Philosophers
52-609: The Perm Academic Theatre-Theatre established in Perm as an amateur theater for working youths. Its first performance, the Battleship Potemkin , was held on March, 14th, 1927 on the site of the theater, which at that time had no constant base, but managed to stage 25 new plays a month with their own scenarios, costumes, etc. . The theater's own building for one thousand spectators was built by local architects V.P. Davydenko and V.I. Lyutikova in 1982. The addition of 650 seats
104-781: A connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s. In the United States and in the United Kingdom, the title "czar" is a colloquial term for certain high-level civil servants, such as
156-537: A higher title than King, and yet they call David Czar , and our kings, Kirrols , probably from Carolus Quintus , whose history they have among them". The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as part of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Russian monarchy (such as the former Tatar khanates and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century, tsar
208-691: A makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913. After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in
260-696: A mass shooting occurred at Perm State University , resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries. The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea , Baltic Sea , Sea of Azov , Black Sea , and Caspian Sea . The Kama divides
312-879: A time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library. Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia , where the city also has a logo . Perm is or has been twinned with: Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law". The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford. Tsar Works Tsar ( / z ɑːr , ( t ) s ɑːr / ; also spelled czar , tzar , or csar ; Bulgarian : цар , romanized : tsar ; Russian : царь , romanized : tsar' ; Serbian : цар , car )
364-735: Is Vladimir Pavlenko , a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil , member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts. The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm. Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Perm
416-461: Is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This results in September, October, and November being colder than May, April, and March, respectively. Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District , even though it
468-471: Is a home to several major universities including Perm State University , Perm State Technical University, Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics, Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy, Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School, and others. There are also three military schools in Perm. Religion in Perm (2024) At
520-536: Is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs . The term is derived from the Latin word caesar , which was intended to mean emperor in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor , holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official—but was usually considered by Western Europeans to be equivalent to "king". Tsar and its variants were
572-599: Is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia , the north part of the Urals , and the far east of Russia . Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II . The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White , Baltic , Azov , Black , and Caspian seas. Perm
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#1732772302800624-430: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities , incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug . For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts: Perm has
676-406: Is planned. Serious changes and a turn to professionalism occurred in 1967 and the landmark performance was "Tzar Fedor Ivanovich ". Between 1967-2004 the theater was managed by the renowned actor, Ivan Timofeevich Bobylev. In 1990 there were more than 20 plays in the theater's repertoire and the theater was awarded many diplomas ofrom All- Russia , all-Union and international festivals. Since 2004
728-480: Is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino , which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city. Perm's public transit network includes tram , bus , and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019. The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study
780-558: Is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia . It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains , covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District . In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha . In 1781
832-787: The Drama Theater , the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre . Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of
884-657: The Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories ; hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Cherkess and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan , Heir of Norway , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein , Stormarn , Dithmarschen , Oldenburg ". Like many lofty titles, such as mogul , tsar or czar has been used in English as a metaphor for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson ), with
936-634: The Permian takes its name from the toponym . Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha ( Ягошиха ) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great . Vasily Tatishchev , appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of
988-481: The Russian aircraft industry ; rocket engine company Proton-PM , which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family ; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil -Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd. Perm
1040-522: The " drug czar " for the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (not to be confused with a drug baron ), "terrorism czar" for a presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking Department of Homeland Security official on computer security and information security policy, and " war czar " to oversee the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . More specifically,
1092-543: The Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted (although Paisius ' Slavonic-Bulgarian History (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). The title of tsar (Serbian car ) was used officially by two monarchs, the previous monarchial title being that of king ( kralj ). In 1345, Stefan Dušan began to style himself "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read " basileus and autokrator of Serbs and Romans"), and
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#17327723028001144-422: The Bulgarian ruler Kaloyan and Pope Innocent III , Kaloyan—whose self-assumed Latin title was "Imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum"—claims that the imperial crowns of Simeon I , his son Peter I , and Samuel were somehow derived from the papacy . The pope, however, only speaks of reges (kings) of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank
1196-600: The Late Roman Empire ), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantine basileus . It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian- Croatian conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between
1248-518: The Latin title for the Roman emperors, caesar . The Greek equivalent of the Latin word imperator was the title autokrator . The term basileus was another term for the same position, but it was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context. In 705 Emperor Justinian II named Tervel of Bulgaria "caesar" ( Greek : καῖσαρ ),
1300-623: The Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland". Among the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Muslims of the Volga region , Central Asia and the Caucasus , the autocracy of the Russian Empire often became identified with the image of the "White Tsar" ( Russian : Белый царь ). By 1894, when Nicholas II ascended the throne, the full title of the Russian rulers was "By
1352-665: The Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak ), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army . In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation , shipbuilding , and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War ( World War II ), Perm
1404-550: The Ural region, Yekaterinburg . In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy , paper , and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University —a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened. After
1456-548: The city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them. Another distinguishing feature of
1508-532: The city returned to its historical name. Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and
1560-672: The city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916. The name Perm is of Uralic etymology ( Komi-Permyak : Перем, Perem ; Komi : Перым , Perym ). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of
1612-677: The city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka , the Yegoshikha , the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank). Perm has a warm summer continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there
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1664-526: The drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation . The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear , which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai . The author of the sculpture
1716-401: The first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title " Kanasubigi ". The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity . However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent basileus ) was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I , following
1768-818: The grace of God Almighty, the Emperor and Supreme Autocrat of all the Russias, Tsar of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir , Novgorod , Kazan , Astrakhan , Poland , Siberia , Tauric Chersonese, and Georgia , Lord of Pskov , Grand Duke of Smolensk , Lithuania , Volhynia , Podolia and Finland , Prince of Estonia , Livonia , Courland and Semigalia , Samogitia , Białystok , Karelia , Tver , Yugra , Perm , Vyatka , Bulgaria , and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhny Novgorod , Chernigov ; Ruler of Ryazan , Polotsk , Rostov , Yaroslavl , Beloozero , Udoria , Obdoria , Kondia , Vitebsk , Mstislav , and all northern territories ; Ruler of Iveria , Kartalinia , and
1820-605: The largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg , Chelyabinsk and Ufa , although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast 's industry is located in Perm. The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry. Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel , major suppliers of engines to
1872-614: The museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect. Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009. The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in
1924-646: The official titles in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), the Serbian Empire (1346–1371), and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria . Simeon II , the last tsar of Bulgaria , is the last person to hold this title. The title tsar is derived from
1976-697: The outbreak of the Russian Civil War , Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the File on the Tsar, the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On December 25, 1918,
2028-513: The period of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as tsars. The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the Golden Horde , Mikhail of Tver ( r. 1285–1318 ), assumed the title basileus ton Ros , as well as tsar . Following his assertion of independence from the khan in 1476, Ivan III , the grand prince of Moscow ( r. 1462–1505 ), adopted the title of sovereign of all Russia , and he later also started to use
2080-499: The pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him. After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince ( knyaz ). With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "emperor" any longer. In
2132-638: The settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm . Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga , and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway . Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov . In 1957
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2184-611: The succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son John Uroš , who retired to a monastery in about 1373. The title tsar was used once by church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise , the grand prince of Kiev ( r. 1019–1054 ). This may have related to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople . However, other princes during
2236-452: The theater has been managed by Boris Milgram. The main director Vladimir Gurfinkel. The current repertoire comprises more than 25 performances. • Perm from the foundation to the present day. -- Perm: World Book, 2000 Perm, Russia Perm ( Russian : Пермь , IPA: [pʲermʲ] ; Komi-Permyak : Перем ; Komi : Перым ), previously known as Yagoshikha ( Ягошиха ; 1723–1781) and Molotov ( Молотов ; 1940–1957),
2288-611: The time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was: The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships . In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA . There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama . The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there. The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) lived in Perm for
2340-467: The title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel. Samuel Collins , a court physician to Tsar Alexis in 1659–66, styled the latter "Great Emperor", commenting that "as for the word Czar , it has so near relation to Cesar ... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperor. The Russians would have it to be
2392-645: The title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as imperator in his Latin correspondence, as keyser in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, and as kejser in his correspondence with the Danish king, Teutonic Knights , and the Hanseatic League . Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles. Sigismund von Herberstein (1486–1566) observed that
2444-451: The titles of kaiser and imperator were attempts to render the Russian term tsar into German and Latin, respectively. The title-inflation related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox " third Rome ", after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The monarch in Moscow was recognized as an emperor by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1514. However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as tsar of all Russia
2496-466: Was Ivan IV ("the Terrible"), in 1547. Some foreign ambassadors—namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709)—indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to David , Solomon and other Biblical kings, who are simple reges . On the other hand, Jacques Margeret , a bodyguard of False Demetrius I ( r. 1605–1606 ), argues that
2548-429: Was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War , Perm became a closed city . The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence , oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining , chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry. On September 20, 2021,
2600-400: Was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered. The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia. There are many other theatres in Perm, including
2652-409: Was crowned as such in Skopje on Easter (April 16) 1346 by the newly elevated Serbian patriarch, alongside the Bulgarian patriarch and archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife Helena of Bulgaria crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V became the next emperor. The new emperor's uncle Simeon Uroš (Siniša) contested
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#17327723028002704-415: Was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or as highlighting the oriental side of the rank. Upon annexing Crimea in 1783, Catherine the Great adopted the hellenicized title "tsaritsa of Tauric Chersonesos ", rather than "tsaritsa of the Crimea". By 1815, when Russia annexed a large part of Poland, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish król ("king"), and
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