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16-609: The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting Republican Spelling System ( RSS , also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS ). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies . The new EYD system, adopted on

32-456: A few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian mag 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as [max] or even [mah] , deriving from Dutch maag ; and bus pronounced as [bəs] or [bɪs] also from Dutch bus . Various minor changes were announced after 1975: Republican Spelling System The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian : ejaan republik , when written in

48-676: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Van Ophuijsen Spelling System The Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was the Romanized standard orthography for the Indonesian language from 1901 to 1947. Before the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was in force, the Malay language (and consequently Indonesian) in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ) did not have a standardized spelling, or

64-558: Is also used as needed for Islamic subjects. Examples: This letter is also used in some placenames in Indonesia, derived from the local languages, e.g. Siluq Ngurai  [ id ] and Sekolaq Darat  [ id ] districts in West Kutai Regency , East Kalimantan . The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with

80-512: The 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day. Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system. It

96-565: The Malay language in Indonesia. The Van Ophuijsen system was modelled extensively on Dutch orthography , ostensibly to make pronunciation of Malay and Indonesian words more easily understandable to Dutch colonial authorities. Thus, the system used the Dutch variant of the Latin script , reflecting contemporaneous Dutch phonology . Some noticeable characteristics of this spelling system were: While

112-470: The Netherlands. Together with two native assistants, Engku Nawawi and Mohammed Taib Sultan Ibrahim, he published the new orthography on Kitab Logat Malajoe: Woordenlijst voor Spelling der Maleische Taal in 1901, and published a second book, Maleische Spraakkunst , in 1910. The latter was translated by T.W. Kamil into Tata Bahasa Melayu in 1983 and became the primary guide for the spelling and usage of

128-632: The Van Ophuijsen system greatly aided Dutch speakers in pronouncing the Indonesian language, its complete reliance on Dutch orthography, which is rich in digraphs and trigraphs, often resulted in unwieldy spellings of Indonesian words. For example: The perceived shortcomings of the Van Ophuijsen system led to the development of a partially revised orthography called the Republican Spelling System in 1947, and eventually to

144-569: The current spelling system, or edjaan Republik , when written in this spelling system) or Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ejaan Suwandi , when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Suwandi , when written in this spelling system) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 17 March 1947 until 1972. This spelling replaced the earlier spelling system, the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System , which

160-582: The lack of consistent norms, particularly in the spelling of foreign and semi-naturalized words, and partly the lack of distinction between certain phonemes, which made the teaching of a correct pronunciation more difficult than it needed to be. The Republican Spelling System was in force from 1947 until 1972, when it was replaced by the Enhanced Spelling System ( Ejaan yang Disempurnakan , EYD ) when Mashuri Saleh became Minister of Education and Culture. On 23 May 1972, Mashuri legalized

176-483: The usage of the EYD, replacing the Republican system. This event was marked by changing the road sign at the front of his office from Djl Tjilatjap to Jl. Cilacap (Cilacap street). The differences between the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System and this system are: This article related to the Latin script is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Malayic languages

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192-597: The use of the superscripted number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid. The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging. Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow the orthographic rules (see Indonesian names ). The common spelling variations include doubled letters, silent h following consonants, use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling ) and other eccentric letters. However,

208-439: The words that follow it, for example diambil , kehendak (taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah , ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it. Reduplication , mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so

224-701: Was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System ( Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia , EBI ), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines ( Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia , PUEBI ), between 2015 and 2022. Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling. The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects. Examples: The letter Q

240-641: Was in force from 1901. While it simplified the van Ophuijsen system somewhat (notably with the introduction of the letter u and the removal of diacritics), it retained other aspects of the old system, such as the Dutch-influenced digraphs ch , dj and tj . The Soewandi spelling was exposed to continuous criticism from the literate community in the early fifties. The 'literate community' is not to be taken in its widest sense; those who engaged themselves in this question were particularly teachers, not unexpectedly. These shortcomings were of two kinds: partly

256-456: Was written in the Jawi script . In 1947, the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was replaced by the Republican Spelling System . Prof. Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen  [ nl ; id ] , who devised the orthography, was a Dutch linguist. He was a former inspector in a school at Bukittinggi , West Sumatra in the 1890s, before he became a professor of the Malay language at Leiden University in

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