Pei Songzhi (372–451), courtesy name Shiqi , was a Chinese historian and politician who lived in the late Eastern Jin dynasty and the Liu Song dynasty . His ancestral home was in Wenxi County , Shanxi , but he moved to the Jiangnan region later. He is best known for making annotations to the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ) written by Chen Shou in the third century, providing additional details omitted from the original work. His commentary, completed in 429, became integral to later editions of the Sanguozhi , making the joint work three times as long as the original. His son, Pei Yin (裴駰), and great-grandson Pei Ziye (裴子野), were also well-known historians.
22-586: Pei was born in a family of officials who served in the Eastern Jin government. His grandfather, Pei Mei (裴昧), served as a Household Counsellor (光祿大夫) while his father, Pei Gui (裴珪), was a zheng yuanwailang (正員外郎). Pei was fond of reading since his childhood, and he was already very familiar with classic texts such as the Analects of Confucius and the Classic of Poetry at the age of eight. In 391, during
44-628: A xianma (洗馬) to assist the heir apparent of his dukedom. Liu Yu usurped the throne in 420 and ended the Eastern Jin dynasty. He founded the Liu Song dynasty and became historically known as "Emperor Wu of (Liu) Song". Pei took up various appointments in the Liu Song government, including Secretary of the Interior (內史) of Lingling , State Academician (國子博士) and rongcong puye (冗從僕射). In 426, Emperor Wu's son, Emperor Wen , sent officials to inspect
66-430: A counterattack against Su. They invited Tao to join them, and Tao, initially refusing because of his residual anger against Yu, eventually accepted, but as Tao's forces were about to arrive, a rumor spread that Tao was going to kill Yu. Yu, hearing the rumor, decided to greet Tao and prostrate himself, apologizing for his errors. Tao's anger dissipated, and they joined forces, killing Su in battle in late 328 and defeating
88-425: A major attack north against Later Zhao . After opposing from Xi and Cai Mo , however, Emperor Cheng ordered Yu to stop his plans. After Wang died later that year, however, the government became in control of Wang's assistant He Chong and Yu Liang's brother Yu Bing , and Yu Liang resumed his battle preparations. This drew a response from Later Zhao's emperor Shi Hu , who attacked several major cities and bases on
110-412: Is a great-grandson of the powerful Jin regent Yu Liang . Pei Songzhi's father is Pei Gui (裴圭), son of Pei Mei (裴昧). Pei Mei's great-grandfather is Pei Kang (裴康). Pei Kang, along with his older brother Pei Li (裴黎), and younger brothers Pei Kai (裴楷) and Pei Chuo (裴绰) were famous during their time and were known as the "4 Peis". Analects of Confucius Too Many Requests If you report this error to
132-547: The Jin dynasty who impressed many with his knowledge but whose inability to tolerate dissent and overly high evaluation of his own abilities led to the disastrous revolt of Su Jun , weakening Jin's military capability for years. When Yu Liang was young, he was known for his skills in rhetoric and knowledge in the Taoist philosophies of Laozi and Zhuang Zhou . When he was just 15, he was invited by Emperor Huai 's regent Sima Yue
154-524: The Administrator of Xinye , but Pei considered the dangers of joining his uncle and refused to move there. War broke out between the warlords later and Yu Kai was killed by Huan Xuan. Pei survived because he did not join Yu Kai. In the early fifth century, Pei served as a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎侍郎) and later as the prefect (縣令) of Guzhang County . He was recalled to the imperial court later and
176-710: The Prince of Donghai to be on his staff, but he declined, instead staying in Kuaiji Commandery (the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay ) with his father Yu Chen (庾琛), the governor of Kuaiji . After Sima Rui the Prince of Langye was posted to Jianye as the military commander of the area south of the Yangtze in 307, he invited Yu Liang to serve on his staff, and during that time, he became impressed by Yu's abilities and solemn attitude, and he took Yu Liang's younger sister Yu Wenjun to be his son Sima Shao 's wife. It
198-516: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 905991828 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:41:15 GMT Yu Liang Yu Liang (庾亮; 289 – 14 February 340 ), courtesy name Yuangui (元規), formally Marquess Wenkang of Duting (都亭文康侯), was a Chinese military general and politician of
220-473: The age of 65 in 437. However, not long later, he was recalled back to the imperial court, and he served as Attendant Counsellor (中散大夫), State Academician (國子博士), and Palace Counsellor (太中大夫). He died of illness at the age of 80 (by East Asian reckoning) in 451. Emperor Wen of the Liu Song dynasty felt that the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ) , written by Chen Shou in
242-546: The generals Tao Kan and Zu Yue – neither of whom was mentioned in the list of honors and promotions announced by Emperor Ming's will and believed that Yu had erased their names from the will – and Su Jun, who had allowed many criminals to join his army. In 326, he alienated public opinion by falsely accusing Sima Yang's brother Sima Zong (司馬宗) the Prince of Nandun of treason and killing him and deposing Sima Yang. In 327, apprehensive of Su's ambitions, Yu became intent on stripping him of his military command, and he promoted Su to
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#1732783275069264-614: The original. Emperor Wen praised his work as "immortal". Apart from making annotations to the Sanguozhi , Pei also wrote other books such as the Jin Ji (晉紀; History of Jin ), Pei Shi Jiazhuan (裴氏家傳; Pei Family Biographies ), and Ji Zhu Sang Fu Jing Zhuan (集注喪服經傳). Pei Songzhi is a member of the Pei clan of Hedong (河东裴氏). His son is Pei Yin, father of Pei Zhaoming (裴昭明; fl. 460 - 502), father of Pei Ziye. Through his mother, Pei Songzhi
286-555: The post of minister of agriculture in order to do so. Su refused and rebelled, in alliance with Zu. Yu, initially believing that he could defeat Su easily, declined assistance from provincial officials, including Wen's Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi ) forces, but instead Su quickly descended on the capital Jiankang (name changed from Jianye due to naming taboo of Emperor Min's name) and captured it in early 328, taking Emperor Cheng and Empress Dowager Yu and forcing Yu Liang to flee to Wen. Yu and Wen quickly prepared their forces for
308-475: The reign of Emperor Xiaowu , Pei became a Palace General (殿中將軍) at the age of 20. In 398, during the reign of Emperor An , Pei's maternal uncle, Yu Kai (庾楷), who was the Governor of Yu Province , allied with Wang Gong (王恭), the Governor of Yan and Qing provinces, to attack the imperial capital, Jiankang . They were defeated. Yu Kai fled to join the warlord Huan Xuan , after which he nominated Pei to be
330-410: The remnants of his forces in early 329. Initially, Yu tendered many resignations to the emperor, his nephew. Wang Dao, as regent, turned those resignations down in the emperor's name and but instead commissioned Yu as the governor of Yu Province (豫州, by that point referring to modern central Anhui ). After Tao's death in 334, Yu succeeded him as the governor of Jing (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan ); he
352-409: The third century, was too brief, so he commissioned Pei to make annotations to the text. Pei collected various sources, including those previously rejected by Chen Shou, and added them to the Sanguozhi , while making annotations and adding his personal commentary as well. His commentary , completed in 429, became integral to later editions of the Sanguozhi , making the joint work three times as long as
374-530: The various provinces. Pei was sent to inspect Xiangzhou (湘州). After returning from his trip, Pei drafted 24 clauses based on his observations. He was promoted to Palace Gentleman Writer (中書侍郎) and Grand Judge (大中正) of Si and Ji provinces, and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xi District (西鄉侯). In his later years, Pei served as the Administrator of Yongjia (永嘉太守), tongzhi sanqi changshi (通直散騎常侍), and Administrator of South Langya (南琅邪太守). Pei retired from service at
396-497: The warlord Wang Dun 's forces in 324. However, Yu declined all monetary awards and the title of the Duke of Yongchang. As Emperor Ming neared death in 325, he entrusted his four-year-old son Crown Prince Yan , by Yu Liang's sister Empress Yu, to a number of high-level officials, including Yu, Sima Yang (司馬羕) the Prince of Xiyang, Wang Dao , Bian Kun (卞壼), Xi Jian , Lu Ye (陸瞱), and Wen Jiao. Initially, after he died later that year and
418-522: Was posted to Wuchang (武昌, modern Ezhou , Hubei ), Yu, and Jiang Provinces and the military commander of the western provinces. Even though he was not in control of the government, he continued to have great influence from his post as the emperor's uncle. In 338, angry at what he saw as Wang's overly lenient attitude and not sufficiently grooming Emperor Cheng to rule, Yu tried to convince Xi to join him in an effort to depose Wang, but Xi refused, and Yu never carried out his plans. Instead, in 339, he planned
440-572: Was promoted to shangshu ci bu lang (尚書祠部郎; a ceremonial official). In 416, the Jin imperial court ordered Liu Yu , the Duke of Song, to lead a campaign against the state of Later Qin . Pei was serving as a registrar (主簿) then when he was ordered to join Liu Yu's army. Liu Yu was very impressed with Pei and praised him as a talented person, and then appointed him as zhizhong congshi shi (治中從事史). After Liu Yu's forces occupied Luoyang , Liu Yu appointed Pei as
462-456: Was succeeded by Crown Prince Yan (as Emperor Cheng), the officials were in charge together, but as Empress Dowager Yu became regent, Yu Liang became effectively the most powerful official in the administration. He changed from the lenient policies of Wang (who was prime minister during Emperor Ming's reign) to stricter applications of laws and regulations, which offended the officials accustomed to Wang's lenience. Further, he became apprehensive of
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#1732783275069484-580: Was while in Sima Rui's service that Yu was created the Marquess of Duting. Later, after Sima Rui claimed the imperial title after Emperor Min 's death in 318 (as Emperor Yuan), Yu, along with Wen Jiao , were friends and key advisors of Sima Shao, who became crown prince . After Emperor Yuan's death and succession by Crown Prince Shao (as Emperor Ming), Yu continued to be a key advisor, and was heavily involved in his planning against and subsequent defeat of
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