34-639: Pelorus Sound ( Māori : Te Hoiere ; officially Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere ) is the largest of the sounds which make up the Marlborough Sounds at the north of the South Island, New Zealand. The Marlborough Sounds is a system of drowned river valleys , which were formed after the last ice age around 10,000 years ago. Pelorus Sound has a main channel which winds south from Cook Strait for about 55 kilometres (34 mi), between steeply sloped wooded hills, until it reaches its head close to
68-564: A pycnocline , between the brackish near-surface water and the denser water below supports internal wave motion. Waves on the pycnocline, called internal waves , are ubiquitous in Pelorus Sound. They propagate at 1 metre per second (3.3 ft/s) and involve vertical displacements of the pycnocline through 5 metres (16 ft). They are often generated by the tide, in which case they are called internal tides . They play an important part in driving flow and horizontal exchange in bays off
102-416: A sound is a smaller body of water usually connected to a sea or an ocean. A sound may be an inlet that is deeper than a bight and wider than a fjord ; or a narrow sea channel or an ocean channel between two land masses, such as a strait ; or also a lagoon between a barrier island and the mainland. A sound is often formed by the seas flooding a river valley . This produces a long inlet where
136-510: A coal hulk in 1922, and in 1953 was towed into St Omer Bay in Kenepuru Sound , an arm of Pelorus Sound. It was used there as a store hulk and jetty. Reported broken up in 1955, her remains lie on the beach in the southern end of the bay. In August 2014, the name of the sound was officially altered to Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere. Over 80 percent of New Zealand's aquaculture exports - worth more than $ NZ 200 million per annum - come from
170-532: A descendant of Kupe , came to the South Island in his waka Te Hoiere . In 1642, Abel Tasman sailed past D'Urville Island . French and Russian explorers followed and in the 1770s Captain James Cook arrived. In 1838, Philip Chetwode in command of the Cruizer -class brig-sloop , HMS Pelorus , carried out the first survey of Pelorus Sound. The sound was named in honour of this survey. A pelorus
204-468: A flood event they can be much larger. Fresh water layers have been observed to spread through the Sound at 0.9 metres per second (3.0 ft/s). After each flood event, the freshwater is slowly flushed out of the sound, with a flushing time estimated to be 21 days. The tidal regime at the entrance to Pelorus Sound is typical of New Zealand coastal locations, i.e. there is a semi-diurnal tide modulated on
238-686: A method for growing the sponge on an existing mussel farm. Trial mussel farms began in the Marlborough Sounds in the late 1960s. In the Pelorus Sound waters, mussel farms started in Kenepuru Sound and in Crail Bay. Subsequently, Pelorus has become the major mussel-producing area in New Zealand. Initially, the mussels were cultured on ropes suspended from rafts. It was a labour-intensive method which has since been replaced with
272-474: A modified Japanese longline system, where mussel spat is packed into stockings and suspended from parallel rows of looped ropes, supported by buoys . In 1981 the first specially designed mussel-processing factory started operations at Havelock, at the head of the sounds. Havelock has become the main centre for landing harvested mussels, with other smaller processing plants at French Pass , Elaine Bay, Okiwi Bay and Rai Valley . People are needed to manage and work
306-412: A sea level time series, July 1997 – February 1998, at Pelorus Sound entrance.) The propagation of this tidal signal into Pelorus Sound has not been well described, but models and measurements both suggest that the tidal range within the sound is somewhat larger (by 10–20%) than at the entrance. Because the sound is long, and in places narrow, the tidal currents are fairly strong. A further factor affecting
340-479: A sound that often has steep, near vertical sides that extend deep underwater. The sea floor is often flat and deeper at the landward end than the seaward end, due to glacial moraine deposits. This type of sound is more properly termed a fjord (or fiord). The sounds in Fiordland , New Zealand, have been formed this way. A sound generally connotes a protected anchorage. It can be part of most large islands. In
374-542: A spring-neap cycle, generated by the superposition of M2 (lunar, semi-diurnal) and S2 (solar, semi-diurnal) tidal constituents. Other tidal constituents, notably N2 (semi-diurnal, generated by the ellipticity of the Moon's orbit), introduce further modulation, meaning that the spring-neap cycle is not exactly repeated. The tidal range varies between 1.0 and 1.3 metres (3.3 and 4.3 ft) at neap and 2.1 and 2.4 metres (6.9 and 7.9 ft) at spring. (These values are calculated from
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#1732780275013408-638: Is derived from the Anglo-Saxon or Old Norse word sund , which also means " swimming ". The word sund is also documented in Old Norse and Old English as meaning "gap" (or "narrow access"). This suggests a relation to verbs meaning "to separate", such as absondern and aussondern ( German ), söndra ( Swedish ), sondre ( Norwegian ), as well as the English noun sin , German Sünde ("apart from God's law"), and Swedish synd . English has also
442-691: Is likely to expand in future years into the Cook Strait. Since the 1970s, large areas of exotic ( pine ) forest have been planted around the sounds. Bulk timber is exported from a deep-water berth in Shakespeare Bay to the west of Picton . The indigenous people of New Zealand are the Māori . The local iwi , Ngāti Kuia , Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Toa have engaged in marine farming with the aim of supplying better employment for their people. They are concerned about protecting their sacred sites, and about
476-659: Is the main waterway between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea . It is also a colloquial short name, among others, for Plymouth Sound , England . In areas explored by the British in the late 18th century, particularly the northwest coast of North America, the term "sound" was applied to inlets containing large islands, such as Howe Sound in British Columbia and Puget Sound in the U.S. state of Washington . It
510-626: The Havelock township. Pelorus has several major arms, notably Tennyson Inlet , Tawhitinui Reach, Kenepuru Sound and the Crail/Clova/Beatrix Bay complex. Its shoreline runs for 380 kilometres (240 mi). Industry in Pelorus Sounds is based around marine farming , pine forestry and some tourism. Private holiday homes are becoming more common. Most of the settled places are hard to reach overland, and are serviced by
544-579: The Pelorus Express , a mail boat which does three different weekly runs from Havelock. Maud Island , also called Te Hoiere in the Māori language , is a 310-hectare (770-acre) island in the Pelorus Sounds. It is an important nature reserve to which only scientists and conservationists have access. The local iwi (tribe) of the indigenous people of New Zealand is the Ngāti Kuia . According to Ngāti Kuia oral tradition , their founding father,
578-450: The Marlborough Sounds. Most of the marine farms are in Pelorus Sound. Most of the exports involve green-lipped mussels . A New Zealand sea sponge , Mycale hentscheli , which grows in Pelorus Sound, may hold the key to an anti-cancer drug. Scientists are working to see how peloruside, a substance produced by the sponges, might be used as a cancer-fighting drug. Marine farmers are helping Victoria University of Wellington and NIWA develop
612-530: The adjective "asunder" and the noun "sundry', and Swedish has the adjective sönder ("broken"). In Swedish and in both Norwegian languages , "sund" is the general term for any strait. In Danish, Swedish and Nynorsk , it is even part of names worldwide, such as in Swedish "Berings sund" and "Gibraltar sund", and in Nynorsk "Beringsundet" and "Gibraltarsundet". In German "Sund" is mainly used for place names in
646-458: The body of Pelorus Jack decomposing on the shore. During World War II , coastal fortifications were constructed on Maud Island to protect Cook Strait , and the entrance to the sound. These fortifications included a 6in Mk 7 gun emplacement, and range finding equipment that is still there. In 1906, New Zealand purchased its first naval ship, a sail training ship called NZS Amokura . It became
680-676: The eastern shores of the Bronx , Westchester County , and southern Connecticut . Similarly, in North Carolina , a number of large lagoons lie between the mainland and its barrier beaches, the Outer Banks . These include Pamlico Sound , Albemarle Sound , Bogue Sound , and several others. The Mississippi Sound separates the Gulf of Mexico from the mainland, along much of the gulf coasts of Alabama and Mississippi . The term sound
714-647: The environmental effects of industrial scale marine farming. They have objected to some development projects, such as a mussel farm in an area where their people are starting to return to the land, and a proposed harbour development at Havelock, where the local dump was located near sites and a waterway sacred to Ngati Kuia. Māori groups are becoming better resourced through settlements and income from fisheries quotas. They are more active at looking after their interests. Community tensions have increased, with some interests feeling Māori hold up development. There have been several hydrographic studies in Pelorus Sound. These show
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#1732780275013748-527: The farms, and to harvest and transport the mussels to the processing plants. As a result, the mussel-farming industry has become closely linked to several local communities. Heavy rain can result in high sediment-levels in rivers and land runoff , and can contain bacterial contamination from livestock. This can result in mussel-farming areas being closed to harvesting. Applications to increase mussel farms in Admiralty Bay have been successfully opposed on
782-523: The first dolphin in the world to receive the protection of the law. Pelorus Jack would accompany boats to and from the notorious French Pass. He would join boats bound for Nelson at the entrance to Pelorus Sound and for eight kilometres would ride their bow waves to Pelorus Sound. He did not go through the pass with them, but would meet returning boats as they exited the pass. Pelorus Jack was last seen in April 1912. The lightkeeper at French Pass claimed he found
816-472: The grounds that the area is a special feeding site for the dusky dolphin . A claim has been made, and a study carried out in New Zealand, that marine farms may affect the feeding ability of Dusky dolphins which round up shoals of schooling fish such as pilchard . The farming of Chinook Salmon also occurs in the outer Pelorus, with sites at Bulwer and the Waitata Reach. Salmon farming in the sounds
850-422: The hydrodynamics of Pelorus Sound is wind. Winds in the area are generally strong and are channelled by the steep topography . Wind stress acting on the surface generates currents, which have not been well described. The wind stress also generates turbulence, which causes the surface fresh water to be mixed down and results in a brackish layer typically 5 to 15 metres (16 to 49 ft) thick. The interface, called
884-509: The importance of the large, variable freshwater input into Pelorus Sound. The Sound has 380 kilometres (240 mi) of shoreline and an area of 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi). Average freshwater input is 99 cubic metres per second (3,500 cu ft/s), of which the Pelorus and Kaituna Rivers at the head of the sound deliver 43 and 5 cubic metres per second (1,520 and 180 cu ft/s) respectively. Rain falling directly on
918-436: The main channel. For example, current metre records at the entrance to Beatrix Bay show a significant semi-diurnal component with velocities up to 0.2 metres per second (0.7 ft/s). This is not simple, uniform tidal flow in and out of the bay because its amplitude does not follow a spring-neap cycle and there is a phase difference of several hours between the surface and the bottom. Sound (geography) In geography ,
952-541: The more general northern European usage, a sound is a strait or the narrowest part of a strait. In Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea , there are more than a hundred straits named Sund , mostly named for the island they separate from the continent or a larger island. In contrast, the Sound is the common international short name for Øresund, the narrow stretch of water that separates Denmark and Sweden , and
986-422: The river flow exceeds 400 cubic metres per second (14,000 cu ft/s). The freshwater inflow generates an estuarine circulation in the main channel, with low-salinity water moving outwards at the surface, and higher-salinity water flowing inwards below. The currents in the main channel associated with this circulation are typically 0.05 to 0.15 metres per second (0.16 to 0.49 ft/s), but immediately after
1020-399: The sloping valley hillsides descend to sea-level and continue beneath the water to form a sloping sea floor. These sounds are more appropriately called rias . The Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand are good examples of this type of formation. Sometimes a sound is produced by a glacier carving out a valley on a coast then receding, or the sea invading a glacier valley. The glacier produces
1054-439: The surface of the sound provides another 14 cubic metres per second (490 cu ft/s), and the remainder drains from adjacent land via small streams. This freshwater input corresponds to a depth of 10.8 metres (35 ft) of water distributed over the area of the sound per year. The freshwater input is highly variable. In a typical year there are several events where the daily rainfall exceeds 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and
Pelorus Sound - Misplaced Pages Continue
1088-493: Was a navigational instrument used on sailing ships. The instrument, in turn, was named after the pilot for Hannibal , circa 203 BC. In 1864, gold was discovered in the Wakamarina Valley and, for a brief time, Havelock became a boom town as several thousand prospectors flooded the area. In 1865, the first timber mill started at Mahikipawa, an upper arm of Pelorus Sound. More mills were established, and native timber
1122-694: Was also applied to bodies of open water not fully open to the ocean, such as Caamaño Sound or Queen Charlotte Sound in Canada; or broadenings or mergings at the openings of inlets, like Cross Sound in Alaska and Fitz Hugh Sound in British Columbia. Along the east coast and Gulf Coast of the United States, a number of bodies of water that separate islands from the mainland are called "sounds". Long Island Sound separates Long Island from
1156-420: Was shipped around New Zealand and to Australia. By the start of the 20th century the timber camps had largely given way to dairy and sheep farms. In 1939 the last mill was closed. About 325 million feet of timber had been sawn over a period of sixty years, and only two small areas of native timber remained. In 1888, a Risso's dolphin appeared in the sounds. This dolphin became famous as Pelorus Jack and became
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