Misplaced Pages

#477522

30-508: This list ist ordered from source to mouth: This Allier geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Creuse geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in France is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Creuse Creuse ( French pronunciation: [kʁøz] ; Occitan : Cruesa or Crosa )

60-616: A 2019 population of 116,617 - the second-smallest of any Departments in France . The land use is mostly agricultural and the department is well known for its chestnut and hazelnut production, and for the Charolais and Limousin cattle breeds. Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche . The County of Marche

90-556: A feudal dues from the Third Estate, which would allegedly be for the Third Estate's protection (this only applied to serfs and tenants of farmland owned by the nobility). Overall, the Second Estate had vast privileges that the Third Estate did not possess, which in effect protected the Second Estate's wealth and property, while hindering the Third Estate's ability to advance. The reforms proposed by Turgot and argued against in

120-563: A major role in stimulating the nobility to resist the expansion of royal power by military force in the Parliamentary Fronde , 1648–1649. In the end, King Louis XIV won out and the nobility was humiliated. At a session of the parlement of Paris on 3 March 1766 known as la Séance de la Flagellation ("the Flagellation Session"), Louis XV asserted that sovereign power resided in his person. The beginning of

150-506: A public electricity supply. Three years later, in 1889, the construction of a primitive hydro-electric factory at Cascade of the Jarrauds ( Cascade des Jarrauds ) on the little river Maulde at Saint-Martin-Château , 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) away, established a more reliable electricity supply for the little town. The creation of a power line from the plant to Bourganeuf was supervised by an innovative engineer named Marcel Deprez ; this

180-403: Is a department in central France named after the river Creuse . After Lozère , it is the second least populated department in France . It is bordered by Indre and Cher to the north, Allier and Puy-de-Dôme to the east, Corrèze to the south, and Haute-Vienne to the west. In 2020, the population of this department is 115,995, while the official estimates in 2022 is 113,711. Guéret ,

210-410: Is dammed at several locations both for water supply and hydroelectricity generation. As is typical for an inland area of continental Europe, Creuse has relatively cold winters with some snowfall into April, but also hot summers. Rain falls throughout the year because of the relatively high elevation. The topography is principally rolling hills intersected by often steep valleys. The terrestrial ecology

240-487: Is in Saint-Sulpice-le-Dunois. A local legend declares that Joan of Arc prayed there in about 1430. Guéret , Creuse is also home to a large nearby animal park named Les Loups de Chabrières containing some of France's few remaining wolves, held in semi-captivity. It includes 24 European Grey Wolves, two Canadian White Wolves and two Canadian Black Wolves in five enclosures. Motor racing Mas du Clos It

270-418: Is rapidly declining. These are: The Creuse Cake is a dessert named after the region. It is made with butter and hazelnuts. There are many varieties, and they are sold throughout France. As a traditionally rural and lightly populated area, with ancient and typical art de vivre , original stone architecture, no major urban center and many heritage site such as castles , abbeys and Celtic stone monuments :

300-580: Is the site of the Paris Hall of Justice . In 1589, Paris was effectively in the hands of the Catholic League . To escape, Henry IV of France summoned the parlement of Paris to meet at Tours, but only a small faction of its parliamentarians accepted the summons. (Henry also held a parliament at Châlons , a town remaining faithful to the king, known as the Parliament of Châlons.) Following

330-488: Is twelve kilometers from Aubusson at the foot of the family castle of Saint-Avit-de-Tardes . Pierre Bardinon creates all pieces in 1963. Parlement of Paris The Parlement of Paris ( French : Parlement de Paris ) was the oldest parlement in the Kingdom of France , formed in the 14th century. Parlements were judicial, rather than legislative bodies, composed of magistrates. Though not representative bodies in

SECTION 10

#1732790326478

360-572: Is typically cool temperate with a species mix common in the western UK: with oak , ash , chestnut , hazel and Prunus species dominating the woodlands. There are no commercial vineyards . Much of the farming is beef cattle: Charolais and Limousin , and also sheep. The most populous commune is Guéret , the prefecture. As the second-least populous department of France, Creuse has no big cities and towns. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 2,000 inhabitants: The population peaked at 287,075 in 1851, after which it declined gently until

390-457: The Prefecture of Creuse has a population approximately 12,000, making it the largest settlement in the department. The next biggest town is La Souterraine and then Aubusson . The department is situated in the former Province of La Marche . Creuse is one of the most rural and sparsely populated departments in France, with a population density of 21 people/km (54 people/sq mi), and

420-549: The tapestry museum in Aubusson and the many castles, notably those of Villemonteix, Boussac , and Banizette. The monastery of Moutier-d'Ahun has exceptional wood carvings from the 17th century. ( fr:Abbaye de Moutier-d'Ahun ). After World War 1, some towns in France set up pacifist war memorials. Instead of commemorating the glorious dead, these memorials denounce war with figures of grieving widows and children rather than soldiers. Such memorials provoked anger among veterans and

450-582: The Creuse department has become a Green tourism destination since the late 1990s. Creuse enjoys a temperate climate with mild springs and autumns, rather cold and snowy but sunny winters, and relatively warm and sunny summers, but not as hot as in the southern parts of France. Thanks to its preserved forested landscape, little pollution and wonderful stone buildings, many foreigners (notably British and Dutch, but also German and Belgian) have sought to buy holiday homes in Creuse. The major tourist attractions are

480-492: The First World War. During and after the war, the decline in population became much more rapid both because of the death and disruption that characterised the war years and because of the higher wages available to any workers with marketable skills in the economically more dynamic towns and cities outside Creuse. By 1921 the registered population had slumped by almost 38,000 (approximately 14%) in ten years to 228,244, and

510-505: The Formation and Distribution of Wealth") by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot . The Second Estate reacted to the essay with anger to convince the king that the nobility still served a very important role and still deserved the same privileges of tax exemption as well as for the preservation of the guilds and corporations put in place to restrict trade, both of which were eliminated in the reforms proposed by Turgot. In their remonstrance against

540-579: The assassination of Henry III of France by the Dominican lay brother Jacques Clément , the "Parliament of Tours" continued to sit during the first years of Henry IV's reign. The royalist members of the other provincial parlements also split off—the royalist members of the Parlement of Rouen seceded to Caen , those in the Parlement of Toulouse to Carcassonne , and those of Parlement of Dijon to Semur and to Flavigny . The Parlement of Paris played

570-635: The corvée. In practice, anyone who paid a small fee could escape the corvée, so this burden of labor fell only to the poorest in France. The Second Estate was also exempt from the gabelle , which was the unpopular tax on salt, and also the taille , a land tax paid by peasants, and the oldest form of taxation in France. The Second Estate feared they would have to pay the tax replacing the suppressed corvée. The nobles saw this tax as especially humiliating and below them, as they took great pride in their titles and their lineage, many of whom had died in defense of France. They saw this elimination of tax privilege as

600-627: The death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France . In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV . Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon . The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche

630-630: The decline continued throughout the twentieth century. Over the last four decades of the twentieth century Creuse experienced the greatest proportional population decline of any French department, from 164,000 in 1960 to 124,000 in 1999 – a decrease of 24%. The President of the Departmental Council is Valérie Simonet of The Republicans . Until the 1980s, Occitan was the primary language of rural areas. There remain three different Occitan dialects in use in Limousin, although their use

SECTION 20

#1732790326478

660-543: The defense of the state and assists the sovereign with his counsel. The last class of the nation, which cannot render such distinguished service to the state, fulfills its obligation through taxes, industry, and physical labor. The Second Estate (the nobility) consisted of approximately 1.5% of France's population, and was exempt from almost all taxes, including the Corvée Royale, which was a mandatory service through which roads were repaired and built by those subject to

690-495: The edict suppressing the corvée (March 1776), the Parlement of Paris—afraid that a new tax would replace the corvée, and that this tax would apply to all, introducing equality as a principle—dared to remind the king: The personal service of the clergy is to fulfill all the functions relating to education and religious observances and to contribute to the relief of the unfortunate through its alms. The noble dedicates his blood to

720-423: The gateway for more attacks on their rights and urged Louis XVI throughout the protests of the Parlement of Paris not to enact the proposed reforms. These exemptions, as well as the right to wear a sword and their coat of arms, encouraged the idea of a natural superiority over the commoners that was common among members of the Second Estate, and as long as any noble was in possession of a fiefdom, they could collect

750-474: The military in general. The most famous is at Gentioux-Pigerolles in the department (see picture on the left). Below the column which lists the name of the fallen, stands an orphan in bronze pointing to an inscription 'Maudite soit la guerre' (Cursed be war). Feelings ran so high that the memorial was not officially inaugurated until 1990 and soldiers at the nearby army camp were under orders to turn their heads when they walked past. The Chapelle du Mas-Saint-Jean

780-454: The present sense of the word, they had procedural and authorities that could delay the otherwise unchecked power of the King. Because of its location and history, the Parlement of Paris was the most significant. The Parlement of Paris was established under Philip IV of France in 1302. The Parlement of Paris would hold sessions inside the medieval royal palace on the Île de la Cité , which today

810-521: The proposed radical changes began with the protests of the Parlement of Paris addressed to Louis XVI in March 1776, in which the Second Estate , the nobility, resisted the beginning of certain reforms that would remove their privileges, notably their exemption from taxes. The objections were made in reaction to the essay, Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses ("Reflections on

840-433: Was a county in medieval France that approximately corresponded to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief around the mid-10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine , gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan . They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin . With

870-541: Was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche , the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 to the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris . In 1886, Bourganeuf ville lumière , located in a remote part of Creuse, became somewhat improbably the third town in France to receive

900-543: Was the first time that a power line over such a long distance had been constructed in France. The achievement was crowned with the region's first telephone line, which was installed to permit instant communication between the generating station and the newly illuminated town. Creuse is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine . It is in the Massif Central and permeated by the Creuse and its tributaries. The river

#477522