18-605: The Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala , India. It consists of the catchment area of the Karamana River , which originates from Chemmunjimottai, the tallest hill within the sanctuary. The sanctuary is named after the Peppara Dam , commissioned in 1983 to augment the drinking water supply to Thiruvananthapuram city and suburban areas. Considering
36-431: A core area which includes part(s) of protected areas such as a national park or a wildlife sanctuary and a buffer zone which is a mix of forested and non-forested land. Project tiger is aimed at performing the necessary activities to ensure viability of tiger population in the core area and to promote a balance between the existence of people and animals in the buffer zones. In 2006, National Tiger Conservation Authority
54-802: Is home to majority of the global wild tiger population, the increase in population of tigers in India played a major role in driving up global populations as well; the number of wild tigers globally rose from 3,159 in 2010 to 3,890 in 2016 according to the World Wide Fund and Global Tiger Forum. Project Tiger is headed by an additional director general (ADG) based at New Delhi with regional offices at Bangalore , Guwahati and Nagpur . The wildlife habitats that fall under Project Tiger are categorized into different conservation units: Shivalik-Terai , North East , Sunderbans , Western ghats , Eastern ghats , Central India and Sariska . Function under
72-1200: Is situated on Thiruvananthapuram- Ponmudi Road, about 50 km northeast of Thiruvananthapuram. The area is hilly, with elevation varying from 100 metres (330 ft) to 1,717 metres (5,633 ft). The major peaks in the sanctuary are Chemmunjimottai (1717m), Athirumalai (1594m), Arumukhamkunnu (1457m), Koviltherimalai (1313m) and Nachiyadikunnu (957m). Annual average rainfall is 2,500 millimetres (98 in). The major rivers are Karamana River and its tributaries. Forest types include West coast tropical evergreen, Southern hilltop tropical evergreen, West coast semi-evergreen, Southern moist mixed deciduous forest, Myristica swamp forest, sub-montane hill valley swamp forest etc. Common tree species are Terminalia paniculata , Terminalia bellirica , Pterocarpus marsupium , Palaquium ellipticum , Mesua ferrea , Hopea parviflora , Bombax ceiba , Syzygium cumini , Lagerstroemia microcarpa , Albizia procera , Alstonia scholaris , etc. The sanctuary has several mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. 43 species of mammals, 233 species of birds, 46 species of reptiles, 13 species of amphibians and 27 species of fishes are reported from
90-664: The Project Elephant , which may overlap with the wildlife sanctuaries and tiger reserves. Established in 1936, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu was the first bird sanctuary and the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary was established later in 1940. Spanning 7,506.22 km (2,898.17 sq mi), Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat is the largest wildlife sanctuary in
108-614: The Thiruvananthapuram airport. The area was formerly a part of the Paruthippally range of the Thiruvananthapuram territorial division . Forests consist of part of the Palode reserve (24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi)) and part of Kottoor reserve (29 square kilometres (11 sq mi)). The total water spread of the reservoir is 5.82 square kilometres (2.25 sq mi). The Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
126-714: The ambit of Project Tiger include protection of tiger habitats, daily monitoring, facilitating ecological development for local people in the buffer zones, voluntary relocation of people from core/critical tiger habitats and addressing human-wildlife conflicts. As a part of the project, state are provided assistance on curtailing poaching activities such as disseminating information on poachers, assisting in combing forest floor to check for traps and other anti-poaching activities, maintaining tiger database, providing grants and training for deployment of Special Tiger Protection Force. Wireless communication systems, infrared thermal cameras and monitoring systems have been developed within
144-618: The country. Andaman and Nicobar Islands has the most number of wildlife sanctuaries (97). Project Tiger Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation movement initiated in India to protect the endangered tiger . The project was initiated in 1973 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of the Government of India . As of March 2024, there are 55 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves under
162-543: The ecological significance of the area, it was declared a sanctuary in 1983. The terrain is undulating with elevation ranging from 100 m to 1717 m. The area of the sanctuary is 75 km2 with tropical moist evergreen forests and myristica swamps . It is part of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve . Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary is 44 kilometres (27 mi) by car from the nearest railway station, at Thiruvananthapuram , and 49 kilometres (30 mi) from
180-550: The establishment of Protected Areas in India. Wildlife sanctuaries of India, are classified as IUCN Category IV protected areas . As of January 2023, 567 wildlife sanctuaries have been established, covering 122,564.86 km (47,322.56 sq mi). Among these, Project Tiger governs 53 tiger reserves, which are of special significance for the conservation of the Bengal tiger . Additionally, there are 33 Elephant Reserves covering 80,778 km (31,189 sq mi) under
198-468: The project. As of 2023, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population. Project Tiger was initiated in 1973 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of the Government of India . The project was initiated to protect the Bengal Tiger and its habitats and to establish dedicated tiger reserves for sustaining tiger populations. As per
SECTION 10
#1732780886269216-406: The same on tiger conservation as it will increase human-animal conflict and might give opportunities for poaching. While others argue that this overlooks the reality of human-tiger coexistence and the abuse of power by authorities wherein local people who have been co-existing with the animals being evicted from their traditional lands rather than allowing them a proper role in decision-making to aid
234-492: The sanctuary. The common mammals found are tiger , leopard , sloth bear , elephant , sambar (deer) , bonnet macaque , Nilgiri langur , Nilgiri tahr . Wildlife sanctuary network in India A Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area of importance for flora , fauna , or features of geological or other interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide opportunities for study or research . The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for
252-465: The section 38 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 , the state governments are responsible preparing a Tiger Conservation Plan which includes planning and management of notified areas and maintaining the requisite competent staff to ensure the protection of the tiger reserve and providing inputs for maintaining a viable population of tigers, co-predators and prey animals. Tiger reserves consist of
270-419: The tiger census of 2006, a new methodology was used extrapolating site-specific densities of tigers, their co-predators and prey derived from camera trap and sign surveys using GIS . Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,411 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age. The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated
288-454: The tiger reserves to assist in patrol activities. Project Tiger's efforts are hampered by poaching , deforestation , construction and irregularities in administration of certain reserves. The Forest Rights Act enacted by the Indian government in 2006 recognizes the rights of forest dwelling communities in the buffer zones. Some of the wildlife experts have questioned the implications of
306-537: The total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. As per Ministry of Environment and Forests , the wild tiger population in India stood at 2,226 in 2014 with an increase of 30.5% since the 2010 estimate. In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,603–3,346 wild tigers with an average of 2,967 in existence in India. The wild tiger population increased to 3,682 as of 2022. As India
324-709: Was formed to administer the tiger reserves which were set up as a part of Project Tiger with Project Tiger becoming a centrally sponsored scheme (CSS) to provide funding for the establishment and administration of the tiger reserves. In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of 9,115 km (3,519 sq mi) had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of 24,700 km (9,500 sq mi). By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of 33,000 km (13,000 sq mi). As of March 2024, there are 55 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves. During
#268731