Pehuenche (or Pewenche ) are an indigenous people of South America . They live in the Andes , primarily in present-day south central Chile and adjacent Argentina . Their name derives from their dependence for food on the seeds of the Araucaria araucana or monkey-puzzle tree ( pehuen or pewen in Mapudungun ). In the 16th century, the Pehuenche lived in the mountainous territory from approximately 34 degrees to 40 degrees south. Later they became Araucanized and partially merged with the Mapuche peoples. In the 21st century, they still retain some of their ancestral lands.
22-715: Pehuenche groups participated in various armed conflicts in the 17th and 18th centuries, usually by "descending" from the mountains to the western lowlands of Chile. As such they attacked the Spanish around Maule River in 1657 , the Mapuche in January 1767 , and the Spanish of Isla del Laja on late 1769. In the 1860s amidst the Chilean invasion of Araucanía the Pehuenche declared themselves neutral. The Pehuenche chief Pichiñán
44-400: A new river, to be given its own name, perhaps one already known to the people who live upon its banks. Conversely, explorers approaching a new land from the sea encounter its rivers at their mouths, where they name them on their charts, then, following a river upstream, encounter each tributary as a forking of the stream to the right and to the left, which then appear on their charts as such; or
66-400: A river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. Distributaries are most often found in river deltas . Right tributary , or right-bank tributary , and left tributary , or left-bank tributary , describe the orientation of the tributary relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, that is, facing
88-449: Is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream ( main stem or "parent" ), river, or a lake . A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean . Tributaries, and the main stem river into which they flow, drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater , leading the water out into an ocean. The Irtysh is a chief tributary of the Ob river and
110-411: Is also the longest tributary river in the world with a length of 4,248 km (2,640 mi). The Madeira River is the largest tributary river by volume in the world with an average discharge of 31,200 m /s (1.1 million cu ft/s). A confluence , where two or more bodies of water meet, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary ,
132-562: Is one of the most important rivers of Chile . It is inextricably linked to the country's pre-Hispanic ( Inca ) times, the country's conquest, colonial period, wars of Independence , modern history , agriculture ( wine , traditional crops), culture ( literature , poetry , folklore ), religion, economy and politics. The Maule River marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire. Many famous men and women in Chile's history have been born in
154-560: Is reported to have spoken against the Moluches , who wanted war, claiming that they engaged in robbery and received for that just punishments by Chileans. Historian José Bengoa claims Pehuenche neutrality was indebted to the fact that their lands in the Andes were not subject to colonization. However the encroaching Argentine and Chilean advances was such that in March 1881 Pehuenches assaulted
176-617: The Maule Region , to which "the river of the fogs" has given its name, is quite staggering. Many Latin American stories have had the river as the main background or protagonist. Several anthologies, author's dictionaries and essays have given vivid accounts of the vast cultural wealth of the region around river Maule. 35°19′00″S 72°24′30″W / 35.31667°S 72.40833°W / -35.31667; -72.40833 Tributary A tributary , or an affluent ,
198-774: The Region named after the river. The river has also lent its name to one of the viticultural regions of the country (also known as appellations ), the Valley of Maule , a subregion of the Central Valley . The river is 240 km long and its basin covers around 20,600 km . Thirty percent of the basin is located in the Andean range. It is born in Laguna del Maule in Talca Province , at an altitude of 2,200 mt in
220-638: The Argentine outpost of Chos Malal killing the whole garrison of 25–30 soldiers. A Spanish writer first described the Pehuenche in 1558: These people do not sow. The sustain themselves by hunting in the valleys they occupy. There are many guanacos , jaguars , cougars , foxes , small deer , and mountain cats and birds of many species. They use bows and arrows for hunting. Their houses are four poles covered with skins. They move from place to place and have no permanent habitation...Their clothes are blankets made of animal skins. That writer did not mention
242-502: The Kingdom of Chile (1787) that the language and religion of the Pehuenche were similar to those of other Mapuche, but he described their dress as distinct. The men wore skirts rather than trousers, as well as earrings and mantillas . Molina described them as nomadic ("vagabond" in his words) and the most industrious and laborious among "all the savages". Maule River The Maule river or Río Maule ( Mapudungun : rainy )
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#1732772636416264-896: The Maule is dammed into the Colbún dam lake that feeds the hydroelectric power station of the same name. Further on, the Maule is joined by the Claro (another river named Claro) and the Loncomilla . The latter flows from the south and receives several tributaries: the Putagán , the Achibueno - Ancoa system, the Perquilauquén , the Purapel and the Cauquenes . In its lower reaches,
286-421: The direction the water current of the main stem is going. In a navigational context, if one were floating on a raft or other vessel in the main stream, this would be the side the tributary enters from as one floats past; alternately, if one were floating down the tributary, the main stream meets it on the opposite bank of the tributary. This information may be used to avoid turbulent water by moving towards
308-451: The handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream. For instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. These naming conventions are reflective of the circumstances of a particular river's identification and charting: people living along the banks of a river, with a name known to them, may then float down the river in exploration, and each tributary joining it as they pass by appears as
330-461: The human population in this region, this endangered tree has a more restricted range that still includes some of the northern portion of the Maule Region. The Maule has been considered as Chile's literary river par excellence . The number of poets , writers, historians, orators , playwrights , journalists as well as composers and folk musicians that have been born or have settled in
352-469: The opposite bank before approaching the confluence. An early tributary is a tributary that joins the main stem river closer to its source than its mouth, that is, before the river's midpoint ; a late tributary joins the main stem further downstream, closer to its mouth than to its source, that is, after the midpoint. In the United States, where tributaries sometimes have the same name as
374-690: The primary food source of the Pehuenche: the harvest of the seeds of the monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana), locally called Pehuen. The Pehuenche adopted horse meat into their diet after feral horses of Spanish origin reached the eastern foothills of the Andes. These herds had developed in the humid pampa , after the Spanish abandoned Buenos Aires the second time in 1541. At first, the Pehuenche hunted horses as any other game, but later they began to raise horses for meat and transport. To preserve horse meat, they sun-dried it to make charqui ("jerky"). Juan Ignacio Molina wrote in his Civic History of
396-666: The river into which they feed, they are called forks . These are typically designated by compass direction. For example, the American River in California receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago River 's North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork; the South Branch has its South Fork, and used to have a West Fork as well (now filled in). Forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here,
418-655: The river receives only one modest tributary , the Estero de los Puercos and, after flowing for nearly 250 kilometers, the Maule ends at the Pacific Ocean , north of the city of Constitución . The Maule River basin contains a number of significant flora and fauna of Chile . Historically the Chilean Wine Palm , Jubaea chilensis , was present in the Maule River basin; however, due to expansion of
440-418: The smaller stream designated the little fork, the larger either retaining its name unmodified, or receives the designation big . Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river and ending with those nearest to the mouth of the river . The Strahler stream order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third and higher orders, with
462-432: The streams are seen to diverge by the cardinal direction (north, south, east, or west) in which they proceed upstream, sometimes a third stream entering between two others is designated the middle fork; or the streams are distinguished by the relative height of one to the other, as one stream descending over a cataract into another becomes the upper fork, and the one it descends into, the lower ; or by relative volume:
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#1732772636416484-601: The vicinity of the border with Argentina . From that point the rivers flows westwardly and is soon joined on its left bank by one of its main tributaries , the Melado River , which is born in Laguna Dial, in Linares Province . Further on, and still in its upper course, the Maule is joined, this time on its right bank by rivers Colorado, Claro, Puelche and Cipreses. Before arriving at the central valley ,
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