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90-516: When it was introduced in the French newspaper Le Figaro in June 1833, the term 'phénakisticope' was explained to be from the root Greek word φενακιστικός phenakistikos (or rather from φενακίζειν phenakizein ), meaning "deceiving" or "cheating", and ὄψ óps , meaning "eye" or "face", so it was probably intended loosely as 'optical deception' or 'optical illusion'. The term phénakisticope

180-519: A platform for the hard right of Le Figaro . Information science specialist Aurélie Olivesi noted the proximity between the "polemical site" FigaroVox and the magazine Causeur , with some journalists having worked for both media. According to Causeur , the section opened its doors to authors from both the left and the right. According to Nolwenn Le Blevennec, however, FigaroVox was haunted by an "identitarian obsession," exhibited an ultra- conservative and sovereignist editorial line, and remained

270-408: A scholium , apparently accepted Leibniz's independent discovery of calculus. In 1699, however, a Swiss mathematician suggested to Britain's Royal Society that Leibniz had borrowed his calculus from Newton. In 1705 Leibniz, in an anonymous review of Newton's Opticks , implied that Newton's fluxions (Newton's term for differential calculus ) were an adaptation of Leibniz's calculus. In 1712

360-496: A conservative editorial stance, becoming the voice of the French upper and middle classes. More recently, the newspaper's political stance has become more centrist. The newspaper's ownership by Serge Dassault was a source of controversy in terms of conflict-of-interest, as Dassault also owned a major military supplier and served in political positions from the Union for a Popular Movement party. His son Olivier Dassault served as

450-662: A "completely immobile image of a little perfectly regular horse" when rotated in front of a mirror. After several attempts and many difficulties he constructed a working model of the phénakisticope in November or December 1832. Plateau published his invention in a 20 January 1833 letter to Correspondance Mathématique et Physique . He believed that if the manner of producing the illusions could be somehow modified, they could be put to other uses, "for example, in phantasmagoria ". Stampfer read about Faraday's findings in December 1832 and

540-499: A "multiple" with a "singleton"—a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. As Merton said, "Sometimes the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a scientist will make a new discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else has made years before." Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton , Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others;

630-486: A 40% stake in the paper, which it later sold in March 2002. Since March 2004, Le Figaro has been controlled by Serge Dassault , a conservative businessman and politician best known for running the aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation , which he inherited from his father, its founder, Marcel Dassault (1892–1986). Dassault owns 80% of the paper, by way of its media subsidiary Groupe Figaro . Franz-Olivier Giesbert

720-406: A Darwinian manner). A recombinant-DNA -inspired " paradigm of paradigms" has been posited, that describes a mechanism of "recombinant conceptualization". This paradigm predicates that a new concept arises through the crossing of pre-existing concepts and facts . This is what is meant when one says that a scientist or artist has been "influenced by" another— etymologically , that a concept of

810-473: A French import license on 28 May 1833 for 'Le Phénakisticope' and were granted one on 5 August 1833. They had a first set of 12 single sided discs available before the end of June 1833. Before the end of December 1833 they released two more sets. By 16 June 1833, Joh. Val. Albert published Die belebte Wunderscheibe in Frankfurt and soon marketed internationally. This version had uncut discs with pictures and

900-465: A fee. In September 2011, the newspaper launched an online wine magazine. In February 2014, FigaroVox , a platform for debates and ideas, was launched. In 2008, Le Figaro became the leading news site on the Internet according to Internet audience data published by Nielsen Médiamétrie / NetRatings . On November 17, 2011, the site was awarded the title of "Best Mobile Media" for the second time at

990-512: A first model for him which could only project images of a few inches in diameter. A more successful second model by Prokesch had a stationary disc with transparent pictures with a separate lens for each picture focused on the same spot on a screen. A limelight revolved rapidly behind the disc to project the sequential images one by one in succession. This model was demonstrated to the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1853. Prokesch marketed

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1080-522: A glass disc with eight phases of a movement and a counter-rotating glass shutter disc with eight apertures. The discs depicted Ice Skaters, Fishes, Giant's Ladder, Bottle Imp and other subjects. An improved version had 13 images and a single slot shutter disc and received British Patent 2685 on 10 October 1871. Henry Renno Heyl presented his Phasmatrope on 5 February 1870 at the Philadelphia Academy of Music . This modified magic lantern had

1170-458: A manifesto signed by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti which initiated the establishment of Futurism in art. On 16 March 1914, Gaston Calmette , the editor of Le Figaro , was assassinated by Henriette Caillaux , the wife of Finance Minister Joseph Caillaux , after he published a letter that cast serious doubt on her husband's integrity. In 1922, Le Figaro was purchased by perfume millionaire François Coty . Abel Faivre did cartoons for

1260-489: A member of the French National Assembly . Dassault has remarked in an interview in 2004 on the public radio station France Inter that "newspapers must promulgate healthy ideas" and that "left-wing ideas are not healthy ideas." In February 2012, a general assembly of the newspaper's journalists adopted a motion accusing the paper's managing editor, Étienne Mougeotte , of having made Le Figaro into

1350-484: A mirror more simple. By February 1833 he had prepared six double-sided discs, which were later published by Trentsensky & Vieweg. Matthias Trentsensky and Stampfer were granted an Austrian patent (Kaiserlichen königlichen Privilegium) for the discs on 7 May 1833. Publisher and Plateau's doctoral adviser Adolphe Quetelet claimed to have received a working model to present to Faraday as early as November 1832. Plateau mentioned in 1836 that he thought it difficult to state

1440-558: A more comfortable reading format with minimal advertising, available from 10 p.m. the evening before the print publication. At this stage, digital activities represented 25% of the group's revenue and 22% of advertising revenue. Various platforms were simultaneously created: Scan Politique, Scan Sport, Scan TV, Figaro Immobilier, Figaro Jardin, and recently, Scan Éco. The number of digital subscribers grew rapidly. In 2017, Le Figaro had 80,000 digital subscribers, in addition to 70,000 subscribers to both print and digital editions. In 2019, it

1530-606: A normal picture when it is spun fast and seen through the four radial slits of a counter-rotating black disc. This invention was later marketed, for instance by Newton & Co in London. On 10 December 1830 Michael Faraday presented a paper at the Royal Institution of Great Britain called On a Peculiar Class of Optical Deceptions about the optical illusions that could be found in rotating wheels. He referred to Roget's paper and described his associated new findings. Much

1620-587: A platform where one could read the National Front in the text, or link Islam and Daesh . Left-wing figures, such as Gaël Brustier , Jean-Luc Mélenchon , and Thomas Guénolé , were invited "sometimes" or more regularly like Laurent Bouvet . Éric Zemmour and Alain Finkielkraut were very appreciated there. According to L'Express , the invited authors included liberals and left-wing sovereignists, but in larger numbers were advocates of

1710-469: A pre-publication of the latest volumes of the series throughout the summer of the same year in Le Figaro Magazine . Additionally, the daily also offered a selection of comic books, from Largo Winch to Blake and Mortimer to Gaston , Tintin , Lucky Luke , and Spirou and Fantasio . Simultaneous invention The concept of multiple discovery (also known as simultaneous invention )

1800-457: A realistic representation and the distortion isn't very obvious in cartoonish pictures. The distortion and the flicker caused by the rotating slits are not seen in most phénakisticope animations now found online (for instance the GIF animation on this page). These are usually animations created with software. These do not replicate the actual viewing experience of a phénakisticope, but they can present

1890-642: A right-wing newspaper and we express it clearly, by the way. Our readers know it, our journalists too. There's nothing new to that!" In the period of 1995–96, the paper had a circulation of 391,533 copies, behind Le Parisien ' s 451,159 copies. Le Figaro formed the Groupe Figaro (a subsidiary of the Marcel Dassault Industrial Group ). The former company, Socpresse , which was dismantled in 2005, officially became Dassault Media (Figaro Group) in 2011. The newspaper

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1980-500: A section called Le Figaro in English, which provides the global English-speaking community with daily original or translated content from Le Figaro 's website. The section ended in 2012. In the 2010s, Le Figaro saw future presidential candidate Éric Zemmour 's columns garner great interest among readers that would later serve to launch his political career. Defunct Defunct Le Figaro has traditionally held

2070-475: A separate larger disc with round holes. The set of Die Belebte Wunderscheibe in Dick Balzer's collection shows several discs with designs that are very similar to those of Stampfer and about half of them are also very similar to those of Giroux's first set. It is unclear where these early designs (other than Stampfer's) originated, but many of them would be repeated on many discs of many other publishers. It

2160-650: A transparent disc was made by Englishman T.W. Naylor in 1843 in the Mechanical's Magazine – Volume 38 . His letter was illustrated with a detailed side view of the device. Naylor suggested tracing the pictures of available phenakisticopes onto glass with transparent paint and painting the rest black. Nothing else is known of Naylor or his machine. Franz von Uchatius possibly read about Naylor's idea in German or Austrian technical journals and started to develop his own version around 1851. Instrument maker Wenzel Prokesch made

2250-412: A video camera shooting progressively at a very high shutter speed with a frame rate of 25fps. Le Figaro Le Figaro ( French: [lə fiɡaʁo] ) is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It was named after Figaro, a character in a play by polymath Beaumarchais (1732–1799); one of his lines became the paper's motto: "Without the freedom to criticise, there

2340-523: A video platform for students launched in 2011, was acquired by Figaro Classifieds in June 2014. In 2015, CCM Benchmark Group was acquired at 100%, including leading websites like L'Internaute , Journal du Net , Le Journal des femmes, Droit-finances.net… The acquisition of these leading sites allowed Figaro to move from the fifteenth place in non-mobile web traffic to fourth place, with 24 million unique visitors, behind Google (41 million), Microsoft (35 million), and Facebook (26 million). Le Figaro sponsored

2430-469: A wheel that could hold 16 photographic slides and a shutter. The wheel was rotated in front of the light source by an intermittent mechanism to project the slides successively (probably with a speed of 3 fps). The program contained three subjects: All Right (a popular Japanese acrobat), Brother Jonathan and a waltzing couple. Brother Jonathan addressed the audience with a voice actor behind the screen and professed that "this art will rapidly develop into one of

2520-482: A wooden stand with a hand-cranked mechanism to spin the disc. Several phénakisticope projectors with glass discs were produced and marketed since the 1850s. Joseph Plateau created a combination of his phénakisticope and his Anorthoscope sometime between 1844 and 1849, resulting in a back-lit transparent disc with a sequence of figures that are animated when it is rotated behind a counter-rotating black disc with four illuminated slits, spinning four times as fast. Unlike

2610-503: Is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris . Other Groupe Figaro publications include Le Figaro Magazine , TV Magazine and Evene . The paper is published in Berliner format. Le Figaro was founded as a satirical weekly in 1826, taking its name and motto from Le Mariage de Figaro , the 1778 play by Pierre Beaumarchais that poked fun at privilege. Its motto, from Figaro's monologue in

2700-480: Is no flattering praise". The oldest national newspaper in France, Le Figaro is one of three French newspapers of record , along with Le Monde and Libération . Since 2004, the newspaper has been owned by Dassault Group . Its editorial director has been Alexis Brézet since 2012. Le Figaro is the second-largest national newspaper in France, after Le Monde . It has a centre-right editorial stance and

2790-496: Is the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors. The concept of multiple discovery opposes a traditional view—the "heroic theory" of invention and discovery . Multiple discovery is analogous to convergent evolution in biological evolution . When Nobel laureates are announced annually—especially in physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, and economics—increasingly, in

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2880-481: Is unlikely that much of this copying was done with any licensing between companies or artists. Joseph Plateau and Simon Stampfer both complained around July 1833 that the designs of the discs they had seen around (besides their own) were poorly executed and they did not want to be associated with them. The phénakisticope became very popular and soon there were very many other publishers releasing discs with numerous names, including: After its commercial introduction by

2970-472: The GDPR . FigaroVox is an online section of figaro.fr created in 2014 by Alexis Brézet , a former journalist at Valeurs actuelles (from 1987 to 2000), "holding a very right-wing line", on the advice of Patrick Buisson , a figure associated with Nicolas Sarkozy's shift to the far right in 2012. FigaroVox was an extension of the "debates and opinions" pages of the print daily on Internet ; appearing on

3060-538: The Milton Bradley Company , the Zoetrope (patented in 1867) soon became the more popular animation device and consequently fewer phénakisticopes were produced. Many versions of the phénakisticope used smaller illustrated uncut cardboard discs that had to be placed on a larger slotted disc. A common variant had the illustrated disc on one end of a brass axis and the slotted disc on the other end; this

3150-433: The common pattern in science. Multiple discoveries in the history of science provide evidence for evolutionary models of science and technology, such as memetics (the study of self-replicating units of culture), evolutionary epistemology (which applies the concepts of biological evolution to study of the growth of human knowledge), and cultural selection theory (which studies sociological and cultural evolution in

3240-612: The crossbow (invented independently in China, Greece, Africa, northern Canada, and the Baltic countries), , magnetism (discovered independently in Greece, China, and India) and the computer mouse (both rolling and optical ). Multiple independent discovery, however, is not limited to only a few historic instances involving giants of scientific research. Merton believed that it is multiple discoveries, rather than unique ones, that represent

3330-498: The internet . Gutenberg 's invention of printing (which itself involved a number of discrete inventions) substantially facilitated the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times . All these communication developments have catalyzed and accelerated the process of recombinant conceptualization, and thus also of multiple independent discovery. Multiple independent discoveries show an increased incidence beginning in

3420-478: The "bulletin" of the governing party, the Union for a Popular Movement , of the government and of President Nicolas Sarkozy . They requested more pluralism and "honesty" and accused the paper of one-sided political reporting. Mougeotte had previously said that Le Figaro would do nothing to embarrass the government and the right. Mougeotte publicly replied: "Our editorial line pleases our readers as it is, it works. I don't see why I should change it. [...] We are

3510-495: The "conservative reaction." These intellectuals and polemicists used the platform to criticize globalization . Since 2019, the section has been headed by Guillaume Perrault ; Alexandre Devecchio, whom Le Monde associates with the far right, was its deputy editor. In 2020, the section had six regular columnists, Bertille Bayart, Nicolas Baverez , Renaud Girard , Mathieu Bock-Côté , Luc Ferry , Ivan Rioufol , along with guest contributors. In February 2006, Le Figaro acquired

3600-470: The 17th century. This may accord with the thesis of British philosopher A.C. Grayling that the 17th century was crucial in the creation of the modern world view , freed from the shackles of religion, the occult, and uncritical faith in the authority of Aristotle . Grayling speculates that Europe's Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), with the concomitant breakdown of authority, made freedom of thought and open debate possible, so that "modern science... rests on

3690-402: The 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele , Joseph Priestley , Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of evolution of species , independently advanced in the 19th century by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace . What holds for discoveries, also goes for inventions . Examples are the blast furnace (invented independently in China, Europe and Africa),

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3780-447: The 2011 Mobile Internet Trophies. In 2013, it was still ranked as the leading French online press site in France. In November of the same year, it broke the record of 11 million unique visitors on a French news website. On April 13, 2015, Figaro Premium was launched, a paid offer (€9.90 per month initially, increasing to €15; free for newspaper subscribers). It provided access to all articles from Le Figaro and its related magazines in

3870-535: The Royal Society appointed a committee to examine the documents in question; the same year, the Society published a report, written by Newton himself, asserting his priority. Soon after Leibniz died in 1716, Newton denied that his own 1687 Principia scholium "allowed [Leibniz] the invention of the calculus differentialis independently of my own"; and the third edition of Newton's Principia (1726) omitted

3960-497: The appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures which addressed the same illusion. Plateau decided to investigate the phenomenon further and later published his findings in Correspondance Mathématique et Physique in 1828. In a letter to the same scientific periodical dated December 5, 1829 he presented his (still nameless) Anorthoscope , a disc that turns an anamorphic picture into

4050-477: The arts, also elucidates the phenomenon of historic recurrence , wherein similar events are noted in the histories of countries widely separated in time and geography. It is the recurrence of patterns that lends a degree of prognostic power—and, thus, additional scientific validity—to the findings of history . Lamb and Easton, and others, have argued that science and art are similar with regard to multiple discovery. When two scientists independently make

4140-399: The disc or the mirror with a cut-out sheet of cardboard so that one sees only one of the moving figures and painting theatrical coulisses and backdrops around the cut-out part (somewhat similar to the later Praxinoscope-Theatre). Stampfer also mentioned a version which has a disc with pictures on one end and a slotted disc on the other side of an axis, but he found spinning the disc in front of

4230-806: The exact time when he got the idea, but he believed he was first able to successfully assemble his invention in December. He stated to trust the assertion of Stampfer to have invented his version at the same time. Peter Mark Roget claimed in 1834 to have constructed several phénakisticopes and showed them to many friends as early as in the spring of 1831, but as a consequence of more serious occupations he did not get around to publishing any account of his invention. According to Mathias Trentsensky, of art dealer and publishing company Trentsensky & Vieweg, Stampfer had prepared six double-sided discs as early as February 1833 and had repeatedly demonstrated these to many friends. In April 1833 Trentsensky applied for an Austrian patent (k.k. Privilegium) together with Stampfer, which

4320-517: The foremost geologist of the day. Lyell proposed that Darwin and Wallace prepare a joint communication to the scientific community. Darwin being preoccupied with his mortally ill youngest son, Lyell enlisted Darwin's closest friend, Joseph Hooker , director of Kew Gardens , and together on 1 July 1858 they presented to the Linnean Society a joint paper that brought together Wallace's abstract with extracts from Darwin's earlier, 1844 essay on

4410-457: The form of a spinning cardboard disc attached vertically to a handle. Arrayed radially around the disc's center is a series of pictures showing sequential phases of the animation. Small rectangular apertures are spaced evenly around the rim of the disc. The user would spin the disc and look through the moving slits at the images reflected in a mirror. The scanning of the slits across the reflected images keeps them from simply blurring together so that

4500-436: The given field, rather than just a single laureate, there are two, or the maximally permissible three, who often have independently made the same discovery. Historians and sociologists have remarked the occurrence, in science , of "multiple independent discovery". Robert K. Merton defined such "multiples" as instances in which similar discoveries are made by scientists working independently of each other. Merton contrasted

4590-418: The glass discs he sometimes even reworked images from multiple photographs into new combinations. An entertaining example is the sequence of a man somersaulting over a bull chased by a dog. For only one disc he chose a photographic representation; the sequence of a running horse skeleton, which was probably too detailed to be painted on glass. This disc was most likely the very first time a stop motion technique

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4680-584: The greatest merit for instruction and enjoyment." The pictures of the waltzing couple survived and consist of four shots of costumed dancers (Heyl and a female dancing partner) that were repeated four times in the wheel. The pictures were posed. Capturing movement with "instantaneous photography" would first be established by Eadward Muybridge in 1878. Eadward Muybridge created his Zoopraxiscope in 1879 and lectured until 1894 with this projector for glass discs on which pictures in transparent paint were derived from his chronophotographic plates. The phénakisticope

4770-505: The group took over the company Météo Consult , which included La Chaîne Météo , and in December 2008, it acquired La Banque Audiovisuelle, the publishing company of vodeo.tv , through its subsidiary The Skreenhouse Factory, dedicated to TV and video on the Internet. On May 18, 2009, it purchased Particulier et Finances Éditions , which included Le Particulier , Le Particulier pratique , Le Particulier Immobilier , and La Lettre des Placements , as well as about thirty practical guides and

4860-561: The heads of millions of dead." He also notes "the importance of the development of a reliable postal service ... in enabling savants... to be in scholarly communication.... [T]he cooperative approach, first recommended by Francis Bacon , was essential to making science open to peer review and public verification, and not just a matter of the lone [individual] issuing... idiosyncratic pronouncements." The paradigm of recombinant conceptualization (see above)—more broadly, of recombinant occurrences—that explains multiple discovery in science and

4950-482: The homepage of Figaro's website, FigaroVox articles accentuated the political character of this daily. The journalists contributing to FigaroVox were positioned at the crossroads of the right, practicing Catholicism, and the " new reactionaries ". FigaroVox was led by Vincent Trémolet de Villers , who co-authored a book on La Manif pour tous ( And France Awoke. An Investigation into the Revolution of Values ). It

5040-426: The labels or on the vinyl itself. In 1956 Red Raven Movie Records started a series of 78 RPM 8" singles with animations to be viewed with a device with small mirrors similar to a praxinoscope to be placed on the center of the disc. Since 2010 audio-visual duo Sculpture has released several picture discs with very elaborate animations to be viewed under a stroboscope flashing exactly 25 times per second, or filmed with

5130-512: The latter's has "flowed into" the mind of the former. Not every new concept so formed will be viable: adapting social Darwinist Herbert Spencer 's phrase, only the fittest concepts survive. Multiple independent discovery and invention, like discovery and invention generally, have been fostered by the evolution of means of communication : roads , vehicles , sailing vessels , writing , printing , institutions of education , reliable postal services , telegraphy , and mass media , including

5220-490: The machine and sold one to magician Ludwig Döbler who used it in his shows that also included other magic lantern techniques, like dissolving views . From around 1853 until the 1890s J. Duboscq in Paris marketed different models of a projection phénakisticope. It had a glass disc with a diameter of 34 centimeters for the pictures and a separate disc with four lenses. The discs rotated at different speeds. An "Optical Instrument"

5310-421: The magazine Esprit described it as a platform for "the right of the right", akin to Causeur or Valeurs actuelles . Political scientist Eszter Petronella suggested that FigaroVox allowed Le Figaro to "balance" the more moderate positions of the print daily by giving voice to an "identitarian and militant journalism," thereby catering to the needs of all readers. Nolwenn Le Blevennec of Rue89 described it as

5400-527: The name he preferred. The spelling 'phenakistiscope' was possibly introduced by lithographers Forrester & Nichol in collaboration with optician John Dunn; they used the title "The Phenakistiscope, or, Magic Disc" for their box sets, as advertised in September 1833. The corrupted part 'scope' was understood to be derived from Greek 'skopos', meaning "aim", "target", "object of attention" or "watcher", "one who watches" (or rather from σκοπεῖν skopein ) and

5490-467: The paper's early contributors. It was published somewhat irregularly until 1854, when it was taken over by Hippolyte de Villemessant . In 1866, Le Figaro became a daily newspaper. Its first daily edition, that of 16 November 1866, sold 56,000 copies, having highest circulation of any newspaper in France. Its editorial line was royalist. Pauline Savari was among the contributors to the paper at this time. On 20 February 1909 Le Figaro published

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5580-430: The paper. Coty enraged many in March 1929 when he renamed the paper simply Figaro , which it remained until 1933. By the start of World War II , Le Figaro had become France's leading newspaper. After the war, it became the voice of the upper middle class , and continues to maintain a conservative position. In 1975, Le Figaro was bought by Robert Hersant 's Socpresse . In 1999, The Carlyle Group obtained

5670-547: The phénakisticope several persons could view the animation at the same time. This system has not been commercialised; the only known two handmade discs are in the Joseph Plateau Collection of the Ghent University. Belgian painter Jean Baptiste Madou created the first images on these discs and Plateau painted the successive parts. In 1849 Joseph Plateau discussed the possibilities of combining

5760-472: The phénakisticope with the stereoscope as suggested to him by its inventor Charles Wheatstone . In 1852 Duboscq patented such a "Stéréoscope-fantascope, stéréofantscope ou Bïoscope". Of three planned variations only one was actually produced but without much success. Only one extant disc is known, which is in the Plateau collection of Ghent University. The first known plan for a phénakisticope projector with

5850-493: The play's final act, is " Sans la liberté de blâmer, il n'est point d'éloge flatteur " ("Without the freedom to criticise, there is no flattering praise"). In 1833, editor Nestor Roqueplan fought a duel with a Colonel Gallois, who was offended by an article in Le Figaro , and was wounded but recovered. Albert Wolff , Émile Zola , Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr , Théophile Gautier , and Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie were among

5940-497: The published versions that he was not involved with. By then, he had an authorized set published first as Phantasmascope (by Ackermann in London), which some months later was changed into Fantascope for a new edition and sets by other animators. In many writings and presentations Plateau used both the terms phénakisticope and fantascope , seemingly accepting phénakisticope as the better-known name and holding on to fantascope as

6030-531: The sailing race, the Solitaire du Figaro , since its creation in 1970. The newspaper and the Center for Political Research at Sciences Po (CEVIPOF) presented their "Political Studies." Le Figaro replaced Le Monde as a partner of the program Le Grand Jury in September 2006. In partnership with Dargaud Benelux , the newspaper launched in 2010 a 20-volume collection of XIII in a "prestige" edition and

6120-446: The same discovery, their papers are not word-for-word identical, but the core ideas in the papers are the same; likewise, two novelists may independently write novels with the same core themes, though their novels are not identical word-for-word. After Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz had exchanged information on their respective systems of calculus in the 1670s, Newton in the first edition of his Principia (1687), in

6210-482: The site leparticulier.fr. In September 2010, it took over Adenclassifieds, following a friendly takeover bid ; the subsidiary became Figaro Classifieds , which included Cadremploi , Keljob.com , kelformation , kelstage , kelsalaire.net , CVmail , Explorimmo , CadresOnline , OpenMedia , Seminus , Microcode , achat-terrain.com . The sites achat-terrain.com and constructeurs-maisons.com , created in 2005, were acquired in September 2012. Campus-Channel ,

6300-468: The spinning disc. Unlike the zoetrope and other successors, common versions of the phénakisticope could only practically be viewed by one person at a time. The pictures of the phénakisticope became distorted when spun fast enough to produce the illusion of movement; they appeared a bit slimmer and were slightly curved. Sometimes animators drew an opposite distortion in their pictures to compensate for this. However, most animations were not intended to give

6390-409: The sports information and content site sport24.com , which had already been managing the sports section of Figaro.fr since 2004; this was the first time that Figaro made such an acquisition. In May 2007, Le Figaro purchased the cultural site evene.fr , which quickly found synergies with Le Figaroscope , and then in June 2007, the ticketing service Ticketac.com was acquired by the group. In 2008,

6480-543: The subjects he illustrated was the beating of a heart. German physicist Johann Heinrich Jakob Müller published a set of 8 discs depicting several wave motions (waves of sound, air, water, etcetera) with J.V. Albert in Frankfurt in 1846. The famous English pioneer of photographic motion studies Eadweard Muybridge built a phenakisticope projector for which he had his photographs rendered as contours on glass discs. The results were not always very scientific; he often edited his photographic sequences for aesthetic reasons and for

6570-657: The tell-tale scholium. It is now accepted that Newton and Leibniz discovered calculus independently of each other. In another classic case of multiple discovery, the two discoverers showed more civility . By June 1858 Charles Darwin had completed over two-thirds of his On the Origin of Species when he received a startling letter from a naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace , 13 years his junior, with whom he had corresponded. The letter summarized Wallace's theory of natural selection , with conclusions identical to Darwin's own. Darwin turned for advice to his friend Charles Lyell ,

6660-401: The user can see a rapid succession of images that appear to be a single moving picture. When there is the same number of images as slots, the images will animate in a fixed position, but will not drift across the disc. Fewer images than slots and the images will drift in the opposite direction to that of the spinning disc. More images than slots and the images will drift in the same direction as

6750-546: The work of the animators in an optimized fashion. Some miscalculated modern re-animations also have the slits rotating (which would appear motionless when viewed through an actual phénakisticope) and the figures moving across the discs where they were supposed to stand still (or standing still when they were supposed to move around). Most commercially produced discs are lithographic prints that were colored by hand, but also multi-color lithography and other printing techniques have been used by some manufacturers. The phenakisticope

6840-408: Was accompanied by two daily supplements: Le Figaro Économie , since 1984, printed on salmon-colored paper , and Le Figaro et vous , since 2005, dedicated to culture and lifestyle. Additionally: The online newspaper's address has been lefigaro.fr since 1999. In January 2010, lefigaro.fr introduced features reserved for subscribers. Access to archived articles was also made available for

6930-580: Was among the 50 most visited sites in France and had 130,000 digital subscribers. The milestone of 200,000 website subscribers was reached in November 2020. A study conducted in early 2020 by a cybersecurity company indicated that the personal data of the newspaper's website subscribers had been exposed on an unprotected server. In July 2021, the National Commission for Informatics and Liberties fined Le Figaro €50,000 for installing third-party cookies without users' consent, in violation of

7020-538: Was edited by Alexandre Devecchio, a former journalist for the site Atlantico . Its contributors included Maxime Tandonnet , a former advisor on immigration to Nicolas Sarkozy, and Gilles-William Goldnadel , an attorney for Patrick Buisson . FigaroVox's preferred themes were "the decline of the republican school, poorly controlled immigration , and Islam as the primary threat to national identity". Sociologist Philippe Corcuff considered FigaroVox an "ultraconservative" section. Sociologist Jean-Louis Schlegel of

7110-504: Was editorial director of Le Figaro from 1998 to 2000. In 2006, Le Figaro was banned in Egypt and Tunisia for publishing articles allegedly insulting Islam . Le Figaro switched to Berliner format in 2009. The paper has published The New York Times International Weekly on Friday since 2009, an 8-page supplement featuring a selection of articles from The New York Times translated into French. In 2010, Lefigaro.fr created

7200-503: Was first used by the French company Alphonse Giroux et Compagnie in their application for an import license (29 May 1833) and this name was used on their box sets. Fellow Parisian publisher Junin also used the term 'phenakisticope' (both with and without the accent). Inventor Joseph Plateau did not give a name for the device when he first published about it in January 1833. Later in 1833 he used 'phénakisticope' in an article to refer to

7290-806: Was granted on 7 May 1833. A first edition of four double-sided discs was soon published, but it sold out within four weeks and left them unable to ship orders. These discs probably had round holes as illustrated in an 1868 article and a 1922 reconstruction by William Day, but no original copies are known to still exist. Trentsensky & Vieweg published an improved and expanded set of eight double-sided discs with vertical slits in July 1833. English editions were published not much later with James Black and Joseph Myers & Co. A total of 28 different disc designs have been credited to Professor Stampfer. Joseph Plateau never patented his invention, but he did design his own set of six discs for Ackermann & Co in London. The series

7380-479: Was inspired to do similar experiments, which soon led to his invention of what he called Stroboscopischen Scheiben oder optischen Zauberscheiben (stroboscope discs or optical magic discs). Stampfer had thought of placing the sequence of images on either a disc, a cylinder (like the later zoetrope) or, for a greater number of images, on a long, looped strip of paper or canvas stretched around two parallel rollers (much like film reels). He also suggests covering up most of

7470-598: Was invented almost simultaneously around December 1832 by the Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and the Austrian professor of practical geometry Simon Stampfer . As a university student Plateau noticed in some early experiments that when looking from a small distance at two concentric cogwheels that turned fast in opposite directions, it produced the optical illusion of a motionless wheel. He later read Peter Mark Roget 's 1824 article Explanation of an optical deception in

7560-429: Was invented through scientific research into optical illusions and published as such, but soon the device was marketed very successfully as an entertaining novelty toy. After the novelty wore off, it was mostly seen as a toy for children. Nonetheless, some scientists still regard it as a useful demonstration tool. The Czech physiologist Jan Purkyně used his version, called Phorolyt, in lectures since 1837. In 1861 one of

7650-431: Was patented in the U.S. in 1869 by O.B. Brown, using a phenakistiscope-like disc with a technique very close to the later cinematograph; with Maltese Cross motion; a star-wheel and pin being used for intermittent motion, and a two-sector shutter. Thomas Ross developed a small transparent phénakisticope system, called Wheel of life , which fitted inside a standard magic lantern slide. A first version, patented in 1869, had

7740-428: Was published in July 1833 as Phantasmascope . In October 1833, Ackermann & Co changed the name of the series to Fantascope and released two more sets of six discs each, one designed by Thomas Talbot Bury and one by Thomas Mann Baynes . In the meantime some other publishers had apparently been inspired by the first edition of Professor Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheiben: Alphonse Giroux et Compagnie applied for

7830-555: Was quite common in the naming of optical devices (e.g. Telescope, Microscope, Kaleidoscope, Fantascope, Bioscope). The misspelling 'phenakistoscope' can already be found in 1835 in The American Journal of Science and Arts and later ended up as a standard name through encyclopedias, for instance in A Dictionary of Science, Literature, & Art (London, 1842) Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature, and Art (New York, 1852). The phénakistiscope usually comes in

7920-468: Was similar to what Plateau had published and Faraday not only acknowledged this publicly but also corresponded with Plateau personally and sent him his paper. Some of Faraday's experiments were new to Plateau and especially the one with a fixed image produced by a turning wheel in front of the mirror inspired Plateau with the idea for new illusions. In July 1832 Plateau sent a letter to Faraday and added an experimental disc with some "anamorphoses" that produced

8010-510: Was slightly more unwieldy but needed no mirror and was claimed to produce clearer images. Fores offered an Exhibitor : a handle for two slotted discs with the pictures facing each other which allowed two viewers to look at the animations at the same time, without a mirror. A few discs had a shaped edge on the cardboard to allow for the illusion of figures crawling over the edge. Ackermann & Co published three of those discs in 1833, including one by inventor Joseph Plateau. Some versions added

8100-408: Was successfully applied. Muybridge first called his apparatus Zoogyroscope, but soon settled on the name Zoöpraxiscope. He used it in countless lectures on human and animal locomotion between 1880 and 1895. The Joseph Plateau Award , a trophy resembling a phénakisticope, was a Belgian movie award given yearly between 1985 and 2006. Several vinyl music releases have phénakistiscope-like animations on

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