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65-663: Fages was born in Guissona , Spain. In 1762 he entered the light infantry in Catalonia and joined Spain's invasion of Portugal during the Seven Years' War . In May 1767 Fages, commissioned as a lieutenant in the newly formed Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia , set sail from Cádiz along with a company of light infantry, voyaging to New Spain (Mexico). He and his men served under Domingo Elizondo in Sonora . In 1769, Fages

130-637: A Catholic mission in Monterey. After Portolá left California in 1770, captain Pedro Fages was in charge of the Presidio of Monterey , as the somewhat independent lieutenant-governor of California Nueva (New California) — which, in 1770, became part of Las Californias , and was later split from Baja California to become Alta California . In March 1770 Felipe de Barri , in Baja California,

195-632: A building planned to be a residence for the Bishop. In 1514, the works were interrupted. Its remains are located a kilometre away to the northeast, near the confluence of the Fluvià River and its tributary, the Sió River. The remaining architectonic elements were made in a late Gothic style. The building was constructed on a squared floor plan with a central courtyard . The Diocese of Urgell also founded an Augustinian monastery, transformed into

260-454: A cigarette. Heavy rains punctuated the winter and spring of 1770–1, but Fages permitted no let-up in the work. His soldiers had to trudge through mud to the forest to chop wood, then drag their mules out of the mud and head home. They had no chance to wash or mend their clothes during the six-day work week; Fages told them to do that on Sundays. On Sundays, they had to carry a week's supply of wood for Fages' kitchen and fetch their own water from

325-738: A collective term for Alta California and the Baja California peninsula . Originally a single, vast entity within the Spanish Empire , administration was split into Baja California ( Lower California ) and Alta California ( Upper California ) following the Mexican War of Independence . As a part of the Mexican–American War (1846–48), the Conquest of California saw the vast Alta California territory ceded from Mexico to

390-435: A consequence, the municipality accounts for the highest percentage of immigrant population registered in the whole province. The economy of Guissona is based on farming (plant crops, animal husbandry ) and the food processing industry. Guissona is the baseof Grup Alimentari Guissona , an industrial and financial conglomerate originally created as an agricultural marketing cooperative , that distributes and commercializes

455-525: A crew of sailors. After sailing nearly 200 miles (320 kilometers) beyond San Diego due to cartography errors, the San Carlos doubled back south. It finally arrived in San Diego Bay on April 29, with scurvy-ridden troops and crewmen. Upon recovering from the ill effects of the voyage, Fages set about carrying out the instructions of José de Gálvez . Along with Miguel Costansó , he reconnoitered

520-532: A few examples are found within the Iberian coin collection of the British Museum, include an unidentified Male head, to the right and to left a club and an inscription. The reverse depicts a Horseman with a palm to the right and an Iberian inscription reading ieso below. These date from the late 2nd to the early 1st century BC. The Romans conquered Iesso to transform it into a municipality . The town

585-476: A letter to padre Palóu, in which he reported: "[About] six months ago Eulalia suddenly called me one morning with a thousand protests, tears, and humility and asked my pardon for all the past. She voluntarily confessed that everything had been a pretense and falsehood and that she herself had bribed the Indian girl to take part in the plot… Thank God we are now living in union and harmony." The place Fages entered in

650-478: A missionary, to escort any woman, even the governor's wife. Instead, Palóu spent a whole day trying to dissuade Eulalia from going to Mexico, pointing out all the hardships the trip would entail. Eulalia finally relented and agreed to stay in Monterey. Apparently dissatisfied with that resolution, Fages threw bureaucratic obstacles in the way of Palóu boarding the ship that would carry him to Mexico, delaying Palóu's departure until November. In January 1787, Fages wrote

715-514: A new visitador , José de Gálvez , was dispatched from Spain with authority to organize and expand the fledgling province. The more ambitious province name, Las Californias , was established by a joint dispatch to the King from Viceroy de Croix and visitador José de Gálvez, dated January 28, 1768. Gálvez sought to make a distinction between the Antigua ('old') area of established settlement and

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780-487: A psychological portrait of Eulalia Callis in her mercurial relationship with her husband Pedro Fages. Bartlett also sets the tensions between Eulalia and Pedro within the complex interplay between Spanish military officers and Franciscan missionaries in Alta California. Pedro Fages appears as a minor character in the 1955 film Seven Cities of Gold , which presents a fanciful and historically inaccurate account of

845-587: A secular collegiate church in the 15th century. On 12 June 1837, there was a battle near the town fought by Carlist forces against the "Liberals" during the First Carlist War . The Carlist army commanded by the Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain was defeated by the Baron of Meer , general-in-chief of the military region of Catalonia. The Carlist army had previously left Navarre with

910-512: A series of quarrels, Eulalia broke off relations with Pedro. When Pedro seemed unfazed by the separation, Eulalia accused him of consorting with an Indian maidservant of their household. Threatening divorce, Eulalia left the house. In February 1785, Fages sought the advice of the friars at Mission Carmel . Friar Matías de Santa Catalina Noriega concluded that Eulalia still had the obligation to live with her husband and tried to persuade her to reunite with Pedro. Eulalia refused, and appealed her case to

975-637: A small cloak of rabbit or hare skin, which does not fall below the waist. The women wear a short apron of red and white cords twisted and worked as closely as possible, which extends to the knee. Others use the green and dry tule interwoven, and complete their outfit with a deerskin half tanned or entirely untanned, to make wretched underskirts which scarcely serve to indicate the distinction of sex, or to cover their nakedness with sufficient modesty. In November 1770, Fages led an expedition from Monterey by land to San Francisco Bay . Rather than follow Portolá's difficult trail around Monterey Bay to Santa Cruz and along

1040-419: Is a town and municipality located in the north of the comarca ( county ) of Segarra , in the province of Lleida , Catalonia , Spain. With 6,862 inhabitants (2015 census) Guissona (5,170 inhabitants in 2010) is the principal municipality in the northern half of Segarra and the second most populated in the county after Cervera (9,328 inhabitants in 2009). In addition to the populated place of Guissona,

1105-528: Is mentioned by the Roman authors Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy . During that period a defensive wall was built that surrounded a more extensive surface than the present historic center. The remains of the Roman period are numerous, notably, the Roman thermae of the city. The archeological site includes the water supply of the actual Medieval enclosure, the wells of the public fountain, a number of headstones (e.g.,

1170-527: The Carmel River some six miles away; clean their weapons; and pass inspection. This work regime lasted a year and a half. Fages' soldiers viewed him as a tyrant, until complaints by the soldiers persuaded padre president Junípero Serra to intervene. Serra told Fages that, as a Christian, he had to observe the sabbath and let his men rest on Sundays. The soldiers raped the Indian women and took them as concubines . At Serra's urging, Fages punished some of

1235-905: The Carmel mission in 1787, Fages described the area's Indians as the laziest, most brutish and least rational of all the natives discovered between San Diego and San Francisco. He reckoned those qualities — along with the foggy and windy climate, shortage of potable water, high death rate, and language barriers — accounted for the painfully slow progress of mission Carmel. Concerned over the shortage of skilled artisans in his domain, governor Fages proposed in 1787 that artisans imprisoned in Mexico City and Guadalajara have their sentences commuted to exile in California — provided they serve out their terms at presidios or missions and then stay on as settlers. New Spain's rulers did not act on Fages' proposal. Fages

1300-793: The Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia formed to suppress rebellions by Pima and Seri Indians of Sonora. In 1781, Eulalia and Pedro traveled to Arizpe , Sonora, where Eulalia gave birth to her first child, Pedrito. When Fages got reassigned to Alta California as governor in 1782, Eulalia and Pedrito remained in Sonora. Then they traveled to Baja California under military escort. Fages journeyed south to Loreto to pick them up. Departing Loreto in July, they arrived in Monterey in January 1783. In

1365-490: The Nueva ('new') unexplored areas to the north. At that time, almost the only explored and settled areas of the province were around the former Jesuit missions but, once exploration and settlement of the northern frontier began in earnest, the geographical designations Alta ('upper') and Baja ('lower') gained favor. The single province was divided in 1804, into Alta California province and Baja California province. By

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1430-559: The San Joaquin Valley is a California Historical Landmark number 291 signed on June 27, 1938. The spot is now on California State Route 166 , about 20 miles south of Bakersfield, California . The California Historical Landmark reads: The novel Mistress of Monterey: A Story of Lost Romance in Eighteenth Century California by Virginia Stivers Bartlett (1933, reprinted by Event Horizon Press) draws

1495-824: The Three Californias or the Two Californias , are a region of North America spanning the United States and Mexico , consisting of the U.S. state of California and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur . Historically, the term Californias was used to define the vast northwestern region of Spanish America , as the Province of the Californias ( Spanish : Provincia de las Californias ), and later as

1560-606: The 29th State of Mexico as Baja California . 1984 . Baja California Sur became a Mexican state. The Baja California Peninsula is bordered on three sides by water, the Pacific Ocean (south and west) and Gulf of California (east); while Alta California had the Pacific Ocean on the west and deserts on the east. A northern boundary was established by the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. That boundary line remains

1625-570: The 31st of the United States. 1853 . The Gadsden Purchase transferred addition territory from Mexico to the United States. 1853 . William Walker led a force that attempted to capture the Baja California Territory and Sonora to create an independent Republic of Sonora . Walker was defeated by Mexican forces led by Antonio Meléndrez . 1864 . Nevada became the 36th of the United States. 1876 . Colorado became

1690-504: The 38th of the United States. 1890 . Wyoming became the 44th of the United States. 1896 . Utah became the 45th of the United States. 1912 . New Mexico became the 47th of the United States. 1912 . Arizona became the 48th of the United States. 1931 . Baja California Territory was divided into the Territory of Baja California Norte and the Territory of Baja California Sur . 1952 . The Territory of Baja California Norte became

1755-541: The Carlist pretender of the crown, Carlos María Isidro de Borbón (the "Royal Expedition"). Pedro Fages Beleta ( Catalan : Pere Fages i Beleta ) (1734–1794), nicknamed El Oso (The Bear): soldier, explorer and the second military Governor of California Nueva (later known as Alta California ) from 1770 to 1774, and governor of Las Californias from 1782 to 1791. Las Californias The Californias ( Spanish : Las Californias ), occasionally known as

1820-473: The Kumeyaay as "lazy idlers," noted that "they have bestowed great affection upon Don Pedro Fages and they also respect him very much. They have invited him at various times to be with their women, an expression of friendship that the rest have not merited. " Costansó recounts a demonstration Fages arranged to prove the superiority of Spanish firearms. Armed with bows and arrows tipped with "very sharp flints,"

1885-514: The Kumeyaay men initially viewed the Spaniards' guns as "simple sticks." Fages ordered a leather target erected at a practical distance. The Indians fired their arrows, which had only a "mild effect" on the leather. Fages then ordered his best marksmen to shoot at the same target. "Upon hearing the noise and seeing the destruction so close at hand, the Indians changed their expressions and some of

1950-486: The Monterey presidio had been built, sending along a simplified map. Fages had also started a large vegetable garden with an irrigation supply, and three plots dedicated to growing wheat, barley, rice and beans. He described the Indians of the Monterey/Carmel area as having well-proportioned bodies but feeble spirits. He also described their dress: Nearly all of them go naked, except a few who cover themselves with

2015-729: The U.S. remained under military authority, pending creation of civilian government through territorial designation and/or statehood. Baja California in Mexico was established as the Baja California Territory after the War. It was split by the Congress into Northern and Southern territories. Seven new U.S. states were created entirely or partly from land formerly included in The Californias. 1850 . California became

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2080-704: The United States. The populated coastal region of the territory was admitted into the Union in 1850 as the State of California , while the vast, sparsely populated interior region would only later gain statehood as Nevada , Utah , and parts of New Mexico , Arizona , Wyoming , and Colorado . Today, Californias is a collective term to refer to the American and Mexican states bearing the name California , which share geography, history, cultures, and strong economic ties. There has been understandable confusion about use of

2145-526: The bishop. When Fages returned from a trip to Baja California — during which time Eulalia lived at mission Carmel — she finally agreed to move back into her husband's house. In August 1785, aging friar Francisco Palóu arrived at Monterey from mission Santa Clara , planning to return to Mexico and retire. Fages confided to Palóu that Eulalia still felt unhappy in his house and still wanted to return to Mexico. He asked Palóu to escort Eulalia as far as Guadalajara . Palóu objected that it would be improper for him,

2210-482: The coast, Fages found an easier route through present-day Salinas and the Santa Clara Valley (today's U.S. Route 101 ). Fages' new trail became the preferred route, and missions were later established along that road at Mission San Juan Bautista , Mission Santa Clara , and Mission San Jose . From the southern end of the bay, Fages pushed on another day to the farthest camp used by Portolá's scouts of

2275-454: The corn and meal. The soldiers supplemented their diet by gathering wild herbs and hunting geese on Sundays. They also traded what goods they had such as ponchos, knives, daggers, and handkerchiefs for food from the Indians. News of the soldiers' harsh treatment and poor conditions gradually reached Mexico, and Alta California became an undesirable assignment. In late June 1771, Fages wrote to viceroy Carlos de Croix in Mexico to inform him that

2340-470: The division but demoted the former provinces to territories, due to populations too small for statehood. In 1836, the designation Las Californias was revived, reuniting Alta and Baja California into a single departamento ( department ) as part of the conservative government reforms codified in the Siete Leyes (Seven Laws). The Seven Laws were repealed in 1847, during the Mexican–American War , and

2405-658: The east, Fages' group climbed the slopes of Mount Diablo and became the first Europeans to see the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta , the Central Valley of California and the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Seeing that it was impossible to cross the wide river without boats, the party looped around to return to San Jose through today's Contra Costa County (roughly following today's I-680 highway). Messengers from Monterey met

2470-678: The founding of Spanish California. Lieutenant Fages is played by Mexican actor Victor Junco . In the credits, Fages' name is misspelled as "Faces." Governor Fages and his wife make a brief appearance in the Isabel Allende novel Zorro . Pere Fages is the protagonist of the historical novel La última conquista (2005) by Ramón Vilaró and is a secondary character in Los acasos (2010) by Javier Pascual. [REDACTED] Media related to Pedro Fages at Wikimedia Commons Guissona Guissona ( Catalan pronunciation: [giˈsona] )

2535-637: The gravestone of Servilla Praepusa (2nd-3rd century AD ), a sculpture of a Roman horseman , and the necropolis located in the area of Cal Mines . Guissona probably housed the episcopal see until it was moved to La Seu d'Urgell as a consequence of the Muslim invasion of the area. In 975 AD the Christian Borrell II, Count of Barcelona conquered the town, although the Caliphate of Córdoba would conquer it back in 1015. By 1024, Guissona

2600-573: The huge and fearsome California grizzly bear . Fages himself joined the hunt, and earned his nickname El Oso ("the bear") while hunting bears near San Luis Obispo . Fages' first tenure as commander in Monterey ended in 1774, after he quarreled with Father Junípero Serra , president of the Alta California missions . He was replaced as lieutenant-governor by another veteran of the Portolá expedition, Fernando Rivera y Moncada . In 1777, Fages

2665-453: The more excessive incidents of sexual abuse, but it did not stop. The two men did not get along and Serra soon made plans to move the mission across the peninsula to Carmel. Weekly rations for the soldiers consisted of two gallons of corn, a pound of beans, a pound of pinole , half a pound of panocha , and four pounds of meat. The meat, delivered in barrels from the galleon San Antonio , often proved too putrid to eat. Weevils infested some of

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2730-464: The more timid ones left, giving very clear signs of their surprise and fear." On July 14, 1769, Fages set out from San Diego with a party of 74 men on the Portolá expedition to locate Monterey Bay . The party included Catalan volunteers, leather-jacketed soldiers, Christian Indians from Baja California, and friars Juan Crespí and Francisco Gómez, along with other military officers. During this time he

2795-475: The municipality integrates the smaller place of Guarda-si-venes (31 inhabitants in 2007). The municipality is split into two parts, the bigger eastern part containing almost all the population. In the last half century, the town has experienced an important economic development mainly due to meat production and the creation of a meat packing industry . Such development has run parallel to a fast demographic growth, from 3,060 inhabitants in 1998 to 6,145 in 2010. As

2860-704: The northern boundary of the U.S. states of California, Nevada, and the western part of Utah. Inland regions were mostly unexplored by the Spanish, leaving them generally outside the control of the colonial authorities. Mountain ranges of the Peninsular Ranges , eastern Transverse Ranges , and the Sierra Nevada , along with the arid Colorado Desert , Mojave Desert , and Great Basin Desert in their eastern rain shadows , served as natural barriers to Spanish settlement. The eastern border of upper Las Californias

2925-540: The nucleus of Loreto , first permanent settlement and first administrative center of the province. The Jesuits went on to found a total of 18 missions in the lower two-thirds of the Baja California Peninsula . In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the missions, and Franciscans were brought in to take over. Gaspar de Portolá was appointed governor to supervise the transition. At the same time,

2990-657: The only Spanish expeditions ever to use the trail. Pedro Fages returned to Monterey in 1777, appointed Governor of the Californias, replacing Felipe de Neve . Monterey replaced Loreto as the capital of the Californias in that year, the Loreto military governorship being replaced by a presidio commander and a civil administrator. In 1804, Las Californias was officially split into Alta California and Baja California . During Fages' second tenure as governor, two missions were founded: Mission Santa Barbara (December 4, 1786) and La Purisima Mission (December 8, 1787). Reporting on

3055-472: The opening ceremony was in 1800. The final work would be a mixture of different phases of Baroque (altars, organ , choir stalls ) and Neoclassical styles. During the Spanish Civil War , the organ and all the retables were destroyed. In 1505, the construction started of Obra de Fluvià (or alternatively called Obra de santa Llúcia ) in an estate previously acquired by the Bishop of Urgell,

3120-409: The party during its return, informing Fages and Crespí of an emergency. The other Spanish colony, at San Diego, was suffering from severe food shortages. Crespí immediately set out with a pack train to deliver food, but this left Monterey also suffering. The Spaniards had not so far had much luck as hunters in California but, in desperation, Fages ordered that the soldiers set out in small parties to hunt

3185-413: The plural Californias by Spanish colonial authorities. California historian Theodore Hittell offered the following explanation: In very early times, while the country was supposed to be an island or rather several islands, it was commonly known by the plural appellation of "Las Californias" (The Californias). Afterwards, when its peninsular character was ascertained, it was called simply California; but

3250-541: The port and inland areas of San Diego, exploring especially today's Mission Valley . In his letter reporting to Gálvez, Fages observed of the local Kumeyaay Indians : "…They appear to be docile and alert. We have made very good friends with them and we are never lacking some little rabbits, hares, and fish that they bring to us. We give them some glass beads. But they value very highly any kind of cloth — no matter how poor it might be — since in exchange for some that I had, I received some furs and nets." Costansó, while branding

3315-557: The pregnant señora gobernadora , feigned ignorance of governor Fages' insistent requests. They referred the matter to Serra, who seconded their circumspect posture. So Eulalia's second child, María del Carmen, was born in San Francisco in August 1784. After Eulalia returned to Monterey from San Francisco, she kept pressing her husband to give up his career in California and return to Mexico. Fages wanted to stay on as governor. After

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3380-427: The previous year, at San Lorenzo Creek in modern Hayward, on the eastern shore of the bay. From there, scouts ranged a few miles farther north, to a point where the view opened up, and they became the first Europeans to see the entrance to the great bay (although from the opposite side of the bay), a vantage on the slopes above the bay in modern Oakland . Fages set out north from Monterey again in 1772. The expedition

3445-566: The products of the area in its own chain stores. A table with the total population registered in Guissona in different years since 1497: The first settlement known is the Iberian town of Iesso dating back to the early Iron Age (8th-9th century BC ). Iesso was located in the Northern area of the present town ( Plaça del Vell Pla ). The coinage minted by the Iberian settlement, of which

3510-490: The same time the old plural name of The Californias was revived, but with a more definite signification than before. The first attempted Spanish occupation of California was by the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino , in 1683. His Misión San Bruno failed, however, and it was not until 1697 that Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó was successfully established by another Jesuit, Juan María de Salvatierra . The mission became

3575-514: The split of the two Californias was restored. Following Mexico's defeat in the war, most of the former Alta California territory was ceded on 2 February 1848 to the United States, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The new Mexico–United States border was established slightly to the north of the previous Alta-Baja border, and the terms Las Californias and Alta California were no longer formally used. The areas acquired by

3640-419: The spring of 1784 Pedro and Eulalia, now pregnant, traveled north — Eulalia being carried in a litter — to San Francisco. There they met up with padre president Junípero Serra. Eulalia found the weather in San Francisco unpleasant and wanted to move to Santa Clara . Fages repeatedly asked the friars running mission Santa Clara to grant Eulalia hospitality there. The friars, feeling it improper for them to host

3705-416: The territory so designated was unlimited in extent. When the expeditions for the settlement of San Diego and Monterey marched, it was understood that they were going, not out of California, but into a new part of it. The peninsula then began to be generally spoken of as Antigua or Old California and the unlimited remainder as Nueva or New California, subsequently more commonly called Alta or Upper California. At

3770-590: The time of the 1804 split, the Alta province had expanded to include coastal areas as far north as what is now the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. state of California . Expansion came through exploration and colonization expeditions led by Portolá (1769), his successor Pedro Fages (1770), Juan Bautista de Anza (1774–76), the Franciscan missionaries and others. Independent Mexico retained

3835-539: Was accompanied again by friar Juan Crespí, who kept a daily journal. From his 1770 trail to the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, Fages pushed on past his previous stopping point, seeing for himself the entrance to San Francisco Bay, now known as the Golden Gate . The party continued north along San Pablo Bay but was prevented from going farther north by the Carquinez Strait . Following the bay around to

3900-407: Was made governor of both Baja and Alta California (1770–75). But, since Monterey was far away, Fages had free rein to run Alta California as acting governor. Taking charge of constructing the Spanish presidio (fort) in Monterey, Fages imposed strict discipline on his soldier-laborers. He decided the amount of work they had to do in a certain time, harshly punishing soldiers caught resting or rolling

3965-647: Was posted to Sonora to fight the Apaches , where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1781 he successfully quelled the Quechan (Yuma) Indian revolt and temporarily reopened the Colorado River crossing of the Anza trail at Yuma, Arizona . The Quechan successfully re-closed the trail for the next 50+ years after Fages and his troops departed, ensuring that the two journeys led by Juan Bautista de Anza were

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4030-556: Was promoted to captain. Although the party failed to recognize Monterey Bay as they passed it, they explored all the way up the coast to San Francisco. The 74 men returned exhausted to San Diego on January 24, 1770, having had to slaughter and eat their mules on the return trek south. In the spring of 1770, Fages joined the second overland Portolá expedition from San Diego to Monterey , along with friar Juan Crespí , twelve Catalan volunteers, seven leather-jacketed soldiers, two muleteers , and five Baja Christian Indians — aiming to establish

4095-421: Was promoted to colonel in 1789, and resigned his governorship in 1791. Pedro Fages moved back to Mexico City , where he died in 1794. Fages married Eulalia Francesca Josepha Callis on June 3, 1780, in Mexico City. Born October 4, 1758, in Barcelona, Spain , Eulalia was a full generation younger than Pedro Fages. She journeyed to Mexico City with her mother and brother to join her father Agustín Callis, captain of

4160-417: Was recaptured and a rechristianization was instituted by Ermengol , bishop of Urgell. In 1072, the Count Ermengol IV of Urgell started the construction of a Romanesque church named Església de Santa Maria de Guissona (Church of Saint Mary of Guissona). Several centuries later, the church was knocked down to build the new church. The construction of the church extended along the 17th and 18th centuries,

4225-555: Was selected by visitador ( Inspector general ) José de Gálvez to lead a detachment of soldiers on one of the ships of the Gaspar de Portolá-led expedition to found San Diego , California. Lieutenant Fages sailed from Guaymas to the Baja California port of La Paz . On January 9, 1769, he boarded the galleon San Carlos , captained by Vicente Vila and bound for San Diego. Also on board were Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó , surgeon Pedro Prat, and 25 soldiers under Fages' command along with

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