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27-573: The first known depictions of the Pensive Christ occur in northern German sculptures from the latter half of the 14th century, taking a pose already found in paintings of the preparations for the crucifixion, where Jesus sits in thought as the soldiers work to raise the cross. Before this, the pose had been used for the figure of Job in Distress , according to typology one of the prefigurements of Christ. Art historians link its appearance with

54-535: A proto-Christian reference to Christ as the Redeemer , and is the basis of several Christian hymns , as well as the opening scene of Part III of Handel's Messiah . However, Jewish bible commentators and scholars point out that Job "insists on a divine hearing in his lifetime" (cf. Job 16:19–22). He is commemorated by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in their Calendar of Saints on May 9, by

81-574: A ruler of Edom . This man is described by the Syriac book as dwelling in the land of Uz, on the borders of Edom and Arabia. And his name before was Jobab. And having taken an Arabian wife, he fathered a son, whose name was Enan. And he himself had as father Zareh, from the sons of Esau. And his mother was Bosorra, so that it made him the fifth from Abraham. And these were the kings who were ruling in Edom, which territory also he himself ruled over: first, Bela,

108-628: A shrine for the Prophet Job in Niha village in the Chouf mountains of Lebanon . This shrine is said to be the place where Job was healed from his ailments after his wife carried his frail body up the steep mountain in a basket so he dies up there. Instead, he was healed and given an even larger wealth. Jemima (Bible) Jemimah or Jemima ( / dʒ ə ˈ m aɪ m ə / jə- MY -mə ; Hebrew : יְמִימָה , romanized :  Yəmīmā )

135-488: Is blessed to have seven sons, and three daughters named Jemimah (which means "dove"), Keziah ("cinnamon"), and Keren-happuch ("horn of eye-makeup"). His daughters were said to be the most beautiful women in the land. The Septuagint , an ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, has a revised and updated final verse that claims Job's genealogy, asserting him to be a grandson of Esau and

162-509: Is depicted at a specific moment of his earthly suffering, when he rests while dragging the cross on the way to Golgotha. He is thus presented to the believer in his human nature and invites him to contemplation. The image became especially popular in Silesia and Pomerania , and then Poland and Lithuania , where it became strongly entrenched in folk art wood carvings by Dievdirbiai (Lithuanian folk carvers; example below). A related image,

189-675: Is part of Ketuvim ("Writings") of the Hebrew Bible . Not much is known about Job based on the Masoretic Text . The characters in the Book of Job consist of Job, his wife , his three friends ( Bildad , Eliphaz , and Zophar ), a man named Elihu , God , and angels . It begins with an introduction to Job's character—he is described as a blessed man who lives righteously in the Land of Uz . The Lord's praise of Job prompts an angel with

216-515: Is simply God's will. In the following, Job debates with three friends concerning his condition. They argue whether it was justified, and they debate solutions to his problems. Job ultimately condemns all their counsel, beliefs, and critiques of him as false. God then appears to Job and his friends out of a whirlwind. God rebukes the three friends and gives them instruction for the remission of sin, followed by Job being restored to an even better condition than his former wealthy state ( Job 42:10–17 ). Job

243-617: The Herrgottsruh ("Repose of the Lord" in German), does not have the chin resting on a hand; Christ sits, often with hands crossed in his lap. This appeared in Italian painting at the end of the 14th century, and soon spread to sculpture in southern Germany and Austria. Job (Bible) Job ( / dʒ oʊ b / JOHB ; Hebrew : אִיּוֹב ' Īyyōv ; Greek : Ἰώβ Iṓb ) is

270-533: The Devotio Moderna (Latin for "modern devotion"), which stressed the human nature of Jesus, a model for the faithful to follow. Most of the statues of the Pensive Christ were made around 1500 and in the first quarter of the 16th century, on the eve of the Reformation . Most of them are preserved in the area of northwest Bohemia and Saxony , which were strongly affected by the Reformation . Christ

297-550: The Qur'an , Job ( Arabic : أيّوب , romanized :  Ayyūb ) is considered a prophet in Islam . The narrative frame of Job's story in Islam is similar to the Hebrew Bible story but, in Islam, the emphasis is paid to Job remaining steadfast to God and there is no record of his despair, or mention of discussions with friends. Some Muslim commentators also spoke of Job as being

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324-929: The Roman Catholic Church on May 10, and by the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches on May 6. He is also commemorated by the Armenian Apostolic Church on May 6 and December 26, and by the Coptic Orthodox Church on April 27 and August 29. The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates Job along with John the Baptist on the Thursday after the third Sunday of the Feast of the Assumption . In

351-571: The Shuhites ; and Zophar, the king of the Naamathites . The Quran describes Job as a righteous servant of Allah, who was afflicted by suffering for a lengthy period of time. However, it clearly states that Job never lost faith in God and forever called to God in prayer, asking Him to remove his affliction: And [mention] Job, when he called to his Lord, "Indeed, adversity has touched me, and you are

378-711: The Most Merciful of the merciful." — Quran, sura 21 (The Prophets), ayah 83 [1] A clear majority of rabbis saw Job as having in fact existed as a historically factual figure. According to a minority view, Job never existed. In this view, Job was a literary creation by a prophet who used this form of writing to convey a divine message. On the other hand, the Talmud (in Tractate Baba Batra 15a–16b) goes to great lengths trying to ascertain when Job actually lived, citing many opinions and interpretations by

405-519: The ancestor of the Romans . Muslim literature also comments on Job's time and place of prophecy, saying that he came after Joseph in the prophetic series and that he preached to his own people rather than being sent to a specified community. Tradition further recounts that Job will be the leader of the group of "those who patiently endured" in Heaven . There are at least two locations that claim to be

432-634: The central figure of the Book of Job in the Bible . In Islam , Job ( Arabic : أيوب , romanized :  ʾAyyūb ) is also considered a prophet . Job is presented as a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly beset with horrendous disasters that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended to test Job's faith in God . Struggling mightily to understand this situation, Job reflects on his despair but consistently remains devout. The Hebrew Book of Job

459-590: The complex, said to be the one formed when he struck the ground with his foot as described in the Quran. The water is considered to be miraculously curing. The whole complex underwent recent restoration. The tomb of Job is located outside the city of Urfa. The Tomb of Job is also said to be situated in Jabal Qarah outside the city of Salalah in southern Oman . Additionally, the Druze community also maintains

486-608: The leading sages. Job is further mentioned in the Talmud as follows: Christianity accepts the Book of Job as canon in its Old Testament . In addition, Job is mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible: the Epistle of James ( James 5:11 ) paraphrases Job as an example of patience in suffering. Job's declaration, "I know that my redeemer liveth" ( Job 19:25 ), is considered by some Christians to be

513-475: The pilgrim relates that a church was built over the place in March or February 384 AD, and that the place was known as the "town of Job", or " civitas Job ". According to Egeria's account the body of Job was laid in a stone coffin below the altar. According to tradition, Hammam Ayyub is a fountain in the town where Job washed himself when he was sick, and is reputed to have healing powers. Another holy artifact in

540-571: The place of Job's ordeal, and at least three that claim to have his tomb. The Eyüp Sultan Mosque in Istanbul , Turkey, holds the tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari , a companion of Muhammad , not the biblical/Qur'anic Job (Ayyub in Arabic, Eyüp in Turkish), though some locals tend to conflate the two. In Palestinian folk tradition, Job's place of trial is Al-Jura , or Al-Joura, a village outside

567-728: The shore of the Sea of Galilee , a few sites are associated by local tradition with the life of Ayyub. A small grotto near the base of what is known to Christians as the Mount of Beatitudes , or Mount Eremos, is known as Mghraret Ayub ("Job's Cave"). Two of the towers built in the Byzantine period to collect the water of the Heptapegon springs are named in Arabic Tannur Ayub ("Job's Kiln") and Hammam Ayyub ("Job's Bath"). Hammam Ayyub

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594-467: The son of Beor, and the name of his city was Dinhabah. And after Bela, Jobab, who was called Job. And after this, Husham, who was serving as leader from the territories of Thaiman. And after this. Hadad, son of Bered, who destroyed Midian in the field of Moab, and the name of his city was Avith. And his friends who came to him were Eliphaz, of the sons of Esau, king of the Temanites ; Bildad, the tyrant of

621-464: The title of " satan " ("Adversary") to suggest that Job served God simply because God protected him. God removes Job's protection and gives permission to the angel to take his wealth, his children, and his physical health (but not his life). Despite his difficult circumstances, he does not curse God, but rather curses the day of his birth. And although he anguishes over his plight, he stops short of accusing God of injustice. Job's miserable earthly condition

648-429: The town is the "Rock of Job", known in local folklore as the place where he sat when he was afflicted with the disease. The city of Urfa (ancient Adma', later Edessa ) in the Şanlıurfa Province , or Harran region of southeastern Turkey , also claims to be the location at which Job underwent his ordeal in a cave. The location boasts an Ottoman -style mosque and madrasa that runs as shops today. A well exists within

675-416: The town of Al-Majdal (today's Ashkelon , Israel ). It was there God rewarded him with a fountain of youth that removed whatever illnesses he had, and gave him back his youth. To the northwest of the depopulated Palestinian village of Dayr Ayyub is an area which, according to the village belief, contained the tomb of the prophet Ayyub, the biblical Job. In the area of Tabgha (Greek: Heptapegon), on

702-683: Was initially called "the Leper's Bath", but the leper was later identified with Job; the nearby spring, now a waterfall, is known as Ain Ayub, "Job's Spring". The town of al-Shaykh Saad in the Hauran region in Syria has been associated with Job since at least the 4th-century AD. Karnein was mentioned in Eusebius' Onomasticon as a town of Bashan that was said to be the location of the house of Job. Egeria

729-558: Was the oldest of the three beautiful daughters of Job , named in the Bible as given to him in the later part of his life, after God made Job prosperous again. Jemimah's sisters are named Keziah and Keren-Happuch . Job's sons, in contrast, are not named. Jemimah, along with her sisters, was described as the most beautiful women in the land. Unusually, Jemimah and her sisters were granted inheritances by her father, along with their brothers ( Job 42:15 ). Apart from these brief references at

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