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28-734: Antony Tudor (born William Cook ; 4 April 1908 – 19 April 1987) was an English ballet choreographer , teacher and dancer. He founded the London Ballet , and later the Philadelphia Ballet Guild in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, U.S., in the mid-1950s. Tudor was born William Cook in East London , and grew up in the Finsbury area. He discovered dance accidentally. Tudor's first exposure to professional ballet

56-431: A coherent whole.” Choreography consisting of ordinary motor activities, social dances, commonplace movements or gestures, or athletic movements may lack a sufficient amount of authorship to qualify for copyright protection. A recent lawsuit was brought by professional dancer and choreographer Kyle Hanagami, who sued Epic Games, alleging that the video game developer copied a portion of Hanagami’s copyrighted dance moves in

84-485: A process known as choreographing . It most commonly refers to dance choreography . In dance, choreography. may also refer to the design itself, which is sometimes expressed by means of dance notation . Dance choreography is sometimes called dance composition . Aspects of dance choreography include the compositional use of organic unity , rhythmic or non-rhythmic articulation, theme and variation, and repetition. The choreographic process may employ improvisation for

112-569: Is our conscience." Thirty of Tudor's dances have been documented in Labanotation by the Dance Notation Bureau . The scores' introductory material contains history of the dances, cast lists, stylistic notes, background on Tudor, and information needed to stage the works (costumes, sets, lighting, music). The Antony Tudor Ballet Trust was established to continue staging Tudor's works. His will appointed Sally Brayley Bliss as

140-412: Is the administrator for the trust. (*Ballets available for production) Choreographer Choreography is the art or practice of designing sequences of movements of physical bodies (or their depictions) in which motion or form or both are specified. Choreography may also refer to the design itself. A choreographer is one who creates choreographies by practising the art of choreography,

168-840: Is the longest-running choreography competition in the world (started c.  1982 ), organised by the Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover e.V. It took place online during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the stage at the Theater am Aegi in 2022. Gregor Zöllig, head choreographer of dance at the Staatstheater Braunschweig was appointed artistic director of the competition in 2020. The main conditions of entry are that entrants must be under 40 years of age, and professionally trained. The competition has been run in collaboration with

196-629: The First Zen Institute of America , aged 79. Tudor is generally accepted as one of the great originals of modern dance forms. Along with George Balanchine , he is seen as a principal transformer of ballet into a modern art, but of a genius that uses, rather than proceeds from, ballet forms. His work is usually considered as modern "psychological" expression, but – like their creator – of austerity, elegance and nobility, remarkably primarily using only classical forms. Mikhail Baryshnikov said, "We do Tudor's ballets because we must. Tudor's work

224-615: The Tanja Liedtke Foundation since her death in 2008, and from 2021 a new production prize has been awarded by the foundation, to complement the five other production awards. The 2021 and 2022 awards were presented by Marco Goecke , then director of ballet at the Staatstheater Hannover . There are a number of other international choreography competitions, mostly focused on modern dance. These include: The International Online Dance Competition (IODC)

252-1251: The 19th century, and romantic ballet choreographers included Carlo Blasis , August Bournonville , Jules Perrot and Marius Petipa . Modern dance brought a new, more naturalistic style of choreography, including by Russian choreographer Michel Fokine (1880-1942) and Isadora Duncan (1878-1927), and since then styles have varied between realistic representation and abstraction. Merce Cunningham , George Balanchine , and Sir Frederick Ashton were all influential choreographers of classical or abstract dance, but Balanchine and Ashton, along with Martha Graham , Leonide Massine , Jerome Robbins and others also created representational works. Isadora Duncan loved natural movement and improvisation . The work of Alvin Ailey (1931-1989), an African-American dancer, choreographer, and activist, spanned many styles of dance, including ballet, jazz , modern dance, and theatre. Dances are designed by applying one or both of these fundamental choreographic methods: Several underlying techniques are commonly used in choreography for two or more dancers: Movements may be characterized by dynamics, such as fast, slow, hard, soft, long, and short. Today,

280-554: The Fields , his last major work, in 1978. With Laing, he continued seasonal residence in Laguna Beach, California . Muses for whom specific ballets where created include Maude Lloyd, Hugh Laing and Nora Kaye . While specific ballets were not created for them, Diana Adams and Sallie Wilson can also be considered as muses of Tudor. As a teacher, Tudor was known for focusing on physical and psychological details to strip away

308-585: The Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance, see choreia ) and "γραφή" (writing). It first appeared in the American English dictionary in the 1950s, and "choreographer" was first used as a credit for George Balanchine in the Broadway show On Your Toes in 1936. Before this, stage credits and movie credits used phrases such as "ensembles staged by", "dances staged by", or simply "dances by" to denote

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336-747: The Phoenix. That's the tough thing. You're terribly tempted to lay them flat and walk on them." Tudor was awarded a creative arts medal by Brandeis University , the Dance Magazine and Capezio awards, New York City's Handel Medallion , and both Kennedy Center and Dance/USA National Honors. Tudor was inducted into the Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame at the National Museum of Dance in 1988. A disciplined Zen Buddhist , Tudor died on Easter Sunday in his residence at

364-421: The age of thirty, himself dancing the main roles. In 1938, he founded the London Ballet with Rambert members, including his future life partner Hugh Laing , Andrée Howard , Agnes de Mille , Peggy van Praagh , Maude Lloyd and Walter Gore . With the onset of World War II, in 1940 he was invited with them to New York, joining Richard Pleasant's and Lucia Chase 's reorganized Ballet Theater. Chase's company

392-410: The choreographer. In Renaissance Italy , dance masters created movements for social dances which were taught, while staged ballets were created in a similar way. In 16th century France, French court dances were developed in an artistic pattern. In the 17th and 18th centuries, social dance became more separated from theatrical dance performances. During this time the word choreography was applied to

420-610: The copyright claims after the district court concluded that his two-second, four-beat sequence of dance steps was not protectable under copyright law. Diana Adams Adams was born in Staunton, Virginia and died in San Andreas, California , though she lived in Arnold, California . Adams was married to Hugh Laing from 1947 to 1953. She later married Ronald Bates . Adams had one child, Georgina Bates. Diana Adams

448-405: The ego allowing the dancer to be pushed outside their comfort zone and extend their potential. In an interview with Dick Cavett , Tudor said, "You've got to get rid of the personal mannerisms to get to the character in the ballet and dancers don't want to let go. Breaking down a person isn't hard. But you cannot break them down unless you are willing to pick up the ashes right away and turn them into

476-809: The faculty of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School , taught at the Juilliard School recurrently from 1950 onwards. He mentored dancers of color and offered weekly classes at the Philadelphia Ballet Guild, which he established in the mid-1950s. Among others, he taught Carole King , who went on to found the predecessor to the NAISDA Dance College for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students of contemporary dance in Australia. He

504-731: The main rules for choreography are that it must impose some kind of order on the performance, within the three dimensions of space as well the fourth dimension of time and the capabilities of the human body. In the performing arts , choreography applies to human movement and form. In dance , choreography is also known as dance choreography or dance composition. Choreography is also used in a variety of other fields, including opera , cheerleading , theatre , marching band , synchronized swimming , cinematography , ice skating , gymnastics , fashion shows , show choir , cardistry , video game production, and animated art . The International Choreographic Competition Hannover, Hanover , Germany,

532-417: The popular game Fortnite. Hanagami published a YouTube video in 2017 featuring a dance he choreographed to the song "How Long" by Charlie Puth, and Hanagami claimed that Fortnight's "It's Complicated" "emote" copied a portion of his "How High" choreography. Hanagami's asserted claims for direct and contributory copyright infringement and unfair competition. Fortnite-maker Epic Games ultimately won dismissal of

560-615: The purpose of developing innovative movement ideas. In general, choreography is used to design dances that are intended to be performed as concert dance . The art of choreography involves the specification of human movement and form in terms of space, shape, time and energy, typically within an emotional or non-literal context. Movement language is taken from the dance techniques of ballet , contemporary dance , jazz dance , hip hop dance , folk dance , techno , K-pop , religious dance, pedestrian movement, or combinations of these. The word choreography literally means "dance-writing" from

588-527: The sole trustee of his ballets upon his will submission to the Surrogate's Court of the State of New York in 1987. The trust includes the following répétiteurs: Diana Byer, John Gardner, Airi Hymninen, James Jordan, Donald Mahler , Amanda McKerrow , Christopher Newton , Kirk Peterson , David Richardson, Willy Shives, Lance Westwood, Celia Franca (in memoriam) and Sallie Wilson (in memoriam). Tara McBride

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616-631: The written record of dances, which later became known as dance notation , with the meaning of choreography shifting to its current use as the composition of a sequence of movements making up a dance performance. The ballet master or choreographer during this time became the "arranger of dance as a theatrical art", with one well-known master being of the late 18th century being Jean-Georges Noverre , with others following and developing techniques for specific types of dance, including Gasparo Angiolini , Jean Dauberval , Charles Didelot , and Salvatore Viganò . Ballet eventually developed its own vocabulary in

644-655: Was artistic director for the Royal Swedish Ballet from 1963 to 1964. He choreographed three works for the New York City Ballet . From 1973, Tudor continued his teaching career as professor of ballet technique at the Department of Dance, University of California, Irvine (work curtailed by a serious heart condition), while rejoining American Ballet Theatre in 1974 as associate artistic director, creating The Leaves Are Fading and Tiller in

672-781: Was in his late teens when he first saw Sergei Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . He witnessed the dancer Serge Lifar of the Diaghilev Ballet in Balanchine 's Apollon Musagète in 1928. Later, the Ballets Russes would introduce him to Anna Pavlova , who further inspired his journey into the world of dance. Tudor reached out to Cyril W. Beaumont , the owner of a ballet book shop in the Charing Cross Road district in London, to seek advice regarding training and

700-588: Was instructed to study with Marie Rambert , a former Diaghilev Ballet dancer who taught the Cecchetti method . He began dancing professionally with Marie Rambert in 1928, becoming general assistant for her Ballet Club the next year. A precocious choreographer, at age twenty-three he created for her dancers Cross Garter'd , then Lysistrata , The Planets and other works at the little Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate , and his two most revolutionary, Jardin aux lilas ( Lilac Garden ) and Dark Elegies , before

728-531: Was introduced in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a Grand Prix worth US$ 1,000 . Section 102(a)(4) of the Copyright Act provides protection in “choreographic works” that were created after January 1, 1978, and are fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Under copyright law, choreography is “the composition and arrangement of a related series of dance movements and patterns organized into

756-493: Was later to become the American Ballet Theatre , with which Tudor was closely associated for the rest of his life. He was a resident choreographer with Ballet Theater for ten years, restaging some of his earlier works but also creating new works, his great Pillar of Fire (1942), Romeo and Juliet , Dim Lustre and Undertow , on that company by the end of the war. Retiring from dancing in 1950, he headed

784-613: Was one of George Balanchine's "muses" at New York City Ballet and he created roles for her in a series of ballets: Western Symphony , Ivesiana , Divertimento #15, Agon , Stars and Stripes , Episodes , Monumentum Pro Gesualdo , and Liebeslieder Walzer . According to Jacques D'Amboise's memoirs, Balanchine also created roles on her in Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux, Figure in the Carpet, Midsummer Night's Dream , and Movements for Piano and Orchestra , although she did not dance in

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