43-479: Perak Malay ( Bahase Peghok or Ngelabun Peghok ; Standard Malay : bahasa Melayu Perak ; Jawi script : بهاس ملايو ڤيراق) is one of the Malay dialects spoken within the state of Perak , Malaysia . Although it is neither the official language nor the standard dialect in the whole state of Perak, its existence which co-exists with other major dialects in the state of Perak still plays an important role in maintaining
86-533: A purist approach in lexicography away from Western loanwords (even favouring established roots like Sanskrit and Arabic) as well as neologizing from native roots. In recent years, Malaysian has also been influenced lexically by the Indonesian variety largely through the popularity of neighbouring mass media like dramas, soap operas, and music – akin to the effect of American media towards other Englishes like those of Britain and Australia. This language had
129-468: A result of historical immigration, civil war such as Klang War and other inevitable factors. Whilst there are many Malay dialects significantly found in Perak, all Malay dialectologists basically agreed that Perak Malay is spoken by the native Malay people who traditionally have long been subsisting along the riverine system of Perak which comprises Perak River valley and its vicinity except those at
172-707: A significant influence on the Malay language through trade and the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religions that arrived in the Malay Archipelago from the 1st to the 14th century. Borrowed words include bahasa (language), raja (king), syurga (heaven), neraka (hell), desa (village). 2. Arabic: With the arrival of Islam in the region during the 7th century, Arabic began influencing the Malay language, especially in religious and philosophical terminology. Examples include kitab (book), masjid (mosque), ilmu (knowledge), iman (faith), zakat (almsgiving). 3. Tamil: The influence of
215-685: Is a standardized form of the Malay language used in Malaysia and also used in Brunei and Singapore (as opposed to the variety used in Indonesia , which is referred to as the "Indonesian" language ). Malaysian Malay is standardized from the Johore-Riau dialect of Malay , particularly a branch spoken in the state of Johore south of the Malay Peninsula . It is spoken by much of
258-508: Is not defined in detail other than "in the Roman script ", the name as well as Bahasa Melayu is used continuously in its own educational literature; however, there is presumption that the standard "Malay" used by Singapore is the same as that utilised by the Malaysian government in contrast to the standard used by Indonesia (though with little differences in vocabulary). Article 152 of
301-658: Is now a province of Thailand ) before gaining independence in 1810 from the Pattani Kingdom via a rebellion by the Royal Family. In the southern parts of Perak ( Hilir Perak and Batang Padang ) and also in the districts of Kampar and Kinta and several parts of Manjung, the dialect is heavily influenced by southern Malay dialects of the peninsula such as Selangor , Malacca and Johore-Riau Malay and various languages of Indonesian archipelago namely Javanese , Banjar , Rawa , Mandailing and Buginese as
344-407: Is one of non-rhotic variants of Malay language and the 'r' is guttural. In Perak Malay, if the 'r' appears in the initial and middle position of a word, it will be pronounced as French 'r' specifically voiced uvular fricative , [ʁ] but if it comes in the final position of a word and in a postvocalic setting, it will be dropped or deleted and then substituted into an open vowel; usually 'o' by affecting
387-610: Is prescribed by law as the official script of Malaysian Malay, and the Arabic alphabet called Jawi (or Malay script) is not legally prescribed for that purpose. Rumi is official while efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve the Jawi script and to revive its use in Malaysia. The Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. While literary Malay throughout
430-478: The 13 May incident . During the era of Mahathir Mohamad, the Malaysian Government coordinated all book publications to use the term Bahasa Melayu instead of Bahasa Malaysia to respect the constitution and the national language act. This led to the publication of many scholarly books that mixed the use of either Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Malaysia until the 2010s during Abdullah Ahmad Badawi era and
473-535: The Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), claiming that the involved terms with implementation of the additional words and pronunciations is the real correct terms as same as stated in the Qur'an, where it is predominantly used by the local Muslim netizens in the social medias nowadays. The several involved terms in comparison to Standard Malay that is popularly used, such as: Code-switching between English and Malaysian and
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#1732772104513516-685: The Kra Isthmus , the peninsula's narrowest point, into the Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , and the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor . The Malay term Tanah Melayu is derived from the word Tanah (land) and Melayu ( Malays ), thus it means "the Malay land". The term can be found in various Malay texts, of which
559-680: The upper stream . Historically, it was a tradition for the Malay peasants in Perak to settle along the Perak River. Royal residences also were built at various sites along the river basin , and there was never any attempt to move to another tributary. It has been said that in general, the Malay people in Malaya distinguish the dialect of Perak by the final /- a / vowel in Standard Malay substituted into strong 'e': [- ɛ ] , in contrast to [- o ] , [- ɔ ] , [- ɑ ] and [- ə ] in
602-557: The Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia , Southern Thailand , and the southernmost tip of Myanmar ( Kawthaung ). The island country of Singapore also has historical and cultural ties with the region. The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system and form the backbone of the peninsula and the southernmost section of the central cordillera , which runs from Tibet through
645-413: The Malay dialects spoken in the state of Perak are diverse. In fact, there is still no definite classification of the type of Malay dialects used in Perak. Ismail Hussein (1973) classified the Malay dialects in Perak into five types segregated into five different areas. While Harun Mat Piah (1983) categorized them into six. Although Asmah Haji Omar (1985) divided the Malay dialects in Perak into five types,
688-478: The Malay people natively speak a distinct variant of Malay language which is most closely related to Kelantan-Pattani Malay and the Malay dialects of southern Thailand due to geographical borders and historical assimilation. This variant is occasionally classified as a sub-dialect of Yawi . The district of Hulu Perak once was ruled by the Kingdom of Reman . Reman was historically a part of Greater Pattani (which
731-606: The Malaysian Constitution mentions the Malay language as the national language while the National Language Act 1963/67 strengthens the status of the Malay language as the official language. The use of the term Bahasa Malaysia was also official in the publication of books and government agencies before the 20th era. This matter was coordinated by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman in order to distinguish Indonesian language after
774-452: The Malaysian population, although most learn a vernacular Malay dialect or another native language first. Article 152 of Malaysia's Consitution as drafted in 1957 (revised in 1963 ) merely mentions "Malay" ( Bahasa Melayu ) as the designation of its "national language" without any further definition, but the term bahasa Malaysia ( lit. ' Malaysian Language ' ) is used in official contexts from time to time. The use of
817-467: The Tamil language came primarily through maritime trade between India and the Malay Archipelago. Borrowed words from Tamil include kedai (shop), mangga (mango), and vadai (a type of snack). 4. Chinese: Trade relations between Chinese merchants and the local population led to the borrowing of words such as tauhu (tofu), mee (noodles), lombong (mine). 5. Portuguese: The Portuguese occupation of Malacca in
860-593: The beech family ( Fagaceae ), Myrtle family ( Myrtaceae ), laurel family ( Lauraceae ), tropical conifers , and other plant families. The peninsula's forests are home to thousands of species of animals and plants. Several large endangered mammals inhabit the peninsula – Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ), gaur ( Bos gaurus ), tiger ( Panthera tigris ), sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ), Malayan tapir ( Tapirus indicus ), clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ), and siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus ). The Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) once inhabited
903-452: The beginning Najib Razak era and finally the term Bahasa Melayu was successfully harmonized in the education system in the 2020s. The national standard variety of Malay employed in Brunei largely follows the Malaysian standard; the main differences being minor variation in pronunciation and some lexical influence from Brunei Malay , the local non-standard variety of Malay. The Latin alphabet , known in Malay as Rumi (Roman alphabets),
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#1732772104513946-663: The early 16th century introduced words like gereja (church), keju (cheese), jendela (window), and almari (cupboard). 6. Dutch: Borrowing from Dutch occurred during the Dutch colonial period, including words like kabin (cabin), sekolah (school), kontrak (contract). 7. English: The English language introduced many technical and modern words into Malay, especially during British colonial rule. Examples include telefon (telephone), komputer (computer), bank, internet, and stesen (station). Colloquial and contemporary usage of Malay includes modern Malaysian vocabulary, which may not be familiar to
989-500: The east. Prior to the foundation of Malacca, ancient and medieval references to a Malay peninsula exist in various foreign sources. According to several Indian scholars, the word Malayadvipa ("mountain-insular continent"), mentioned in the ancient Indian text, Vayu Purana , may possibly refer to the Malay Peninsula. Another Indian source, an inscription on the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple , recorded
1032-554: The ethnic Malays ), the term bahasa Malaysia became the government's preferred designation for the national language. Internally as of present, the Dewan Bahasa prefers the term bahasa Melayu in its literature whereas Malaysia's Ministry of Education prefers both Bahasa Melayu in its syllabi material as well as Bahasa Malaysia in its official communications. In Singapore, "Malay" as an official language allocated in its constitution 's "General Provisions" (Part 13)
1075-518: The final nasals to alveolar nasal . The final nasals /- m / and /- ŋ / phonetically exist in certain environments. In other circumstances, the nasals are neutralized to [- n ] . This neutralizing rule operates only if the final nasals are directly preceded by / i / or / e / . In addition, the [ e ] and [ o ] are allophones of / i / and / u / in closed final syllables in general Malaysian phonology . Most of Malay dialects particularly in Malaysia are non-rhotic . Perak Malay
1118-542: The forests, but Malaysia's last rhinoceroses died in 2019, and the species' few remaining members survive only in Sumatra . The peninsula is home to several distinct ecoregions . The Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests cover the northern peninsula, including the Tenasserim Hills and the Isthmus of Kra, and extend to the coast on both sides of the isthmus. The Kangar-Pattani floristic boundary crosses
1161-446: The identity of Perak. In spite of the fact that there are five main dialects traditionally spoken in Perak, only one of which is intended by the name "Perak Malay". There are subtle phonetic , syntactic and lexical distinctions from other major Malay dialects. Perak Malay can be divided into two sub-dialects, Kuala Kangsar and Perak Tengah , named after the daerah (districts) where they are predominantly spoken. Linguistically,
1204-399: The latter term can be politically contentious; in 1999 the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka rejected the publication of some short stories as the preface to the publication used the term bahasa Malaysia instead of bahasa Melayu . Between 1986 and 2007, the term bahasa Malaysia was replaced by " bahasa Melayu ". In 2007, to recognize that Malaysia is composed of many ethnic groups (and not only
1247-534: The mountains above 1,000 meters elevation. The lowlands and hills are in the Peninsular Malaysian rain forests ecoregion. The Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests include distinctive waterlogged forests in the lowlands on both sides of the peninsula. Extensive mangroves line both coasts. The Myanmar Coast mangroves are on the western shore of the peninsula, and the Indochina mangroves on
1290-483: The older generation, such as: New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns popularly nowadays and the word orang (person), such as: In addition, Arabic terms that is originally used in Standard Malay nowadays has been popularly changed where some of the words and pronunciations in the involved terms have been added by the local conservative Muslims by disputing the terms suggested by
1333-606: The oldest dating back to the early 17th century. It is frequently mentioned in the Hikayat Hang Tuah , a well-known classic tale associated with the legendary heroes of Malacca Sultanate . Tanah Melayu in the text is consistently employed to refer to the area under Malaccan dominance. In the early 16th century, Tomé Pires , a Portuguese apothecary who stayed in Malacca from 1512 to 1515, uses an almost identical term, Terra de Tana Malaio , with which he referred to
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1376-942: The open vowel preceding it. Perak Malay differs lexically from Standard Malay for some personal pronouns. The suffix '-me' indicates plural pronoun. Possibly '-me' is derived from the word semua that means 'all' in Malay. Notes: * Kuala Kangsar variant ** Influence of the northern dialect Instead of using ' bebeno ' or ' sangat ' as intensifier for an adjective, Perak Malay speakers also use specific intensifiers for some adjectives. Perak Malay also differs phonetically and lexically from Standard Malay for some animals. Perak Malay has distinct names for specific fruits and plants. Some differ in pronunciation from Standard Malay. Standard Malay Malaysian Malay ( Malay : Bahasa Melayu Malaysia ) or Malaysian ( Bahasa Malaysia ) — endonymically within Malaysia as Standard Malay ( Bahasa Melayu piawai ) or simply Malay ( Bahasa Melayu , abbreviated to BM )—
1419-480: The other Malay dialects, similar to inland Terengganu dialect . So as for the word mata (eye) which is shown by the phonemes /mat a / in Standard Malay, is pronounced as [mat ɛ ] in Perak Malay notably in central Perak region. It appears that Perak Malay has a vowel raising rule which changes word final /- a / vowel of Standard Malay to [- ɛ ] . Exception of this rule occurs for some words as shown in
1462-554: The peninsula in southern Thailand and northernmost Malaysia, marking the boundary between the large biogeographic regions of Indochina to the north and Sundaland and Malesia to the south. The forests north of the boundary are characterized by seasonally-deciduous trees, while the Sundaland forests have more year-round rainfall and the trees are mostly evergreen. Peninsular Malaysia is home to three terrestrial ecoregions. The Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregion covers
1505-625: The region has mostly absorbed from Sanskrit , Tamil , Hindustani (Hindi–Urdu), Arabic , Persian , Portuguese and Sinitic languages ; the variety spoken within British colonies that eventually make up Malaysia following the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty borrowed majorly from English (in particular many scientific and technological terms) compared to Dutch as spread within the East Indies . Since Malayan independence and later Federation formation, its own Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka followed
1548-469: The southeastern part of Sumatra, where the deposed sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah , established his exiled government. The 17th century's account of Portuguese historian, Emanuel Godinho de Erédia , noted on the region of Malaios surrounded by the Andaman Sea in the north, the entire Strait of Malacca in the centre, a part of Sunda Strait in the south, and the western part of South China Sea in
1591-416: The specifications of the division did not coincide with that of Ismail's. Perak Malay is spoken throughout the whole state except in the northwestern parts of Perak ( Kerian , Larut, Matang and Selama ), and a few parts of Manjung district including Pangkor Island where the northern dialect is predominantly spoken. In the northeastern part of Perak ( Hulu Perak ) and some parts of Selama and Kerian,
1634-558: The sub-dialects. The pattern /- ai̯ / transformed to [- aː ] is particularly restricted to some areas within the district of Perak Tengah. Typically in most villages in Parit and southward to Bota , this pattern is applied. While in the sub-districts of Kampung Gajah and northward to Lambor, the speakers tend to utter in the similar form as in Kuala Kangsar sub-dialect. There is a phonological rule in Perak Malay that neutralizes
1677-536: The table below. This exception is regarded as common amongst most Malay dialects in the peninsula. As the prevalence of Perak Malay, the diphthongs presented by the graphemes - ai and - au are often articulated as varied forms of monophthongs . Still and all, diphthongization of monophthongs occurs in certain conditions instead. For instance, the final vowels sound /- i / and /- u / are articulated to some extent as diphthongs [- iy ] and [- uw ] respectively. The monophthongization patterns phonetically vary by
1720-563: The term Tanah Melayu was generally used by the Malays of the peninsula during the rise of Malay nationalism to describe uniting all Malay states on the peninsula under one Malay nation, and this ambition was largely realised with the formation of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ( Malay for " Federation of Malaya ") in 1948. The Malay Peninsula is covered with tropical moist broadleaf forests . Lowland forests are dominated by dipterocarp trees, while montane forests are home to evergreen trees in
1763-494: The use of novel loanwords is widespread, forming Bahasa Rojak . Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of linguistic purists in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold use of the prescribed standard language . Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia . The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of
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1806-592: The word Malaiur , referring to a kingdom in the Malay Peninsula that had "a strong mountain for its rampart". Ptolemy 's Geographia named a geographical region of the Golden Chersonese as Maleu-kolon , a term thought to derive from Sanskrit malayakolam or malaikurram . While the Chinese chronicle of the Yuan dynasty mentioned the word Ma-li-yu-er , referring to a nation of the Malay Peninsula that
1849-533: Was threatened by the southward expansion of the Sukhothai Kingdom under King Ram Khamhaeng . During the same era, Marco Polo made a reference to Malauir in his travelogue , as a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula, possibly similar to the one mentioned in the Yuan chronicle. The Malay Peninsula was conflated with Persia in old Japan, and was known by the same name. In the early 20th century,
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