four counts; Davis imposed

4984-452: The fresh perspectives of Carnegie's centres in Washington, Moscow, Beijing, and Beirut, bringing a unique global vision to the European policy community. Through publications, articles, seminars, and private consultations, Carnegie Europe aims to foster new thinking on the daunting international challenges shaping Europe's role in the world. Carnegie Europe is currently directed by Rosa Balfour. The Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy

5073-415: The fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization", and he gave his trustees "the widest discretion as to the measures and policy they shall from time to time adopt" in carrying out the purpose of the fund. Carnegie chose longtime adviser Elihu Root , senator from New York and former Secretary of War and of State , to be the Endowment's first president. Awarded

5162-405: The growing danger of a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan , Thomas L. Hughes formed an eighteen-member Task Force on Non-Proliferation and South Asian Security to propose methods for reducing the growing nuclear tensions on the subcontinent. In 1989, two former Carnegie associates, Barry Blechman and Michael Krepon, founded the Henry L. Stimson Center . In 1991, Morton Abramowitz

5251-513: The helm. In 1963, the Carnegie Endowment reconstituted its International Law Program in order to address several emerging international issues: the increase in significance and impact of international organizations; the technological revolution that facilitated the production of new military weaponry; the spread of Communism; the surge in newly independent states; and the challenges of new forms of economic activity, including global corporations and intergovernmental associations. The program resulted in

5340-401: The immigration and treatment of Japanese citizens to the West Coast of the United States . He negotiated 24 bilateral international arbitration treaties, which led to the creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice . As a United States Senator from New York , Root was a conservative supporter of President William Howard Taft , playing a central role in Taft's nomination to

5429-402: The island's first republican form of government under the command of Leonard Wood . This was accomplished by the Cuban constitution of 1901, and the American military government withdrew in 1902. Root's primary administrative challenge as Secretary of War was the effort to establish control of the Philippine Islands. Though American government of the islands was internationally recognized under

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5518-410: The islands and the eventual transition to civilian government. Under the terms of the Teller Amendment , the United States was additionally bound to return "control of [Cuba] to its people." Particularly in the Philippines , the United States also faced militant insurgency from natives who resisted their transfer from one foreign empire to another. He worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to

5607-489: The native population was necessary before such a transition could be successful. In 1900, Root guided the establishment of the Philippine commission, led by William Howard Taft , as a move toward autonomous civil government. The first step in his proposed process was the establishment of municipal governments and administrative divisions. The commission was to be guided by the principles of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . In addition to his duties as Secretary of War, Root

5696-421: The organization as " undesirable ". The Carnegie Endowment office in Washington, D.C. , is home to ten programs: Africa; American Statecraft; Asia; Democracy, Conflict, and Governance; Europe; Global Order and Institutions; Middle East; Nuclear Policy; Russia and Eurasia; South Asia; Sustainability, Climate, and Geopolitics; and Technology and International Affairs. In 1993, the Endowment launched

5785-409: The original board selected by Andrew Carnegie in 1910. John Foster Dulles was elected to succeed Butler as chairman of the board of trustees, where he served until fellow board member Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president of the US in 1952 and appointed Dulles Secretary of State. In 1946, Alger Hiss succeeded Butler as president of the Endowment but resigned in 1949 after being denounced as

5874-400: The political economy of reform in India, foreign and security policy, and the role of innovation and technology in India's internal transformation and international relations. The current director of the center is Rudra Chaudhuri. In April 2023, the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center opened in Berlin , Germany . The center focuses on major policy challenges across the wider region in the wake of

5963-527: The presidency. In 1881, Root encountered another future President: Theodore Roosevelt , who was elected to the State Assembly from Root's district. Root actively supported the young Roosevelt's career by signing Roosevelt's nomination papers, aiding in efforts to sideline a rival candidate, and speaking on behalf of his 1886 mayoral campaign . Though many observers expected Arthur would offer Root appointment as Attorney General or to another cabinet post, in March 1883 he appointed Root United States Attorney for

6052-467: The press. According to the New York Sun , "The manner in which he conducted the prosecution... has won him high praise wherever reports of the trial have been published. The cross-examination of the defendant was characterized by exceptional acumen and professional skill, and was made much more effective than it would otherwise have been by Mr. Root's evident familiarity with the details of the banking business." The Mail and Express wrote: "The credit of

6141-454: The recently founded Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , he established it as a vehicle to promote and seek an end to international warfare. The organization occupied this building as its headquarters until 1948, when it moved to New York City . During its tenure, the organization also acquired the adjacent buildings (704 and 708 Jackson Place), and expanded into them. From 1961 to 1965 it housed

6230-475: The refund of customs duties paid under protest. As U.S. Attorney, Root had his first exposure to international law , which would become the cornerstone of his public legacy. He prosecuted two cases for violation of United States neutrality laws against vessels for aiding Haitian and Colombian insurgents and defended the government in the Head Money Cases , a challenge to the Immigration Act of 1882 on grounds that it conflicted with international treaties with

6319-569: The result must be awarded mainly to the District Attorney." In particular, Root was credited with vindicating the late President: "The unspeakable meanness of the conspirators in trying to save themselves by implicating General Grant in their fraudulent transactions... was dealt with in terms of deserved scorn and severity by the District Attorney." Just before his resignation, Root successfully won an indictment of Fish's co-conspirator, Ferdinand Ward. He quietly submitted his resignation to President Grover Cleveland on July 1, 1885. Two other members of

6408-598: The semiofficial consultants to the US delegation at the San Francisco conference to draw up the United Nations Charter . As chairman, Shotwell pushed for an amendment to establish a permanent United Nations Commission on Human Rights , which exists to this day. In December 1945, Butler stepped down after twenty years as president and chairman of the board of trustees. Butler was the last living member of

6497-575: The spring of 1978. The Endowment published Foreign Policy for 30 years, moving it from a quarterly academic journal to a bi-monthly glossy covering the nexus of globalization and international policy. The magazine was sold to The Washington Post in 2008. In 1981, Carnegie Endowment Associate Fred Bergsten co-founded the Institute for International Economics—today known as the Peterson Institute for International Economics . Citing

6586-528: The war. His immediate focus was reforming military administration, which he viewed as a prerequisite for success in territorial administration or any future military campaign. Though the United States had just completed a successful, brief military campaign against Spain, its officer corps was still organized on peacetime terms; Root set about permanently placing the United States military on a war footing. Root worked closely with Adjutant General Henry Clark Corbin and William Harding Carter . His chief obstacle

6675-544: Was Commanding General of the Army Nelson A. Miles ; the offices of Commanding General and Secretary of War had long been engaged in a power struggle, and Root's reforms would directly implicate Miles's authority. Root proposed the establishment of a General Staff led by the office of Chief of Staff of the United States Army . The Chief of Staff was to be a general officer of the Army answerable directly to

6764-595: Was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1881. In 1883, President Chester A. Arthur appointed him U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, the chief government attorney in New York City. As U.S. Attorney, Root headed the prosecutions for the Ward and Grant fraud which precipitated the Panic of 1884 . Through 1899, Root took on many other prominent and wealthy clients, including Jay Gould , Chester A. Arthur , Charles Anderson Dana , William C. Whitney , Thomas Fortune Ryan ,

6853-443: Was admitted to the bar on June 18, 1867. Upon his admission to the bar, Root completed a year of unpaid apprenticeship at the leading New York City firm Mann and Parsons. In 1868, he and several other young lawyers founded the firm of Strahan & Root with offices on Pine Street . He had various partners through 1897, when a disagreement led to the dissolution of his firm and the formation of Root, Howard, Winthrop & Stimson ,

6942-517: Was an American lawyer, Republican politician, and statesman who served as the 41st United States Secretary of War under presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and the 38th United States Secretary of State under Roosevelt. In both positions as well as a long legal career, he pioneered the American practice of international law. Root is sometimes considered the prototype of the 20th-century political " wise man ", advising presidents on

7031-499: Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. In November 1944, the Carnegie Endowment published Raphael Lemkin 's Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation—Analysis of Government—Proposals for Redress . The work was the first to bring the word genocide into the global lexicon. In April 1945, James T. Shotwell , director of the Carnegie Endowment's Division of Economics and History , served as chairman of

7120-568: Was elected to the Club's executive committee. Through the Club, Root met Chester A. Arthur , an experienced Manhattan attorney and the powerful Collector of the Port of New York . In 1879, Arthur and Alonzo B. Cornell persuaded Root to stand for the Court of Common Pleas . Root viewed the campaign as hopeless given the city's Democratic reputation, took no part in the campaign, and was relieved to lose

7209-532: Was established at Tsinghua University in Beijing in 2010. The center's focuses include China 's foreign relations; international economics and trade; climate change and energy ; nonproliferation and arms control; and other global and regional security issues such as North Korea , Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Iran . The current director of the center is Paul Haenle . In April 2016, Carnegie India opened in New Delhi , India . The center's focuses include

7298-458: Was hired to reorganize the bank to acquire a state charter . Soon after, Alexander Compton was elevated to the partnership, and the firm was renamed Compton & Root. Root's public profile and professional reputation were enhanced by his defense of Tammany Hall boss William M. Tweed , and Compton & Root grew throughout the 1870s into a varied practice with a primary focus on banks, railroads, wills and estates, and municipal government. Root

7387-508: Was his creation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. On his seventy-fifth birthday, November 25, 1910, Andrew Carnegie announced the establishment of the Endowment with a gift of $ 10 million worth of first mortgage bonds, paying a 5% rate of interest. The interest income generated from these bonds was to be used to fund a new think tank dedicated to advancing the cause of world peace. In his deed of gift, presented in Washington on December 14, 1910, Carnegie charged trustees to use

7476-471: Was named the seventh president of the Endowment. Abramowitz, previously a State Department official, focused the Endowment's attention on Russia in the post-Soviet era. In this spirit, the Carnegie Endowment opened the Carnegie Moscow Center in 1994 as a home of Russian scholar-commentators. Jessica Mathews joined the Carnegie Endowment as its eighth president in May 1997. Under her leadership, Carnegie's goal

7565-467: Was one of three Americans appointed by President Roosevelt (with Henry Cabot Lodge and George Turner ) to an international arbitration court to resolve the boundary dispute between Alaska and Great Britain. The dispute arose as a result of the Klondike Gold Rush of 1900, which heightened interest in the region and tensions over the exact boundary between the regions. On October 20, 1903,

7654-547: Was ranked the number 1 top think tank in the world. In the 2015 Global Go To Think Tanks Report , Carnegie was ranked the third most influential think tank in the world, after the Brookings Institution and Chatham House . It was ranked as the top Independent Think Tank in 2018. Its headquarters building, prominently located on the Embassy Row section of Massachusetts Avenue , was completed in 1989 on

7743-570: Was renamed the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center in honor of scholar Malcolm H. Kerr . As of 2024 , the current director of the center is Maha Yahya. Founded in 2007 by Fabrice Pothier , Carnegie Europe is the European centre of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. From its newly expanded presence in Brussels, Carnegie Europe combines the work of its research platform with

7832-551: Was to become the first multinational/global think tank. In 2000, Mathews announced the creation of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) headed by Demetrios Papademetriou which became the first stand-alone think tank concerned with international migration. As first laid out with the Global Vision in 2007, the Carnegie Endowment aspired to be the first global think tank. Mathews said that her aim

7921-761: Was to make Carnegie the place that brings what the world thinks into thinking about US policy and to communicate that thinking to a global audience. During Mathews' tenure as president, the Carnegie Endowment launched the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut (2006), Carnegie Europe in Brussels (2007), and the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center at the Tsinghua University in Beijing (2010). Additionally, in partnership with

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