The Senones or Senonii ( Gaulish : "the ancient ones") were an ancient Gallic tribe dwelling in the Seine basin, around present-day Sens , during the Iron Age and the Roman period .
20-1131: Part of the Senones settled in the Italian peninsula , where they ousted the Umbrians between Ariminum (modern-day Rimini) and Ancona . They are described in classical sources as the leaders of the Gallic war-band that captured Rome during the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC. They remained a constant threat until Rome eventually subjugated them in 283 BC, after which they disappeared from history. They are mentioned as Sḗnōnes (Σήνωνες) and Sḗnōnas (Σήνωνας) by Polybius (2nd c. BC), Senonii by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), Sénnōnes (Σέννωνες) by Diodorus Siculus (1st c. BC), Sénōnes (Σένωνες) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), Senones by Pliny (1st c. AD), Sénones (Σένονες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as Senones by Ammianus (4th c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym Senones
40-612: A Senonian named Drappes threatened the Provincia, but was captured and starved himself to death. From this time the Gallic Senones disappear from history. In later times, they were included in Gallia Lugdunensis . Their chief towns were Agedincum (later Senones, whence Sens ), Metiosedum [ fr ] ( Melun ; according to A. Holder, Meudon ), and Vellaunodunum (site uncertain). Their contact with
60-604: A battle under its walls. Rome sent ambassadors to the Gauls but they killed them. The praetor Caecilius was sent with an army to avenge their murder but he was killed by the Etruscans and Gauls, together with 7 military and many nobles. Finally P. Cornelius Dolabella drove them out of their territory in 283 BC. Nothing more was heard of them in Italy. It is possible that they joined with Gallic tribes who spread themselves throughout
80-589: A violation of the law of nations. The ensuing war resulted in the defeat of the Romans at the Battle of the Allia (390 BC) and the sacking of Rome. For more than 100 years the Senones were engaged in Roman-Gallic wars , until in 284 BC the Gauls besieged Arretium , the Etruscan town that had agreed a truce for 40 years with the Romans in 294 BC. The Romans went to the assistance of the town and were beaten in
100-558: Is generally interpreted as meaning 'the ancient ones', by deriving the name from the Proto-Celtic root *sen- ('old'; cf. Old Irish sen ; Middle Welsh hen 'old') extended by the suffix - on-es . Pierre-Yves Lambert has also proposed an etymology from the root * sen(H) -, meaning 'to gain, vanquish'. In ancient times, Servius compared the name to the Greek ξενός ('guest-friend, host, stranger'). The city of Sens , attested in
120-536: Is named after its capital Lugdunum (today's Lyon ), possibly Roman Europe's major city west of Italy, and a major imperial mint. Outside Lugdunum was the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls , where representatives met to celebrate the cult of Rome and Augustus. In De Bello Gallico describing his conquest of Gaul (58–50 BC), Julius Caesar distinguished between provincia nostra in the south of Gaul, which already
140-504: The Italic peninsula , Apennine peninsula , Italian boot , or mainland Italy , is a peninsula , within the Italian geographical region , extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City . It is nicknamed lo Stivale (the Boot), because
160-614: The Umbrians , settled on the east coast of Italy . Their territory spanned from Forlì to Ancona and Terni , in Picenum or what was later the Ager Gallicus . They founded the town at Senigallia , which became their capital and occupied northern Picenum . In 391 BC, under the chieftain Brennus , they invaded Etruria and besieged Clusium . The Clusines appealed to Rome for aid. The Romans provided support, which constituted
180-547: The 4th century AD as Senonas oppidum (' oppidum of the Senones'), is named after the Gallic tribe. The Senones of Gauls dwelled around their capital Agedincum (present-day Sens ). They joined Bellovesus 's migrations towards Italy ca. 600 BC, together with the Aeduii, Ambarri, Arverni, Aulerci, and Carnutes. In 400 BC, they crossed the Alps and invaded Italy as far as Rome which they plundered. They retreated and, driving out
200-665: The 5th century. What was left of the provinces effectively ceased to exist in AD 486/7 when the Roman general Syagrius , who controlled Secunda and Senonia, was defeated by the Franks. The cities and castra of the four provinces are listed in the late 4th-century Notitia Galliarum by their ethnic titles. The castrum of Mâcon is a later addition to the Notitia . They are listed here with their conventional short names (where different from
220-625: The Italian peninsula. From a political point of view, the Italian peninsula in the strict sense (therefore excluding insular Italy and northern Italy ) is divided into various states listed in the following table: Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Lugdunensis ( French : Gaule Lyonnaise ) was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France , part of the Celtic territory of Gaul formerly known as Celtica . It
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#1732765510402240-544: The Italic populations and the strong Etruscan influences created a two-way cultural osmosis indicating some integration with the native populations, sometimes by mixed marriages; for example the progressive Hellenisation of the Senones with the adoption of typical practices of the Italians such as the consumption of wine and the rite of the symposium , and the appearance of typical Celtic artefacts such as swords and scabbards of
260-709: The La Tène type in the Picene necropolises of Numana, Arcevia, Camerano and San Filippo di Osimo. Their presence in the Piceno area including the early period immediately after the defeat of the Senones and their allies is shown by tomb contents particularly funerary costumes, while the settlements have not been excavated. Italian Peninsula 42°00′N 14°00′E / 42.000°N 14.000°E / 42.000; 14.000 The Italian peninsula ( Italian : penisola italica or penisola italiana ), also known as
280-603: The lands of the Danube, Macedonia, and Asia Minor. Sena Gallica (currently Senigallia ) was made a Roman colony, named to distinguish it from Sena Julia (Siena) in Etruria. A branch of the Senones (or a different tribe of the same name) settling the district which now includes the departments of Seine-et-Marne , Loiret and Yonne from 53–51 BC were engaged in hostilities with Julius Caesar brought about by their expulsion of Cavarinus , whom he had appointed their king. In 51 BC,
300-757: The minimum extent of the Italian peninsula consists of the land south of a line extending from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines . It excludes the Po Valley and the southern slopes of the Alps . The Italian peninsula has the only active volcano on continental Europe , Mount Vesuvius . In general discourse, "Italy" and the "Italian peninsula" are often used as synonymous terms. However, northern Italy may be excluded from
320-467: The provinces again. Lugdunensis Senonia, with its capital at Sens , was split off from Prima, while Lugdunensis Tertia, with its capital at Tours , was separated from Secunda. According to the Notitia Dignitatum , Prima was governed by a consularis , while the other three were governed by a praeses . All the provinces were gradually overrun by invading Franks and Burgundians during
340-526: The shape of the peninsula resembles a high-heeled boot . Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur"). The backbone of the Italian peninsula consists of the Apennine Mountains , from which it takes one of its names. The peninsula comprises much of Italy and also includes the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City . Geographically,
360-697: Was a Roman province in his time, and the three other parts of Gaul: the territories of the Aquitani , of the Belgae , and of the Galli also known as the Celtae . The territory of the Galli extended from the rivers Seine and Marne in the north-east, which formed the boundary with Gallia Belgica , to the river Garonne in the south-west, which formed the border with Gallia Aquitania . Under Augustus , Gallia Lugdunensis
380-640: Was an imperial province, deemed important enough to be governed by an imperial legate . Under the Tetrarchy (AD 296), it was first divided into two, Lugdunensis Prima, with its capital at Lyon, and Lugdunensis Secunda, with its capital at Rouen . This division is recorded in the Verona List . Both new provinces belonged to the diocese of Galliae , alongside the Helvetic, Belgian and German provinces. Constantine I ( r. 306–337 AD ) divided
400-544: Was created by reducing in size the territory of the Galli: the portion between the river Loire and the Garonne was given to Gallia Aquitania, and central-eastern portions were given to the new province of Germania Superior . The map shows the extent after these reductions. The date of the creation of Gallia Lugdunensis is under discussion, whether between 27 and 25 BC or between 16 and 13 BC, during Augustus' visits to Gaul. It
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