Peter Comestor ( Latin : Petrus Comestor , "Peter the Eater"; French : Pierre le Mangeur ; died 22 October 1178) was a 12th-century French theological writer and university teacher.
26-449: Peter Comestor was born in Troyes . Although the surname Comestor ( Latin for "Eater") was popularly attributed to his habit of devouring books and learning, it was more probably simply a family name. It did, however, give Peter a nice pun for his epitaph (supposed to have been composed by him): Petrus eram quem petra tegit, dictusque Comestor nunc comedor ("I whom this stone covers
52-502: A low price. After some time, the audience expanded to include non-employees. In 1936, Anderson-Little (a men's clothing brand) opened an outlet store independent of its existing factories. Until the 1970s, the primary purpose of outlet stores was to dispose of excess or damaged goods. In 1970, Vanity Fair opened the first multi-store factory outlet center in Reading, Pennsylvania . Outlet stores enabled manufacturers to directly enter
78-693: A medieval centre of commerce. The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains , also called the Battle of Troyes, took place nearby in 451 AD: the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I fought against Attila . The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the crown of West Francia from Pope John VIII . At the end of
104-454: Is a brick and mortar or online store where manufacturers sell their merchandise directly to the public. Products at outlet stores are usually sold at reduced prices compared to regular stores due to being overstock , closeout , returned , factory seconds , or lower-quality versions manufactured specifically for outlets. Traditionally, a factory outlet was a store attached to a factory or warehouse , sometimes allowing customers to watch
130-456: Is home to the production headquarters of Lacoste company, a popular clothing brand. It is also home of chocolatier Pascal Caffet. The University of Technology of Troyes and the business school Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes are located in Troyes. The train station Gare de Troyes offers connections to Paris, Dijon, Mulhouse and several regional destinations. Troyes is at
156-628: Is situated within the Champagne wine region and is near the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park . Troyes had a population of 61,996 inhabitants in 2018. It is the center of the Communauté d'agglomération Troyes Champagne Métropole , which was home to 170,145 inhabitants. Troyes developed as early as the Roman era , when it was known as Augustobona Tricassium . It stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily
182-769: The Via Agrippa . The city has a rich historical past, from the Tricasses tribe to the liberation of the city on 25 August 1944 during the Second World War, including the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains , the Council of Troyes, the marriage of Henry V and Catherine of France , and the Champagne fairs to which merchants came from all over Christendom. The city has a rich architectural and urban heritage: many buildings are protected as historical monuments, including
208-479: The half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) that survived in the old town. They have contributed to Troyes being designated as a City of Art and History. Manufacturing of textiles , developed from the 18th century onwards, was a chief part of Troyes' economy until the 1960s. Today, Troyes is the European capital of factory outlets and trading, and has three brand centers. Prehistoric evidence found in
234-717: The Burgundians, by which King Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine , daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V, rather than the Dauphin , was to succeed Charles as King of France. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed in 1429 when the Dauphin (afterwards King Charles VII ) and Joan of Arc re-established French control of the town of Troyes by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes) . The great fire of 1524 destroyed much of
260-665: The Fearless , Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English during the Hundred Years War , in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria , wife of King Charles VI of France , for the establishment at Troyes of a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices. On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of
286-545: The Troyes area suggests that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the city grounds. In the Roman era, Troyes was known as Augustobona Tricassium . Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa , which led north to Reims and south to Langres , and eventually to Milan . Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers , Autun and Orléans . It
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#1732790987887312-637: The U.S. generated $ 15 billion in revenue from 260 stores. The number of U.S. outlet centers increased from 113 in 1988 to 276 in 1991 and to 325 in 1997. Outlet malls are not an exclusively American phenomenon. In Canada, the Dixie Outlet Mall dates from the late 1980s, and was followed by Vaughan Mills in 1999, and Toronto Premium Outlets in 2013. In Europe, retailer BAA McArthurGlen has opened 13 malls with over 1,200 stores and 3 million square feet (about 30 hectares) of retail space; describing itself as an "outlet village", Bicester Village , on
338-463: The chair of theology at the university , from which he retired in 1169. He was made chancellor of Notre Dame in Paris around 1164, which put him, among other things, in charge of the cathedral school. He held the post until his death in 1178. Peter's reputation as an academic was such that Pope Alexander III specifically exempted Peter from his ban on charging fees for giving licences to teach. Peter
364-637: The edge of the town of Bicester in Oxfordshire in England, is a regular stop for bus-tours of foreign tourists, especially from China. Stores have also been emerging in Japan since the mid to late 1990s. A majority of the products sold by clothing and accessory manufacturers at outlet stores are specifically manufactured for outlets using lower-quality materials and manufacturing processes than their higher-priced products sold in regular stores. Tags may list
390-489: The fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the Church made the city the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup) , who allegedly saved the city from Attila in 451 by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical. A disciple of Saint Lupus, Aventinus (Saint Aventin of Troyes, died 537) founded a monastery at Troyes. It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as
416-434: The junction of motorways A5 (Paris – Troyes – Langres) and A26 (Calais – Reims – Troyes). Troyes – Barberey Airport is a small regional airport. Troyes is the home of association football club Troyes AC , or ESTAC. In the 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, Troyes were promoted back to Ligue 1 as champions of the division. Troyes is twinned with: Factory outlets An outlet store , factory outlet or factory store
442-422: The medieval city, although the city had numerous canals separating sections. Not having suffered from the last wars, Troyes has a high density of old religious buildings grouped close to the city centre. They include: Several Troyes churches have sculpture by The Maître de Chaource . The Rashi Synagogue is a Jewish Synagogue on 5 rue Brunneval. The inhabitants of the commune are called Troyens. Troyes
468-558: The nearest department store, along major highways between metropolitan areas or in resort or recreational areas. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, outlet centers grew rapidly in the United States. A typical outlet center in the U.S. is opened with between 100,000 and 200,000 square feet (about 1 to 2 hectares) of retail space. This can gradually increase to 500,000 to 600,000 feet (around 5 hectares). The average outlet center has an area of 216,000 square feet. In 2003, outlet malls in
494-573: The ninth century, following depredations of the city by Normans , the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium . During the Middle Ages , Troyes functioned as an important international trading town. It
520-533: The production process, such as in the original L.L. Bean store. In modern usage, outlet stores are typically manufacturer-branded stores such as Gap or Bon Worth grouped together in outlet malls . The invention of the factory outlet store is often credited to Harold Alfond , founder of the Dexter Shoe Company . Outlets first appeared in the eastern United States in the 1930s. Factory stores started to offer damaged or excess goods to employees at
546-456: The retail field themselves and capture more of the profit associated with their brand names. Very few outlet centers were built within major cities, in order to minimize disruption to manufacturers' existing relationships with department stores and other chain stores which had traditionally sold their merchandise. To avoid "retaliation" against manufacturers from such retailers, outlet centers were often positioned at least 20 to 30 miles from
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#1732790987887572-518: Was Peter, called the 'Devourer', now I am devoured"). As a young man, Peter studied at the Troyes Cathedral school, where he might have come into contact with Peter Abelard . Sometime later, he was a student in Paris under, amongst others, Peter Lombard . By 1147, he was back in Troyes, having been appointed dean of Troyes Cathedral . By 1160, Peter had returned to Paris to teach, holding
598-573: Was a core text during the following centuries, even being a source, perhaps, for The Canterbury Tales . Many of Peter's works are still unpublished. Among his works are: Troyes Troyes ( French pronunciation: [tʁwa] ) is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 140 km (87 mi) south-east of Paris. Troyes
624-554: Was buried in the Abbey of Saint Victor . He may have retired and become a canon there, as he was celebrated thus by the canons in their necrology . Peter's most famous work was his Historia Scholastica : as Beryl Smalley called it, a 'great study of biblical history'. The Historia was completed by 1173, Peter having spent some time writing it at the Abbey of Saint Victor. Peter dedicated it to William, bishop of Sens . The Historia
650-512: Was the civitas of the Tricasses people, whom Augustus separated from the Senones . Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Roman Empire , some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct . By the late Empire the settlement had reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae , the origin of French Troyes . From
676-509: Was the namesake of troy weight for gold - a standard of measurement developed here. The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes. In 1285, when King Philip the Fair united Champagne to the French royal domain , the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John
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