121-596: [REDACTED] Opposition Political parties: Military defectors: Others: Religious groups: Militant groups: [REDACTED] Government Military loyalists: Government parties: Others: [REDACTED] Corazon Aquino (Leader of the Opposition) [REDACTED] Ferdinand Marcos ( President of the Philippines ) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts Presidency Family Unexplained wealth Legacy Related [REDACTED] The People Power Revolution , also known as
242-563: A Cold War context, Marcos retained the support of the United States through Marcos's promise to stamp out communism in the Philippines and by assuring the United States of its continued use of military and naval bases in the Philippines. On November 27, 1977, a military tribunal sentenced Aquino and two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, to death by firing squad. In 1978, while still
363-457: A 36-hour nightmare. By the morning of June 16, when the volcano's fury subsided, Subic Bay, once one of the most beautiful and well-maintained Navy bases in the Pacific, lay buried under a foot of rain-soaked, sandy ash. That night, the threat of continued eruptions combined with the lack of water and electricity led to the decision to evacuate all dependents. U.S. warships and cargo planes began
484-502: A candidate in case of contingencies or any sudden announcements of changes. It was then on November 3, 1985, after pressure from the US government, that Marcos suddenly announced a snap presidential election would take place the following year, one year ahead of the regular presidential election schedule, to legitimize his control over the country. The snap election was legalized with the passage of Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 (National Law No. 883) by
605-612: A de jure government", whose legitimacy had been affirmed by the community of nations. This Supreme Court decision significantly affirmed the status of Aquino as the new, legitimate and rightful leader of the Philippines. To fast-track the restoration of a full constitutional government and the writing of a new charter, Aquino appointed 48 members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission (Con-Com), led by retired activist Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma . The Con-Com completed its final draft in October 1986. On February 2, 1987,
726-540: A founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and a full member of Liberal International , the Liberal Party advocates the values of " freedom , justice and solidarity ( bayanihan )," as described in the party's values charter. Although this may be deemed theoretically true since the party's founding in 1946, it became more tangible through the party's position of continuing dissent during
847-504: A friend of Ninoy Aquino, did not agree with this choice and wanted to run against Aquino and Marcos. UNIDO overwhelmed Laurel's vote and encouraged him to become Cory Aquino's vice-president instead. Once Cory Aquino became the main candidate, Laurel eventually ran as Cory Aquino's running mate for vice-president under the United Opposition (UNIDO) party. Marcos ran for re-election, with Arturo Tolentino as his running mate under
968-480: A month after. Aquino, with the support of the military, conservatives, and the United States, launched a "total war policy" against the CPP-NPA. She signed an order creating a citizen armed force that would complement and support the regular forces of the military in responding to all types of threats to national security; she also criminalized rebellion to become punishable by life in prison. When Aquino assumed
1089-580: A passport in Washington and New York, Ninoy got two passports with the help of Rashid Lucman – one bearing his real name, and the other with the alias Marcial Bonifacio . On August 21, 1983, after three years, Aquino was murdered by the military, as he disembarked from a China Airlines plane at Manila International Airport (later renamed in Aquino's honor). His assassination shocked and outraged most Filipinos, who had lost confidence in
1210-476: A potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule . Led by Ninoy Aquino , Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga , the LP would hound President Marcos on issues like human rights and the curtailment of freedoms . Even after Marcos' declaration of martial law silenced the LP, the party continued to oppose the regime, and many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time. After democracy
1331-530: A representative from Naga City and widow of Jesse Robredo , the DILG secretary who preceded Roxas, as the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates. Robredo won, while Roxas lost. Most of the party's members either switched allegiance to PDP–Laban , joined a supermajority alliance but retained their LP membership (with some defecting later), joined the "recognized minority", or created an opposition bloc called "Magnificent 7". As early as February 2017,
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#17327653059381452-494: A seat in one of the chambers, and the second time that a Liberal Party-led coalition suffered a great loss since 1955 . For the 2022 Philippine presidential election , the Liberal Party nominated Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan for the presidential and vice presidential posts, respectively. The party led the Team Robredo-Pangilinan coalition, which included incumbent senator De Lima, other members of
1573-560: A share in the national revenue . Likewise, Aquino closed down the Marcos-dominated Batasang Pambansa to prevent the new Marcos loyalist opposition from undermining her democratic reforms, and reorganized the membership of the Supreme Court to restore its independence. In May 1986, the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as "not merely a de facto government but in fact and law
1694-536: A six-year period from February 25, 1986, to June 30, 1992. Aquino's relatively peaceful ascension to the Philippine presidency signaled the end of authoritarian rule of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, and drew her and the Filipino people international acclaim and admiration. During the first months of Aquino's presidency, the country experienced radical changes and sweeping democratic reforms. Aquino created
1815-404: A technocrat who once served as Marcos's executive secretary named Rafael Salas . After the vetting of nominees, as men such as Sen. Diokno vehemently opposed to run for president, the remaining potential candidates who openly wished to earn the opposition's nomination were Salonga, Laurel, and Estrada-Kalaw. United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) members Estrada-Kalaw and Laurel were
1936-561: A victory of the people against two decades of presidential rule by President Marcos, and made news headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world". The majority of the demonstrations took place on a long stretch of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue , more commonly known by its acronym EDSA , in Metro Manila from February 22 to 25, 1986. They involved over two million Filipino civilians, as well as several political and military groups, and religious groups led by Cardinal Jaime Sin ,
2057-403: Is against extrajudicial killings , any challenge to the rule of law , and curtailments of human rights strictures. The party also aims to form an open government with participatory democracy , positions that have been supported by the party's recent leaders. Senator Leila de Lima , who led an investigation into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs ,
2178-500: The 1973 "Marcos Constitution" and dissolved the Marcos allies, loyalists, supporters-dominated Batasang Pambansa , despite the advice of her vice-president and only prime minister Salvador Laurel . She also immediately created a Constitutional Commission , which she directed for the drafting of a new constitution for the nation. Aquino appointed the following to the Supreme Court of the Philippines : Aquino inherited an economy that
2299-410: The 2010 Philippine presidential election after the latter's death that subsequently showed a groundswell of support for his candidacy. Even though the party had earlier nominated Sen. Manuel "Mar" Roxas II to be its presidential candidate for the 2010 Philippine general election , Roxas gave way to Aquino and instead ran for vice president. The party was able to field new members breaking away from
2420-716: The Archbishop of Manila , along with Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines President Cardinal Ricardo Vidal , the Archbishop of Cebu . It is rightfully remembered as a “ Rosary miracle ” in the peaceful victory. The protests, fueled by the resistance and opposition after years of governance by President Marcos and his cronies , ended with the ruler, his family, and some of their supporters fleeing to exile in Hawaii ; and Ninoy Aquino 's widow, Corazon Aquino , inaugurated as
2541-650: The Armed Forces of the Philippines belonging to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) and soldiers loyal to former President Ferdinand Marcos. Metro Manila was shaken by the coup, where the rebels almost gained full control of the presidential palace . The coup was completely defeated by Philippine Government forces on December 9, 1989. The coup was led by Colonel Gregorio Honasan , General Edgardo Abenina, and retired General Jose Ma. Zumel. At
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#17327653059382662-554: The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant built during the Marcos administration due to dangers of environmental issues and safety of the Nuclear Power Plant, especially due to the recent Chernobyl nuclear disaster , contributed to the power crisis in the 1990s, as the 620 megawatts capacity of the plant was enough to cover the shortfall at that time. In September 1986, Aquino made her first state visit to
2783-667: The Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), "to those who held positions of power and conflicting interest under Marcos". Burdened with 296 public sector enterprises, plus 399 other nonperforming assets transferred to the government by the PNB and the DBP, the Aquino administration established the Asset Privatization Trust in 1986 to dispose of government-owned and government-controlled properties. By early 1991,
2904-608: The EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution , were a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines , mostly in Metro Manila , from February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a sustained campaign of civil resistance against regime violence and electoral fraud. The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of Ferdinand Marcos , the end of his 20-year dictatorship and the restoration of democracy in
3025-584: The Family Code of 1987 , which reformed the civil law on family relations; and the Administrative Code of 1987 , which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government . Another landmark law enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local Government Code , which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs); the new Code also enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of
3146-578: The Marcos presidency . Since 2017, the party has opened party membership to the general public and to key sectors of society , aiming to harness a large volunteering base. According to the party, this aims to ostensibly build on "the promise of becoming a true people’s party". The party has declared policies geared toward inclusiveness and people empowerment . It also advocates and supports secure jobs , food , shelter , universal health care , public education access , and other social services , and
3267-542: The People Power Revolution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic . It subsequently served as a senior member of President Corazon Aquino 's UNIDO coalition. Upon Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, the party regained popularity, winning the 2010 Philippine presidential election under Benigno Aquino III and returning it to government to serve from 2010 to 2016. This was the only instance
3388-532: The Philippine Sports Commission was established in 1990 as an institution to train future athletes in sports and international events. The Philippines experienced daily power disruptions during a period of Aquino's administration. As part of Aquino's revitalized rural electrification program, Tawi-Tawi , the southernmost island province of the Philippines, started its regular 24-hour power service in 1989. Aquino's decision to mothball
3509-619: The Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), which was tasked to go after the Marcos ill-gotten wealth ; however, after her presidency, the PCGG itself was also implicated by corruption scandals when it was alleged that officials wanted a cut of the Marcos assets and officials were "milking" sequestered assets. Aquino, being a revolutionary president by virtue of people power, repealed and abolished repressive laws under her predecessor, restored civil liberties, abolished
3630-499: The United Democratic Opposition (UNIDO) decided to support Cory for President, the agreement with Cory was that the type of government of Marcos would be continued, with Cory as ceremonial President, since everyone knew that Cory had no knowledge of how to run the country, and Cory admitted this." Enrile and Laurel subsequently resigned from Aquino's government. Aquino promulgated two landmark legal codes :
3751-658: The United Nations assembly in New York in July 1988 and made a speech during the 45th General Assembly; in her speech, Aquino spoke to the international community about democratic freedoms since the Philippines received freedom after the revolution in 1986, and promised to provide a resolution for the protection of migrant workers and their families. During the visit, she met with Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar to discuss anti-poverty and anti-insurgency measures in
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3872-403: The civil unrest that arose after the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis as a justification for the proclamation . Through this decree and through a controversial referendum in which citizen assemblies voted through a show of hands , Marcos seized emergency powers giving him full control of the Philippines' military and the authority to suppress and abolish the freedom of speech ,
3993-496: The eleventh President of the Philippines . Senate President Ferdinand Marcos was elected president in 1965 , defeating incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal by a margin of 52 to 43 percent. During this time, Marcos was very active in the initiation of public works projects and the intensification of tax collections. Marcos and his government claimed that they "built more roads than all his predecessors combined and more schools than any previous administration". Amidst charges from
4114-592: The freedom of the press , and many other civil liberties . President Marcos also dissolved the Philippine Congress and shut down media establishments critical of the Marcos Administration. He also ordered the immediate arrest of his political opponents and critics. Among those arrested were Senate President Jovito Salonga , and the leaders Senator Jose W. Diokno and Senator Ninoy Aquino — whom Marcos sent to Laur, Nueva Ecija — and
4235-657: The "Liberal Wing" of the Nacionalista Party . Two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP: Elpidio Quirino and Diosdado Macapagal . Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as former members of the party who later joined the Nacionalistas: Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos . During the days leading to his declaration of martial law , Marcos would find his old party as
4356-553: The 1973 plebiscite through the simple counting of hands raised by children and adults that involved questions such as the option for more rice in lieu of constitutional affirmation. With practically all of his political opponents arrested, out of office, and in exile, President Marcos's pre-emptive declaration of martial law in 1972 and the ratification of his new constitution by more than 95% of voters enabled Marcos to effectively legitimize his government and hold on to power for another 14 years beyond his first two terms as president. In
4477-480: The 1995 elections. In 2024, members of the Liberal Party formed a sectoral wing called Mamamayang Liberal (ML) for the 2025 House of Representatives elections for party-list seats. De Lima, who was released from detainment in November 2023, was selected as ML's first nominee. Former senator and vice presidential candidate Kiko Pangilinan will be the Liberal Party's sole candidate for the senatorial elections. While
4598-531: The Asset Privatization Trust had sold 230 assets with net proceeds of ₱ 14.3 billion. Another seventy-four public sector enterprises that were created with direct government investment were put up for sale; fifty-seven enterprises were sold wholly or in part for a total of about ₱ 6 billion. The government designated that about 30 percent of the original public sector enterprises be retained and expected to abolish another 20 percent. There
4719-629: The JAJA coalition, as a means to unite the businessmen, communists, and other groups. Most of the KOMPIL members were led by the AMA leaders. Meanwhile, Diokno, Lorenzo M. Tañada of MABINI, Butz and Corazon Aquino, and a few others were elected the overall presiding leaders in a search to find the opposition candidate. The main issue was whether to accept the CAMEL or Call for Meaningful Elections or, as Diokno and
4840-621: The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) party. Thus within a matter of only a few weeks the candidates were fixed and the campaign period was set for the 1986 snap election. The election was held on February 7, 1986. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared that Marcos was the winner. The final tally of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. On
4961-473: The LP installed Manila Mayor Lito Atienza as the party president, which triggered an LP leadership struggle and party schism. The Supreme Court later proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, leaving the Atienza wing expelled. The Liberal Party regained influence when it nominated as its next presidential candidate then-Senator Benigno Aquino III, the son of former President Corazon Aquino , for
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5082-481: The Liberal Party defines its ideology as social liberalism , the party has often been described as a " centrist " or " liberal " party. Historically, the Liberal Party has been evaluated as a " conservative " party, with an ideology similar to or indistinguishable from the Nacionalista Party 's ideology, until it became the opposition party under the Marcos Sr. Presidency , wherein it became more liberal. Being
5203-400: The Liberal Party, and several guest candidates from other parties such as Akbayan, as well as independents. Robredo ran as an independent candidate whilst remaining affiliated with Liberal Party. Both candidates lost the election to Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte, respectively, finishing second. No candidate from the Liberal Party won a seat in the senatorial elections, for the first time since
5324-523: The Marcos family's first term in the 1960s, the Philippines was left vulnerable when the US economy went into recession in the third quarter of 1981, forcing the Reagan administration to increase interest rates. The Philippine government plunged further into debt and the economy began going into decline in 1981, continuing to do so by the time of the Benigno Aquino Jr. assassination in 1983. By
5445-715: The Marcos-controlled unicameral congress called the Regular Batasang Pambansa . To select a leader, the convenor's group of opposition leaders formed underlying principles. These principles, mainly proposed and edited by Diokno, discussed matters that involved anti-foreign domination in the economy, especially American intervention and military bases. After the principles were agreed upon by the opposition leaders, as Lorenzo M. Tañada quipped, it became almost automatic and completely expeditious in agreeing unanimously on one candidate to face Marcos. For
5566-566: The Marcoses. The event led to more suspicions about the government, triggering non-cooperation among Filipinos that eventually led to outright civil disobedience . It also shook the Marcos Administration, which was by then deteriorating due in part to Marcos's blatant illness (turned out to be the fatal lupus erythematosus ). In 1984, Marcos appointed a commission, first led by Chief Justice Enrique Fernando and later Corazon Agrava , to launch an investigation into Aquino's assassination. Despite
5687-463: The Philippines ( Filipino : Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas ) abbreviated as the LP , is a liberal political party in the Philippines . Founded on January 19, 1946 by Senate President Manuel Roxas , Senate President Pro-Tempore Elpidio Quirino , and former 9th Senatorial District Senator José Avelino from the breakaway liberal wing of the old Nacionalista Party (NP), the Liberal Party remains
5808-494: The Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657, more popularly known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law . The law paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant farmers from landowners , who were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation but were also allowed to retain not more than five hectares of land. Corporate landowners were also allowed under
5929-462: The Philippines in sixth with 18 medals, the highest placement of the Philippines in two decades. In 1988, the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, athlete Leopoldo Serantes got the bronze medal in the men's light flyweight division of boxing. Manila was to become the host city of the 1991 Southeast Asian Games and the host country finished second place to Indonesia. To ensure the standards of its athletes,
6050-601: The Philippines. Aquino's administration-coalition won 22 out of the 24 senate seats in the 1987 legislative election . From 1986 to 1987, there were six plots to overthrow the government of Aquino involving various members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . A significant number of the military participants in these attempts belonged to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) led by Gringo Honasan , while others were identified loyalists to former president Ferdinand Marcos , who had been deposed in February 1986. Two of
6171-652: The Philippines. It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during demonstrations (in reference to the Tony Orlando and Dawn song " Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree ") as a symbol of protest following the assassination of Filipino senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. in August 1983 upon his return to the Philippines from exile. It was widely seen as
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#17327653059386292-778: The Philippines. Later, she went to South Korea between 1986 and 1988, for separate meetings with presidents Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo in relation to Philippine–South Korean economic, social and cultural ties. Aquino and Roh also discussed unification talks between South and North Korea , which would have ended hostilities began during the Korean War in the 1950s. Aquino made her first state visits in Southeast Asia ; she went to Singapore , then to Indonesia , in August 1986, for separate meetings with Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and Indonesian President Suharto in order to build trade and economic ties between
6413-489: The United States. In 1972, the Moro National Liberation Front , a militant Muslim separatist group, formed in the southern island of Mindanao . Marcos soon used the rise of militant and civil unrest as justification for declaring martial law. Barred from running for a third term as president in 1973, Marcos announced Proclamation No. 1081 on September 23, 1972, declaring martial law , using
6534-634: The United States. She gave a speech in a joint session of the United States Congress with U.S. lawmakers wearing yellow ribbons symbolizing support to Aquino. Following her speech in the United States Congress in 1986, the U.S. House of Representatives voted, 203 to 197, in favor of $ 200 million in emergency aid to her fledgling government. The vote, admitted Democrat Gerald Kleczka of Wisconsin, amounted to "legislating with our hearts instead of our heads." Indeed,
6655-440: The aftermath of the 1989 coup attempt , the Philippine economy remained stagnant. In her final year in office, inflation had risen to 17%, and unemployment was slightly over 10%, higher than the Marcos' years. Immediately after assuming the presidency, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a revolutionary government . She abolished the 1973 Constitution that was in force during martial law , and instead promulgated
6776-528: The attempts—the November 1986 God Save the Queen Plot and the July 1987 plot—were uncovered and quashed by authorities before they could be operationalized. Excluding the August 1987 Philippine coup attempt , which left 53 people dead, the other plots were repelled with minimal or no violence. The most serious coup d'état against the government of Aquino was staged beginning December 1, 1989, by members of
6897-566: The campaign. In 1980, Ninoy Aquino suffered a heart attack, and was compassionately released from prison to undergo a heart bypass surgery in the United States. Aquino stayed with his wife Corazon, and children in Boston College as a fellow for numerous American universities such as Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Because the Marcos administration's spending had relied so heavily on debt since
7018-521: The centerpiece of her administration's social legislative agenda. Her family background and social class as a privileged and landed daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda. On January 22, 1987, agrarian workers and farmers marched to the historic Mendiola Street near Malacañan Palace to demand genuine land reform from Aquino's administration. The farmers' march turned bloody and violent when Marine forces fired at farmers who tried to go beyond
7139-472: The coalitions tended to pursue Diokno's philosophy of pressure politics or mass actions to influence and sway the Marcos dictatorship. Parliamentarians of the streets, as they were called, applied pressure politics, and soon other coalitions were formed, culminating in the first call for elections for the opposition in the Kongreso ng Mamamayang Pilipino or KOMPIL. KOMPIL was organized by Aquino's ATOM from
7260-467: The commission's conclusions, Cardinal Jaime Sin , the Archbishop of Manila, declined an offer to join the commission and rejected the government's views on the assassination. This began a period of coalitions, first led by the nationalist liberal democrats under Jose W. Diokno called Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan or KAAKBAY , an umbrella organization founded in 1983, which headed
7381-404: The country's outstanding debts to regain good international credit ratings and attract the attention of future markets. Nevertheless, her administration borrowed an additional $ 9 billion, increasing the national debt by $ 6 billion within six years since the ouster of President Marcos in 1986. The Aquino administration sought to bring back fiscal discipline in order as it aimed to trim
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#17327653059387502-596: The crises from Camp Crame, headquarters of the Philippine Constabulary . With loyal forces hard-pressed by the rebels, Aquino requested assistance from the US Military , and, at the behest of her military commanders, granted. 120 marines, part of the 800-strong U.S. contingent stationed at Subic Naval Base were deployed at the grounds of the US Embassy as a defensive measure. Aquino stated that
7623-434: The debts that were incurred previously under different administrations instead of repudiating it; her decision proved to be unpopular but Aquino defended it, saying that it was the most practical move and choice to make as it was crucial for the country at that time to regain the confidence of investors and the international community in the Philippine economy. Since 1986, the Aquino administration has paid off $ 4 billion of
7744-539: The dependents were evacuated, an intense clean-up was begun. American service members and Filipino base employees, worked around the clock to restore essential services. Clark Air Base , much closer to Mount Pinatubo, was declared a total loss and plans for a complete closure were started. Within two weeks NAS Cubi Point was back in limited operation. Soon, most buildings had electricity and water restored. By mid-July service had been restored to most family housing units. The dependents began returning September 8, 1991, and by
7865-519: The designated demarcation line set by the police. As a result, 12 farmers were killed and 19 were injured in this incident now known as the Mendiola massacre . This tragic incident led some prominent members of the Aquino Cabinet like the nationalist and progressive senator Jose W. Diokno to quit from their government posts. Though Aquino did not have any personal and official involvement with
7986-659: The destruction of the rebel T-28 Trojans . Government forces would recapture all military bases by December 3 except for Mactan Airbase, but rebel forces retreating from Fort Bonifacio occupied 22 high-rise buildings along the Ayala business area in Makati . The government claimed the coup was crushed, but fierce fighting continued through the weekend; Camp Aguinaldo was set ablaze by the rebel howitzers . The occupation of Makati lasted until December 7, surrendering full control of Mactan Airbase on December 9. The official casualty toll
8107-404: The drastic actions taken by some police elements, her administration has been faulted since then for failing to solve land disputes in the country. In response to calls for agrarian reform, Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on July 22, 1987, which outlined her land reform program, which included sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of
8228-451: The emergency evacuation of thousands of Navy and Air Force dependents . Seven Navy ships sailed June 17, with 6,200 dependents. A total of 17 ships, including the aircraft carriers, USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Midway evacuated all 20,000 dependents over the next few days. The evacuees were taken by ship to Mactan Air Base and then were airlifted by U.S. Air Force C-141 Starlifters to Andersen Air Force Base at Guam . After
8349-406: The end of that year, the economy contracted by 6.8%. The economic and political instability combined to produce the worst recession in Philippine history in 1984 and 1985, with the economy contracting by 7.3% for two successive years. Despite threats from First Lady Imelda Marcos , Ninoy Aquino was determined to return home, saying that "the Filipino is worth dying for". After failing to apply for
8470-530: The end of the month almost all were back at Subic Bay from the United States. Many months before the expiration of the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 , intense negotiations between the governments of the United States and the Philippines began. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Friendship, Peace and Cooperation between the United States and the Philippines; this would have extended
8591-619: The enthronement of Emperor Akihito . After a series of talks with four prime ministers from Yasuhiro Nakasone from 1986 to 1987, to Kiichi Miyazawa from 1991 to 1992, the Japanese Government provided economic and trade relations between the two countries, massive inflow of Japanese investors and tourists, rehabilitation and construction of schools, hospitals and roads, and guaranteed justice for Filipino comfort women after World War II. Also in an official state visit, she and Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita received condolences in
8712-440: The fall of Villamor Air Base , Aquino went on air to address the people, assuring them that the government "shall smash this naked attempt once more." At that point, the counterattack of the government forces began. Seven army trucks headed for the headquarters of the government-owned station Channel 4, where fierce fighting occurred between the forces. Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos and AFP Chief-of-Staff Renato de Villa monitored
8833-533: The first grand liberal coalition called JAJA, or the Justice for Aquino, Justice for All movement. JAJA consisted of organizations such as the social democrat -based August Twenty One Movement (ATOM) led by Butz Aquino , KAAKBAY, MABINI, the Makati-based Alliance of Makati Associations or AMA, and others. This was before the division of the center-left and national democratic /Marxist left, when
8954-729: The first time under Republic Act 7306 when it was signed. Aquino encouraged the tourism sector to boost the national economy. Under her six-year term, the Department of Tourism launched a program called The Philippines: Fiesta Islands of Asia in 1989; the program offered tourist visits in the country to show their natural wonders, to protect their indigenous peoples, to preserve heritage sites and to contribute historical importance. Under Aquino's administration, Filipino athletes brought home several medals in international sports events. The 1986 Asian Games in Seoul , South Korea finished with
9075-581: The government's budget deficit that ballooned during Marcos' term through privatization of bad government assets and deregulation of many vital industries. It was also during Aquino's term that vital economic laws such as the Build-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were enacted. The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during her first year in office. But in
9196-504: The hacienda were transferred to the corporation, which in turn, gave its shares of stocks to farmers. The arrangement remained in force until 2006, when the Department of Agrarian Reform revoked the stock distribution scheme adopted in Hacienda Luisita, and ordered instead the redistribution of a large portion of the property to the tenant-farmers. The department stepped into the controversy when in 2004, violence erupted over
9317-613: The increasing disparity of wealth between the very wealthy and the very poor that made up the majority of the Philippines' population led to a rise in crime and civil unrest around the country. In March 1969, the New People's Army (NPA) was formed as the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines , initiating the still-ongoing CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion. Marcos quickly denounced the movement, hoping to gain monetary and political support from anti-Communist administrators in
9438-515: The initial step in nominating a candidate, the selection process started out with a pooled list among the opposition leaders themselves. The list of candidates for president were mostly including former senators: Jose W. Diokno, Butz Aquino, Jovito Salonga , Eva Estrada-Kalaw , Salvador "Doy" Laurel , Ambrosio Padilla , Aquilino Pimentel , Raul Manglapus , and Ramon Mitra , as well as a future senator in Teofisto Guingona Jr. , and
9559-552: The last 1,416 Sailors and Marines at Subic Bay Naval Base left by plane from NAS Cubi Point and by the USS ; Belleau Wood . This withdrawal marked the first time since the 16th Century that no foreign military forces were present in the Philippines. Aquino worked towards restitution for some of the wrongs committed by Japan during World War II. New foreign aid agreements also were concluded during this visit. Aquino returned to Japan in 1989 for Hirohito's funeral and in 1990 for
9680-482: The last opposition leader yet to be released from prison at Fort Bonifacio, Aquino founded his political party , Lakas ng Bayan (abbreviated "LABAN"; English: People's Power ) to run for office in the Interim Batasang Pambansa (Parliament). All LABAN candidates lost, including Aquino himself. He appeared in a television interview with Ronnie Nathanielsz to freely criticize the regime during
9801-572: The law to "voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital stock , equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries", in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution. Despite the flaws in the law, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989, declaring that the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), provided by
9922-428: The leaders of the Liberal Party chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral representation of non-politicians in its membership numbers. Since then the party had been inducting new members who were non-politicians, some of whom applied online through the party's website, Liberal.ph. Before the scheduled 2019 general elections , the LP formed Otso Diretso , an electoral coalition of eight candidates for
10043-620: The lease of the American bases in the Philippines. On September 13, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected the ratification of this treaty, citing a number of reasons for the rejection. This was a devastating blow to the Aquino administration, who were strongly pro-treaty and even called for a referendum by the Filipino people; a move that was declared unconstitutional. In December 1991, the two governments were again in talks to extend
10164-427: The loyal forces lacked the ability to contain the rebel forces. American help was crucial to the Aquino cause, clearing the skies of rebel aircraft and allowing government military to consolidate their forces. As the mutiny continued, Aquino declared an ultimatum for the rebels, giving them two choices, to surrender or to face death. Government F-5 jets went to the skies and challenged rebel planes, and culminated with
10285-568: The man who was groomed by the opposition to succeed President Marcos after the 1973 elections. A constitutional convention , which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth-era 1935 Constitution , continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing President Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. The constitution
10406-601: The measure only added to a foreign-aid budget that is already likely to be deeply slashed by the Gramm-Rudman budget-balancing mechanism. On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo , just 20 miles (32 km) from Subic Bay , exploded with a force 8 times greater than the Mount St. Helens eruption. Day turned to night as volcanic ash blotted out the sun. Volcanic earthquakes and heavy rain, lightning and thunder from Typhoon Yunya passing over northern Luzon made Black Saturday
10527-540: The more liberal JAJA members preferred, to boycott the event which might be another fixed election. JAJA was later replaced by the Coalition of Organizations for the Restoration of Democracy (CORD) in the middle of 1984, which retained most of JAJA's features and membership. A year later CORD was replaced by Bagong Alyansang Makabayan or BAYAN, which was to be a platform for Diokno should he run for president, and
10648-427: The new Constitution of the Philippines , which put strong emphasis on civil liberties, human rights and social justice, was overwhelmingly approved by the Filipino people. The ratification of the new Constitution was followed by the election of senators and congress that same year and the holding of local elections in 1988 . Upon her ascension into power, President Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as
10769-430: The only two not to sign the declaration of unity or the underlying principles. Eventually Estrada-Kalaw withdrew after being overwhelmed by the multiple candidates in the selection process and campaigned to become the vice-presidential candidate. Between 64 year old Salonga, who with 64 year old Estrada-Kalaw represented the two largest Liberal Party factions, and Laurel, who was son of former president Jose P. Laurel , it
10890-488: The onset of the coup, the rebels seized Villamor Airbase , Fort Bonifacio , Sangley Airbase , Mactan Airbase in Cebu, and portions of Camp Aguinaldo . The rebels set patrols around the runway of Ninoy Aquino International Airport , effectively shutting it down. From Sangley Airbase, the rebels launched planes and helicopters which bombarded and strafed Malacañan Palace , Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo. Three hours after
11011-489: The opposition party of vote-buying and a fraudulent election, President Marcos was reelected in the 1969 Philippine presidential election , this time defeating Sergio Osmeña Jr. by 61 to 39 percent. President Marcos's second term for the presidency was marred by allegations by the opposition Liberal Party of widespread graft and corruption. According to leftists who rioted during the First Quarter Storm ,
11132-607: The other hand, based on returns of 70% of the precincts of the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), an accredited poll watcher, had Aquino winning with 7,835,070 votes against Marcos's 7,053,068 votes. Presidency of Corazon Aquino President of the Philippines Post-Presidency Corazon Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippines following the People Power Revolution or EDSA 1, and spanned
11253-400: The party had won the presidency since the end of the Marcos dictatorship, however, as it lost control of the office to Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban in the 2016 presidential election and became the leading opposition party once again. Its vice presidential candidate Leni Robredo won in the same election, however, narrowly beating the second candidate by a small margin. The Liberal Party
11374-454: The party's principles and how members have adhered to them. Senator De Lima has been fully acquitted of all criminal charges on June 24, 2024, marking the end of her legal battle and detention that lasted over six years. De Lima, a prominent critic of former President Rodrigo Duterte, described the charges as politically motivated to silence her investigations into Duterte's controversial drug war and alleged human rights abuses. In 2019,
11495-478: The post-revolution, liberal-democratic status quo of the Philippines in contrast to authoritarianism , conservatism , and socialism . Aside from presidents, the party has been led by liberal thinkers and progressive politicians including Benigno Aquino Jr. , Jovito Salonga , Raul Daza, Florencio B. Abad Jr., Franklin Drilon , and Mar Roxas . Two of its members, Corazon Aquino and Leila de Lima , have received
11616-514: The presidency in 1986, ₱ 31 billion, slightly more than 25 percent of the government's budget, was allocated to public sector enterprises— government-owned or government-controlled corporations —in the form of equity infusions, subsidies , and loans. Aquino also found it necessary to write off ₱ 130 billion in bad loans granted by the government's two major financial institutions, the Philippine National Bank (PNB) and
11737-402: The prestigious Prize For Freedom , one of the highest international awards for liberal and democratic politicians since 1985 given by Liberal International. The Liberal Party is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Liberal International . The Liberal Party was founded on January 19, 1946 by Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino . It was formed by Roxas from what was once
11858-581: The provinces to shape up Filipino culture. After the EDSA revolution, she removed Maharlika Broadcasting System (MBS), a Marcos government -owned TV network; the network ceased transmitting on February 24, 1986. The name of MBS was changed to its interim name The New TV-4 but it was officially rebranded as the People's Television Network (PTV) in April 1986. On March 26, 1992, PTV made a government broadcaster for
11979-444: The provisional 1986 Freedom Constitution , pending the ratification of a new Constitution by the people. This allowed Aquino to exercise both executive and legislative powers until the ratification of the new Philippine Constitution and the establishment of a new Congress in 1987. Aquino and other top officials fired pro-Marcos governors and mayors, replacing them in all provinces with people loyal to Aquino. Aquino's new government
12100-553: The rebel planes at their base, fire in front of them if any attempted to take off, and shoot them down if they did." Following the failure of this coup, Aquino established a fact-finding commission headed by then- COMELEC chair Hilario Davide, Jr. to investigate and provide a full report on the series of coup attempts against her government. The report would become known as the Davide Commission Report . Liberal Party (Philippines) The Liberal Party of
12221-519: The retrenchment of workers in the Hacienda, eventually leaving seven people dead. Shortly after assuming the presidency, Aquino offered peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines - New Peoples Army (CPP-NPA) and released all political prisoners, including CPP leader Jose Maria Sison . A brief ceasefire between the government and the rebels groups which began in December 1986 collapsed
12342-679: The said law, was "a revolutionary kind of expropriation." Despite the implementation of CARP, Aquino was not spared from the controversies that eventually centered on Hacienda Luisita , a 6,453-hectare (15,950-acre) estate located in the province of Tarlac , which was a shared inheritance among the Cojuangco clan. She was scored for allowing Hacienda Luisita, which was now owned by the Tarlac Development Corporation, to opt for stock distribution, instead of land redistribution. As such, ownership of agricultural portions of
12463-456: The second-oldest active political party in the Philippines after the NP, and the oldest continually-active party. The LP served as the governing party of four Philippine presidents: Manuel Roxas , Elpidio Quirino , Diosdado Macapagal , and Benigno Aquino III . As a vocal opposition party to the dictatorship of their former member Ferdinand Marcos Sr. , it reemerged as a major political party after
12584-485: The senate race; led by the party, the coalition field also comprised members of the Magdalo Party-List , Akbayan Citizens Action Party , and Aksyon Demokratiko . None of the eight senatorial candidates under Otso Diretso won a seat, however; it was the first time in the history of the current bicameral composition of the Philippine Congress under the 1987 Constitution that the opposition failed to win
12705-538: The state visit with President Boris Yeltsin since Russia was independent on December 25, 1991. In a state visit in China between Aquino and Chinese Premier Deng Xiaoping in 1988, the two leaders discussed the economic relations between the Philippines and China; she also visited Hong Jian village, the ancestral homes of the Conjuangcos, where her grandparents and children were born and raised before they migrated to
12826-531: The then-ruling party Lakas–Kampi–CMD , becoming the largest minority party in Congress. Aquino would later win by plurality, and the LP would become the majority party in Congress. In the 2016 presidential elections, the Liberal Party nominated Mar Roxas, former Department of Transportation and Communications (DoTC) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary, and Leni Robredo ,
12947-558: The three countries. She also went to Malaysia in November 1987 to discuss territorial disputes in Sabah with Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad , and to Thailand and Brunei for separate meetings with Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda in April 1988, and Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah in August 1988. She and the member leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) met during ASEAN summits from 1986 to 1992. Aquino went to
13068-562: The wake of MV Doña Paz tragedy. Aquino met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in a state visit in Moscow in 1987. Aquino and Gorbachev agreed that the Philippines and the Soviet Union established the two-nation economic ties and to promote their reforms based on the perestroika and glasnost systems paved their way to democracy , it also includes a Philippine–Soviet friendship. She returned between 1991 and 1992 for
13189-401: The withdrawal of American forces for three years but this broke down as the United States refused to detail their withdrawal plans or to answer if nuclear weapons were kept on base. Finally on December 27, Aquino, who had previously fought to delay the U.S. pullout to cushion the country's battered economy, issued a formal notice for the U.S. to leave by the end of 1992. Naval Station Subic Bay
13310-424: Was 99 dead (including 50 civilians), with 570 more wounded. The United States military supported the Aquino government during the coup. Operation "Classic Resolve" involved the use of U.S. airpower from the aircraft carriers Midway and Enterprise (CVN-65) , and F-4 Phantom II fighters from Clark Air Base . The U.S. Air force jets retook the skies for Aquino. The U.S. planes had clearance to "...buzz
13431-568: Was a setback for the party, which lost both the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as well as all of its seats in the Senate, and saw its representation in the House of Representatives reduced. The Liberal Party remains an influential organization in contemporary Philippine politics . With center-left positions on social issues and centrist positions on economic issues, it is commonly associated with
13552-499: Was approved by 95% of the voters in the Philippine constitutional plebiscite . The constitution was part of the landmark Javellana v. Executive Secretary case (G.R. No. 36142) that led to the resignation of Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion . Part of the plot of the regime involved legitimizing the military rule through the new constitution providing legislative and executive powers to the president. Simultaneously Marcos conducted
13673-485: Was bankrupt and debt-ridden as a result of twenty years of mismanagement under the Marcos regime . Aquino focused on revitalizing and rejuvenating the sagging economy. She made bold moves to dismantle the various monopolies perpetrated by President Ferdinand Marcos during his stay in power. Aquino moved quickly to tackle the issue of the US$ 26 ;billion foreign debt incurred by her predecessor, deciding to honor all
13794-524: Was decided by men such as Chino Roces that both candidates might lack the popularity needed to win. This was because Salonga had spent much time in exile in the United States while Laurel, the founder and main head of UNIDO, was deemed "too lightweight". UNIDO and the other coalitions agreed to choose Aquino's wife Cory Aquino instead of Doy Laurel or Estrada-Kalaw and began the Cory Aquino for President Movement or CAPM, led by Roces, et al. Only Laurel,
13915-471: Was issued an arrest warrant in 2017 based on charges linked to the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal , which the party claimed was based on trumped-up charges, labelling the arrest "patently illegal". While on the whole, de Lima's investigation was seen by some pundits as an adversarial investigation that was a strategic mistake, others in the party simply saw it as a call to a review of
14036-494: Was led by Tañada and student leader Lean Alejandro of the University of the Philippines . However the socialists/national democrats took control of the coalition so Diokno, Ambrosio Padilla , and the liberal democrats as well as Butz Aquino, ATOM, and the social democrats left BAYAN to the present national democratic coalition that it has become in the 21st century. Eventually the top leaders decided to convene to select
14157-475: Was met with criticism from Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice President Salvador Laurel ; constitutionalist and retired Supreme Court Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma also vehemently opposed the move. "To declare her government “revolutionary" and abolish the Batasan Pambansa was to behave no better than Dictator Marcos", Palma said. Homobono Adaza, who brokered the opposition coalition, "when
14278-625: Was restored after the People Power Revolution , the LP was instrumental in ending more than half a century of US military presence in the Philippines with its campaign in the 1991 senate to reject a new RP-US Bases Treaty. This ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992 . In 2000, it was in opposition to the Joseph Estrada administration , actively supporting the Resign-Impeach-Oust initiatives that led to People Power II . On March 2 1998, members of
14399-529: Was the U.S.'s largest overseas defense facility after Clark Air Base was closed. During 1992, tons of material including drydocks and equipment, were shipped to various Naval Stations. Ship-repair and maintenance yards as well as supply depots were relocated to other Asian countries including Japan and Singapore. Finally, on November 24, 1992, the American Flag was lowered in Subic for the last time and
14520-596: Was the political party of the immediate past Vice President of the Philippines . In the 2019 midterm elections , the party remained the primary opposition party of the Philippines, holding three seats in the Senate . The LP was the largest party outside of Rodrigo Duterte's supermajority , holding 18 seats in the House of Representatives after 2019. In local government, the party held two provincial governorships and five vice governorships. The general election of 2022, however,
14641-894: Was widespread controversy over the fairness of the divestment procedure and its potential to contribute to an even greater concentration of economic power in the hands of a few wealthy families. After the 1986 EDSA Revolution , Aquino sequestered Marcos crony -owned radio and television stations such as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation , Radio Philippines Network and Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation . On July 16 and September 14, 1986, ABS-CBN resumed its operations after 14 years of their closure; its TV station DWWX-TV and two radio stations were reopened. Since 1986, Aquino adopted Original Pilipino Music (OPM) by issuing on July 25, 1987, Executive Order No. 255, which regularly broadcasts hourly OPM songs to all FM radio stations in Metro Manila and in
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