Misplaced Pages

#401598

51-560: Figueres is 6.5 km to the west, Roses 13.6 km to the south east. The N-260 to the south connects Figueres with Portbou and the French border. The local economy is based on tourism, winemaking and dairy farming. Since 1987 a festival of music called Festival Internacional de Música "Castell de Peralada" , focused on lyrical productions and operas , has been held in Peralada. This Province of Girona location article

102-620: A "TGV commuter belt" around Paris; the TGV also serves Charles de Gaulle Airport and Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport . A visitor attraction in itself, it stops at Disneyland Paris and in southern tourist cities such as Avignon and Aix-en-Provence as well. Brest , Chambéry , Nice , Toulouse and Biarritz are reachable by TGVs running on a mix of LGVs and modernised lines. In 2007, the SNCF generated profits of €1.1 billion (approximately US$ 1.75 billion, £875 million) driven largely by higher margins on

153-721: A Duplex set plus a Reseau set. Each set has a wheelchair accessible compartment. After a lengthy development process starting in 1988 (during which they were known as the TGV-2N) the original batch of 30 was built between 1995 and 1998. Further deliveries started in 2000 with the Duplex fleet now totaling 160 units, making it the backbone of the SNCF TGV-fleet. They weigh 380 tonnes and are 200 m (656 ft 2 in) long, made up of two power cars and eight carriages. Extensive use of aluminum means that they weigh not much more than

204-576: A capacity of 377 seats. They have a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). They are 200 m (656 ft 2 in) long and are 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) wide. The bi-current sets weigh 383 tonnes: owing to axle-load restrictions in Belgium the tri-current sets have a series of modifications, such as the replacement of steel with aluminum and hollow axles, to reduce the weight to under 17 t per axle. Owing to early complaints of uncomfortable pressure changes when entering tunnels at high speed on

255-460: A capacity of 485 seats. They were built with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) and 8,800 kW of power under 25 kV. The efficiency of the Atlantique with all seats filled has been calculated at 767 PMPG , though with a typical occupancy of 60% it is about 460 PMPG (a Toyota Prius with three passengers is 144 PMPG). Modified unit 325 set the world speed record in 1990 on

306-451: A driver does not react within 1.5 km (0.93 mi), the system overrides the controls and reduces the train's speed automatically. The TVM safety mechanism enables TGVs using the same line to depart every three minutes. The TGV system itself extends to neighbouring countries, either directly (Italy, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany) or through TGV-derivative networks linking France to Switzerland ( Lyria ), to Belgium, Germany and

357-508: A major publicity campaign focusing on the speed, frequency, reservation policy, normal price, and broad accessibility of the service. This commitment to a democratised TGV service was enhanced in the Mitterrand era with the promotional slogan "Progress means nothing unless it is shared by all". The TGV was considerably faster (in terms of door to door travel time) than normal trains, cars , or aeroplanes . The trains became widely popular,

408-482: A number of other countries: SNCF and Alstom are investigating new technology that could be used for high-speed transport. The development of TGV trains is being pursued in the form of the Automotrice à grande vitesse (AGV) high-speed multiple unit with motors under each carriage. Investigations are being carried out with the aim of producing trains at the same cost as TGVs with the same safety standards. AGVs of

459-409: A phase break zone. Just before this section, train operators must power down the motors (allowing the train to coast ), lower the pantograph, adjust a switch to select the appropriate system, and raise the pantograph. Once the train exits the phase break zone and detects the correct electric supply, a dashboard indicator illuminates, and the operator can once again engage the motors. The Sud-Est fleet

510-427: A power output of 9,600 kW and a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). Unlike TGV-A, TGV-R and TGV-D, they have asynchronous motors, and isolation of an individual motor is possible in case of failure. The bi-current TGV 2N2 (Avelia Euroduplex) can be regarded as the 3rd generation of Duplex. The series was commissioned from December 2011 for links to Germany and Switzerland (tri-current trains) and to cope with

561-426: A powered bogie in the carriages adjacent to the power cars. They are 200 m (656 ft 2 in) long and 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in) wide. They weighed 385 tonnes (849,000 lb) with a power output of 6,450 kW under 25 kV. The sets were originally built to run at 270 km/h (168 mph) but most were upgraded to 300 km/h (186 mph) during mid-life refurbishment in preparation for

SECTION 10

#1732776749402

612-405: A set of semi-permanently coupled articulated un-powered coaches . Cars are connected with Jacobs bogies , a single bogie shared between the ends of two coaches. The only exception are the end cars, which have a standalone bogie on the side closest to the power car, which is often motorized. Power cars also have two bogies. Trains can be lengthened by coupling two TGVs, using couplers hidden in

663-526: Is 279.3 km/h (173.5 mph). This record was surpassed on 26 December 2009 by the new Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway in China where the fastest scheduled train covered 922 km (573 mi) at an average speed of 312.54 km/h (194.20 mph). A Eurostar (TGV) train broke the record for the longest non-stop high-speed international journey on 17 May 2006 carrying the cast and filmmakers of The Da Vinci Code from London to Cannes for

714-534: Is France's intercity high-speed rail service. With commercial operating speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph) on the newer lines, the TGV was conceived at the same period as other technological projects such as the Ariane 1 rocket and Concorde supersonic airliner; sponsored by the Government of France , those funding programmes were known as champion national (" national champion ") policies. In 2023

765-560: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Figueres Figueres ( Catalan: [fiˈɣeɾəs] ; Spanish : Figueras [fiˈɣeɾas] ) is the capital city of Alt Empordà county, in the Girona region , Catalonia , Spain. The town is the birthplace of artist Salvador Dalí , and houses the Dalí Theatre and Museum , a large museum designed by Dalí himself which attracts many visitors. It

816-468: Is a large shipyard that carries out ship construction and repair. It has been in operation since 1969. Among other vessel types, the ship produces large wind farm service vessels and in recent years has also built electric ferries. Figueres is twinned with: TGV The TGV ( French: [teʒeve] ; Train à Grande Vitesse , [tʁɛ̃ a ɡʁɑ̃d vitɛs] , "high-speed train"; formerly TurboTrain à Grande Vitesse )

867-530: Is also served by its own railway station just east of the old town center. Figueres has been connected since December 2010 to the high-speed rail network with the start of services connecting Figueres to Perpignan via LGV , allowing direct TGV services to Paris in 5 h 27 min. Connections to Madrid-Barcelona via AVE began on 8 January 2013 and the trip takes 53 min to Barcelona Sants (12 min to Girona). The Gondán Shipyard in Figueres

918-401: Is also the birthplace of Narcís Monturiol , inventor of the first successful machine-powered submarine . Also born here was Mónica Naranjo , one of the best selling Spanish singers of the 1990s and 2000s. The town's name derives from that of Ficaris , of Visigoth origin. In 1267 , King James I of Aragon conceded it fuero rights, but four years later Count Ponç IV of Empúries set

969-420: Is needed to split carriages, by lifting up cars off a bogie. Once uncoupled, one of the carriage ends is left without support, so a specialized frame is required. SNCF prefers to use power cars instead of electric multiple units because it allows for less electrical equipment. There are six types of TGV equipment in use, all built by Alstom : Retired sets: Several TGV types have broken records, including

1020-482: The Cannes Film Festival . The 1,421-kilometre (883 mi) journey took 7 hours 25 minutes on an average speed of 191.6 km/h (119.1 mph). The fastest single long-distance run on the TGV was done by a TGV Réseau train from Calais-Frethun to Marseille (1,067.2 km (663.1 mi)i) in 3 hours 29 minutes at a speed of 306 km/h (190 mph) for the inauguration of

1071-706: The Jacobs bogies . The first Réseau (Network) sets entered service in 1993. Fifty bi-current sets were ordered in 1990, supplemented by 40 tri-current sets in 1992/1993 (adding 3,000 V DC system used on traditional lines in Belgum). Ten tri-current sets carry the Eurostar Red (ex- Thalys ) livery and are known as the PBA (Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam) sets. They are formed of two power cars (8,800 kW under 25 kV – as TGV Atlantique) and eight carriages, giving

SECTION 20

#1732776749402

1122-550: The LGV Méditerranée on 26 May 2001. On 28 November 2003, the TGV network carried its one billionth passenger, a distant second only to the Shinkansen's five billionth passenger in 2000. Excluding international traffic, the TGV system carried 98 million passengers during 2008, an increase of 8 million (9.1%) on the previous year. All TGV trains have two power cars , one on each end. Between those power cars are

1173-564: The Shijiazhuang to Zhengzhou segment of China's Shijiazhuang–Wuhan high-speed railway . During the engineering phase, the Transmission Voie-Machine (TVM) cab-signalling technology was developed, as drivers would not be able to see signals along the track-side when trains reach full speed. It allows for a train engaging in an emergency braking to request within seconds all following trains to reduce their speed; if

1224-1172: The V150 and TGV 001 . V150 was a specially modified five-car double-deck trainset that reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) under controlled conditions on a test run. It narrowly missed beating the world train speed record of 581 km/h (361 mph). The record-breaking speed is impractical for commercial trains due to motor overcharging, empty train weight, rail and engine wear issues, elimination of all but three coaches, excessive vibration, noise and lack of emergency stopping methods . TGVs travel at up to 320 km/h (199 mph) in commercial use. All TGVs are at least bi-current , which means that they can operate at 25 kV 50 Hz AC (used on LGVs) and 1,500 V DC (used on traditional lines). Trains travelling internationally must accommodate other voltages ( 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC or 3,000 V DC ), requiring tri-current and quad-current TGVs. Each TGV power car has two pantographs: one for AC use and one for DC. When passing between areas with different electric systems (identified by marker boards), trains enter

1275-503: The 1950s, consolidating its economy around the tourism industry. Figueres was once home to a Jewish community prior to the expulsion of the Jews in 1492, and a small Jewish quarter remains. Situated in the northeast corner of Catalonia, Figueres is about 40 km (25 miles) from Girona , 140 km (87 miles) from Barcelona , 60 km (37 miles) from Perpignan , and 50 km (31 miles) from Girona-Costa Brava Airport . It

1326-474: The LGV Atlantique before its opening. Modifications such as improved aerodynamics , larger wheels and improved braking were made to enable speeds of over 500 km/h (311 mph). The set was reduced to two power cars and three carriages to improve the power-to-weight ratio, weighing 250 tonnes. Three carriages, including the bar carriage in the centre, is the minimum possible configuration because of

1377-606: The LGV Atlantique, the Réseau sets are now pressure-sealed. They can be coupled to a Duplex set. The Duplex was built to increase TGV capacity without increasing train length or the number of trains. Each carriage has two levels, with access doors at the lower level taking advantage of low French platforms . A staircase gives access to the upper level, where the gangway between carriages is located. There are 512 seats per set. On busy routes such as Paris-Marseille they are operated in pairs, providing 1,024 seats in two Duplex sets or 800 in

1428-706: The Netherlands (former Thalys ), as well as to the United Kingdom ( Eurostar ). Several future lines are under construction or planned, including extensions within France and to surrounding countries. The Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel , part of the LGV Lyon–Turin that is currently under construction, is set to become the longest rail tunnel in the world. Cities such as Tours and Le Mans have become part of

1479-523: The TGV Réseau sets they supplement. The bi-current power cars provide 8,800 kW, and they have a slightly increased speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). Duplex TGVs run on all of French high-speed lines. TGV POS (Paris-Ostfrankreich-Süddeutschland or Paris-Eastern France-Southern Germany) are used on the LGV Est. They consist of two Duplex power cars with eight TGV Réseau-type carriages, with

1530-432: The TGV network in France carried 122 million passengers. The state-owned SNCF started working on a high-speed rail network in 1966. It presented the project to President Georges Pompidou in 1974 who approved it. Originally designed as turbotrains to be powered by gas turbines , TGV prototypes evolved into electric trains with the 1973 oil crisis . In 1976 the SNCF ordered 87 high-speed trains from Alstom . Following

1581-582: The TGV network. The idea of the TGV was first proposed in the 1960s, after Japan had begun construction of the Shinkansen in 1959. At the time the Government of France favoured new technology, exploring the production of hovercraft and the Aérotrain air-cushion vehicle. Simultaneously, the SNCF began researching high-speed trains on conventional tracks. In 1976, the administration agreed to fund

Peralada - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-422: The basis of early TGV designs, including the distinctive nose shape of the first power cars. Changing the TGV to electric traction required a significant design overhaul. The first electric prototype, nicknamed Zébulon, was completed in 1974, testing features such as innovative body mounting of motors, pantographs , suspension and braking . Body mounting of motors allowed over 3 tonnes to be eliminated from

1683-516: The first line. By the mid-1990s, the trains were so popular that SNCF president Louis Gallois declared that the TGV was "the train that saved French railways". It was originally planned that the TGV, then standing for très grande vitesse ("very high speed") or turbine grande vitesse ("high-speed turbine"), would be propelled by gas turbines , selected for their small size, good power-to-weight ratio and ability to deliver high power over an extended period. The first prototype, TGV 001 ,

1734-432: The first production version was delivered on 25 April 1980. The TGV opened to the public between Paris and Lyon on 27 September 1981. Contrary to its earlier fast services, SNCF intended TGV service for all types of passengers, with the same initial ticket price as trains on the parallel conventional line. To counteract the popular misconception that the TGV would be a premium service for business travellers, SNCF started

1785-528: The inaugural service between Paris and Lyon in 1981 on the LGV Sud-Est , the network, centred on Paris, has expanded to connect major cities across France, including Marseille , Lille , Bordeaux , Strasbourg , Rennes and Montpellier , as well as in neighbouring countries on a combination of high-speed and conventional lines. The success of the first high-speed service led to a rapid development of Lignes à Grande Vitesse (LGVs, "high-speed lines") to

1836-571: The increased traffic due to the opening of the LGV Rhine-Rhone. They are numbered from 800 and are limited to 320 km/h (199 mph). ERTMS makes them compatible to allow access to Spain similar to Dasye . The design that emerged from the process was named TGV M , and in July 2018 SNCF ordered 100 trainsets with deliveries expected to begin in 2024. They are expected to cost €25 million per 8-car set. TGV technology has been adopted in

1887-436: The large amount of kinetic energy of a train at high speed, high-speed aerodynamics, and signalling. It was articulated, comprising two adjacent carriages sharing a bogie , allowing free yet controlled motion with respect to one another. It reached 318 km/h (198 mph), which remains the world speed record for a non-electric train. Its interior and exterior were styled by French designer Jacques Cooper, whose work formed

1938-497: The noses of the power cars. The articulated design is advantageous during a derailment, as the passenger carriages are more likely to stay upright and in line with the track. Normal trains could split at couplings and jackknife, as seen in the Eschede train disaster . A disadvantage is that it is difficult to split sets of carriages. While power cars can be removed from trains by standard uncoupling procedures, specialized equipment

1989-510: The opening of the LGV Méditerranée. The few sets that kept a maximum speed of 270 km/h (168 mph) operated on routes that include a comparatively short distance on LGV, such as to Switzerland via Dijon; SNCF did not consider it financially worthwhile to upgrade their speed for a marginal reduction in journey time. In December 2019, the trains were phased out from service. In late 2019 and early 2020, TGV 01 (Nicknamed Patrick),

2040-524: The power cars and greatly reduced the unsprung weight . The prototype travelled almost 1,000,000 km (621,371 mi) during testing. In 1976, the French administration funded the TGV project, and construction of the LGV Sud-Est , the first high-speed line (French: ligne à grande vitesse ), began shortly afterwards. The line was given the designation LN1, Ligne Nouvelle 1 ("New Line 1"). After two pre-production trainsets (nicknamed Patrick and Sophie ) had been tested and substantially modified,

2091-870: The public welcoming fast and practical travel. The Eurostar service began operation in 1994, connecting continental Europe to London via the Channel Tunnel and the LGV Nord-Europe with a version of the TGV designed for use in the tunnel and the United Kingdom. The first phase of the British High Speed 1 line was completed in 2003, the second phase in November 2007. The fastest trains take 2 hours 15 minutes London–Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes London–Brussels. The first twice-daily London-Amsterdam service ran 3 April 2018, and took 3 hours 47 minutes. The TGV (1981)

Peralada - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-559: The same length as TGVs could have up to 450 seats. The target speed is 360 kilometres per hour (224 mph). The prototype AGV was unveiled by Alstom on 5 February 2008. Italian operator NTV is the first customer for the AGV, and became the first open-access high-speed rail operator in Europe, starting operation in 2011. The design process of the next generation of TGVs began in 2016 when SNCF and Alstom signed an agreement to jointly develop

2193-428: The south ( Rhône-Alpes , Méditerranée , Nîmes–Montpellier ), west ( Atlantique , Bretagne-Pays de la Loire , Sud Europe Atlantique ), north ( Nord , Interconnexion Est ) and east ( Rhin-Rhône , Est ). Since it was launched, the TGV has not recorded a single passenger fatality in an accident on normal, high-speed service. A specially modified TGV high-speed train known as Project V150 , weighing only 265 tonnes, set

2244-695: The town on fire. In 1794 Figueras was surrendered to France, but it was regained in 1795. During the Peninsular War it was taken by the French in 1808, recaptured by the Spaniards in 1811, and retaken by the French in the same year. During the Spanish Civil War , it remained loyal to the Republican government , and was repeatedly bombed by the Nazi and Fascist Italian aviation. It

2295-532: The very first TGV train, did a farewell service that included all three liveries that were worn during their service. The 105 train Atlantique fleet was built between 1988 and 1992 for the opening of the LGV Atlantique and entry into service began in 1989. They are all bi-current, 237.5 m (779 ft 2 in) long and 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) wide. They weigh 444 tonnes (979,000 lb) and are made up of two power cars and ten carriages with

2346-535: The world record for the fastest wheeled train, reaching 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) during a test run on 3 April 2007. In 2007, the world's fastest scheduled rail journey was a start-to-stop average speed of 279.4 km/h (173.6 mph) between the Gare de Champagne-Ardenne and Gare de Lorraine on the LGV Est , not surpassed until the 2013 reported average of 283.7 km/h (176.3 mph) express service on

2397-496: Was boosted to 31 kV, and extra ballast was tamped onto the permanent way. The train beat the 1990 world speed record of 515.3 km/h (320.2 mph), set by a similarly TGV, along with unofficial records set during weeks preceding the official record run. The test was part of an extensive research programme by Alstom. In 2007, the TGV was the world's fastest conventional scheduled train : one journey's average start-to-stop speed from Champagne-Ardenne Station to Lorraine Station

2448-588: Was built between 1978 and 1988 and operated the first TGV service, from Paris to Lyon in 1981. There were 107 passenger sets, of which nine are tri-current (including 15 kV  16.7 Hz AC for use in Switzerland) and the rest bi-current. There were seven bi-current half-sets without seats that carried mail for La Poste between Paris, Lyon and Provence , in a distinctive yellow livery until they were phased out in 2015. Each set were made up of two power cars and eight carriages (capacity 345 seats), including

2499-522: Was one of the most heavily bombed Catalan cities during the Civil War, in 1938 , and, especially, at the beginning of 1939 , when thousands of people passed through the town on their way into exile. The number of bombing victims cannot be known with certainty, but could be close to 400. Spain's Republican government held its final meeting of the civil war (on 1 February 1939) in the dungeons of its Sant Ferran Castle . Figueres recovered starting from

2550-427: Was the only gas-turbine TGV: following the increase in the price of oil during the 1973 energy crisis , gas turbines were deemed uneconomic and the project turned to electricity from overhead lines , generated by new nuclear power stations . TGV 001 was not a wasted prototype: its gas turbine was only one of its many new technologies for high-speed rail travel. It also tested high-speed brakes, needed to dissipate

2601-455: Was the world's second commercial and the fastest standard gauge high-speed train service, after Japan's Shinkansen , which connected Tokyo and Osaka from 1 October 1964. It was a commercial success. A TGV test train holds the world speed record for conventional trains. On 3 April 2007 a modified TGV POS train reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) under test conditions on the LGV Est between Paris and Strasbourg. The line voltage

SECTION 50

#1732776749402
#401598