60-477: Philip Ridley is an English storyteller working in a wide range of artistic media. As a visual artist he has been cited as a contemporary of the Young British Artists , and had his artwork exhibited internationally. He has written novels for an adult audience but has found more success and recognition as a children's author. In film, he is perhaps best known for his award-winning screenplay for
120-535: A British army officer who helps an Austrian professor track down his missing daughter. 1949 saw perhaps his best role, that of safe cracker turned spy Philippe Lodocq in Robert Hamer 's The Spider and the Fly . He was cast as a British Army major dying of tuberculosis for the film Trio (1950), but actually contracted the disease and had to be replaced by Michael Rennie . He recovered his health in less than
180-482: A con." For James Heartfield , "The 1990s art boom encouraged sloppiness. The Young British Artists preferred the inspired gesture to patient work. They added public outrage to their palettes, only to find that it faded very quickly." Members of the group are parodied in a regular cartoon strip by Birch, titled "Young British Artists", in the British satirical magazine Private Eye . Female artists were distinctly
240-483: A feminine objects. Daniel Ogilivie has expressed how Judith Butler 's concept of which "…the mere act of 'doing', of casting the object, that expresses the gender and it is not any anthropomorphic association in the artwork itself," creates the feminine within Whiteread's work. With the prevalence of feminist ideology in society and the contemporary art, critics have argued that female artists like Jenny Saville in
300-795: A large glass case containing maggots and flies feeding off a rotting cow's head. (The installation was later a notable feature of the Sensation exhibition.) Saatchi became not only Hirst's main collector, but also the main sponsor for other YBAs–a fact openly acknowledged by Gavin Turk. The contemporary art market in London had dramatically collapsed in mid-1990 due to a major economic recession, and many commercial contemporary galleries had gone out of business. Saatchi had until this time collected mostly American and German contemporary art, some by young artists, but most by already established ones. His collection
360-864: A loose group of visual artists who first began to exhibit together in London in 1988. Many of the YBA artists graduated from the BA Fine Art course at Goldsmiths , in the late 1980s, whereas some from the group had trained at Royal College of Art . The scene began around a series of artist-led exhibitions held in warehouses and factories, beginning in 1988 with the Damien Hirst-led Freeze and, in 1990, East Country Yard Show and Modern Medicine . They are noted for "shock tactics", use of throwaway materials, wild living, and an attitude "both oppositional and entrepreneurial". They achieved considerable media coverage and dominated British art during
420-534: A male-dominated art college". Now consciously aware of institutional patriarchy, Saville began to paint female nudes that weren't idealised. Rather than continue the recognised historical male view of female bodies, Saville created depictions of natural women with genuine flaws. Pubic hair trailing up stomachs and around thighs, discoloured skin and areas of excess flesh. Deconstructing the feminine body, Saville has stated that, "I'm not trying to teach, just make people discuss, look at how women have been made by man. What
480-477: A minority amongst the male dominated environment of the Young British Artists. Individuals such as Sarah Lucas , Jenny Saville and Rachel Whiteread have varied levels of neglect within their media portrayals, as well as incomparable in notoriety to male YBA peers such as Hirst. The University of Sussex's Art Society Journal describes how feminists in the 1980s influenced the female members of
540-457: A performance artist and the creator of a long sequence of charcoal drawings called The Epic of Oracle Foster . One drawing from this sequence, " Corvus Cum ", portraying a man ejaculating a black bird, was exhibited at the ICA in London while Ridley was still a student and – with calls for it to be displayed behind a curtain – became a cause célèbre . Ridley also started his own theatre group as
600-525: A public denunciation, and Brian Sewell (art critic of the Evening Standard ) was consistently hostile, as was David Lee , the editor of Jackdaw . Rolf Harris , the television presenter and artist, singled out Tracey Emin's My Bed as the kind of installation that put people off art. "I don't see how getting out of bed and leaving the bed unmade and putting it on show and saying that's worth, I don't know £31,000 ... I don't believe it, I think it's
660-510: A reputation for pushiness, yet it should also be said that in terms of ambition, attention to display and sheer bravado there has been little to match such shows in the country's established contemporary art institutions. They were far superior, for instance, to any of the contemporary art shows that have been staged by the Liverpool Tate in its own multi-million-pound dockland site." Established alternative spaces such as City Racing at
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#1732791016949720-540: A screenplay for The Krays (1990), which was directed by Peter Medak and starred real life brothers Gary Kemp and Martin Kemp , who previously were recognised for their band, Spandau Ballet . Ridley has also directed three feature films from his own screenplays: The Reflecting Skin (1990) (winner of 11 international awards), The Passion of Darkly Noon (1995) (winner of the Best Director Prize at
780-548: A shark preserved in formaldehyde in a vitrine , and Emin's My Bed , a dishevelled double bed surrounded by detritus. There is some disagreement as to the first use of the term "young British artists." Tate claims that it was Michael Corris in a footnote in Artforum , May 1992, Others claim that it was Saatchi who had already entitled his exhibition "Young British Artists I" in March 1992. The acronym "YBA" (or "yBa")
840-593: A stage adaptation of his successful children's novel of the same name - as well as a play for the whole family, Feathers in the Snow (2012). Ridley was one of 25 contemporary British writers asked to contribute a scene to NT25 Chain Play , celebrating 25 years of the Royal National Theatre in London. Ridley has written a wide range of songs, some of which have featured in his plays, films, and novels. As
900-550: A staunch advocate of the artists, as has art writer Louisa Buck , and former Time Out art editor, Sarah Kent . Sir Nicholas Serota has validated the artists by the nomination of several of them for the Turner Prize and their inclusion in the Tate collection. Maureen Paley said, "The thing that came out of the YBA generation was boldness, a belief that you can get away with anything." Speaking in 2009, Iwona Blazwick ,
960-510: A student Ridley participated in music by creating work with a band called Haunted Staircase (who released their double-sided record Flutters in the early 1980s) and also worked as a DJ at a nightclub. As a songwriter he has regularly collaborated with the composer, Nick Bicât. For Ridley's film, The Passion of Darkly Noon , they created two songs: "Look What You've Done" (sung by Gavin Friday ) and "Who Will Love Me Now?" (sung by PJ Harvey ),
1020-762: A student, acting in many of the productions, and made several short art films. Ridley has written three books for adults: Crocodilia (1988), In the Eyes of Mr. Fury (1989), and Flamingoes in Orbit (1990). His children's novels include Mercedes Ice (1989), Dakota of the White Flats (1989), Krindlekrax (1991) (winner of the Smarties Prize and the WH Smith Mind-Boggling Book Award ), Meteorite Spoon (1994), Kasper in
1080-556: A writer for the stage he is also recognised for creating an ongoing series of plays for young people ( The Storyteller Sequence ) and has written theatrical works for children and family audiences. As a songwriter he has created songs for his films and plays, frequently collaborating with composer Nick Bicât. He and Bicât have also formed a music group called Dreamskin Cradle with singer Mary Leay. Ridley has also written songs for composer Anna Meredith , particularly operatic work. Ridley
1140-796: A year, but his time away from the screen hurt his career, and he starred in less prestigious B movies such as Home to Danger (1951) and Operation Diplomat (1953), as well as the Hammer films Yesterday's Enemy and The Stranglers of Bombay (both 1959). This period also saw him play a number of Hollywood roles, such as Prince John in Ivanhoe (1952), Ned Seymour in Young Bess (1953), Caiaphas in King of Kings (1961) and Prince Grigory in Taras Bulba (1962). One of his most famous parts
1200-415: Is a photographer, with his images appearing on the covers of some of his published plays. He also has had a number of photography exhibitions mainly consisting of portraits of his friends and images of East London. Ridley is also a poet, with some of his poetry published in anthologies, and has earned a following for his ongoing series of performance poetry, Lovesongs for Extinct Creatures . Ridley has won
1260-550: Is a style and sensibility of drama that characterised many new plays that were performed in Britain during the 1990s. Ridley's debut play, The Pitchfork Disney (1991), is considered by many to be a seminal work that influenced the development of this form of theatre, with one critic even dubbing it " the key play" of the 1990s. A great number of his plays for adults have been perceived as controversial, being met with both condemnation and high acclaim upon their initial reception. As
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#17327910169491320-686: Is also a poet, photographer, and performance artist and has written drama for radio. Ridley dislikes his work being categorised by the medium in which it is told, often referring to them belonging to each other as "different peaks of the same mountain." Ridley was born in Bethnal Green in the East End of London , where he lived and worked for the majority of his life until moving to another part of East London, Ilford. Ridley studied painting at Saint Martin's School of Art , and his work has been exhibited throughout Europe and Japan. He started as both
1380-765: Is beauty? Beauty is usually the male image of the female body. My women are beautiful in their individuality." Guy Rolfe Guy Rolfe (born Edwin Arthur Rolfe , 27 December 1911 – 19 October 2003) was a British actor. Rolfe was born in Kilburn , London. Before turning to acting at the age of 24 he was a professional boxer and racing driver, making his stage debut in Ireland in 1935. Repertory theatre led to his screen debut in 1937 with an uncredited appearance in Knight Without Armour . After
1440-759: The East ;Country Yard Show in a disused warehouse in London Docklands which was installed over four floors and 16,000m of exhibition space. Writing in The Independent , art critic Andrew Graham-Dixon said: "Goldsmiths graduates are unembarrassed about promoting themselves and their work: some of the most striking exhibitions in London over the past few months—"The East Country Yard Show", or "Gambler", both staged in docklands—have been independently organized and funded by Goldsmiths graduates as showcases for their work. This has given them
1500-506: The Evening Standard ' s Most Promising Newcomer to British Film and Most Promising Playwright Awards. He is the only person ever to receive both prizes. He featured on BBC2's arts programme, The Culture Show , on 2 March 2012. Works for Adults Works for Children Works for Younger Children Ongoing performance sequence - Lovesongs for Extinct Creatures : Performance sequence - Heartbeat on
1560-678: The 2011 Birthday Honours List, Sam Taylor-Wood and Gillian Wearing were appointed to the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II . Several of the YBAs have been elected as lifetime members of the Royal Academy of Arts in London (founded by George III in 1768); hence they are "Royal Academicians," and may use the letters "RA" after their name to indicate this. Richard Cork (at one time art critic of The Times ) has been
1620-604: The Nicholas Treadwell Gallery, amongst which were a "hanging, anatomically detailed leather straitjacket, complete with genitals", titled Pink Crucifixion , by Mandy Havers. In 1999 the Stuckists art group was founded with an overt anti-YBA agenda. In 2002 Britart was heavily criticised by the leading conductor Sir Simon Rattle , who was, in return, accused of having a poor understanding of conceptual and visual art. Playwright Tom Stoppard made
1680-752: The Porto Film Festival ), and Heartless (2009). Ridley's third film as writer-director, Heartless , premiered at the Frightfest horror film festival in London in August 2009. The film stars Jim Sturgess , Clémence Poésy , Noel Clarke , Eddie Marsan , Luke Treadaway , Ruth Sheen , and Timothy Spall , and was released in the UK in May 2010. It was the first mainstream British film to be released across all platforms (theatrical, DVD, Blu-ray, download) at
1740-458: The 1990 film, The Krays (1990), a biopic about the Kray twins which was directed by Peter Medak . As a filmmaker in his own right he created a loose trilogy of horror films: The Reflecting Skin (1990), The Passion of Darkly Noon (1995) and Heartless (2009) for which he has acquired a cult following. As a playwright he has been described as "a pioneer of In-yer-face theatre ", which
1800-567: The 1990s investigated the contrived idea of 'feminity' made by the Patriarchal Structure. While attending art school in Cincinnati, Saville's feminist passion was conceived through a realisation of gender within art history. In her own words, she discovered that, "I'd always wondered why there had been no women artists in history. I found there had been – but not reported. I realized I'd been affected by male ideas, going through
1860-460: The 1990s; internationally reviewed shows in the mid-1990s included Brilliant! and Sensation . Many of the artists were initially supported and their works collected by Charles Saatchi . One notable exception is Angus Fairhurst . Leading artists of the group include Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin . Key works include Hirst's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living ,
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1920-759: The Glitter (1994) (nominated for the Whitbread Prize ), Scribbleboy (1997) (shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal ), Zinderzunder (1998), Vinegar Street (2000), Mighty Fizz Chilla (2002) (shortlisted for the Blue Peter Book of the Year Award), and Zip's Apollo (2005). He also has written two short stories for younger children, Dreamboat Zing (1996) and The Hooligan's Shampoo (1996). After graduating from St Martin's, Ridley created
1980-586: The Horizon : Miscellaneous poetry: Adult Stage Plays Libretto Plays for Young People ( The Storyteller Sequence ) Play for the Whole Family Plays for Children Monologues (sometimes performed as Live Art) Monologues presented as theatre pieces: Online monologues: Young British Artists The Young British Artists , or YBAs —also referred to as Brit artists and Britart —is
2040-1016: The Oval in London and Milch gave many artists their first exposure. There was much embryonic activity in the Hoxton / Shoreditch area of East London focused on Joshua Compston 's gallery. In 1991, the Serpentine Gallery presented a survey of this group of artists with the exhibition Broken English . In 1992, Charles Saatchi staged a series of exhibitions of Young British Art , the first show included works by Sarah Lucas , Rachel Whiteread and Damien Hirst . A second wave of Young British Artists appeared in 1992–1993 through exhibitions such as 'New Contemporaries', 'New British Summertime' and 'Minky Manky' (curated by Carl Freedman). This included Douglas Gordon , Christine Borland , Fiona Banner , Tracey Emin , Tacita Dean , Georgina Starr and Jane and Louise Wilson . One exhibition which included several of
2100-631: The Second World War he re-appeared in a number of bit parts throughout 1947 in films like Hungry Hill and Odd Man Out , which in turn led to larger roles in movies such as Uncle Silas (1947), Easy Money (1948) and in particular Ken Annakin 's Broken Journey (1948), where he played the pilot of an aeroplane that crashes in the Alps. He then graduated to leading man status in Terence Fisher 's Portrait from Life (1948), as
2160-482: The YBA artists was the 1995 quin-annual British Art Show . The Young British Artists revitalised (and in some cases spawned) a whole new generation of contemporary commercial galleries such as Karsten Schubert , Sadie Coles , Victoria Miro , Maureen Paley 's Interim Art , and Jay Jopling 's White Cube . The spread of interest improved the market for contemporary British art magazines through increased advertising and circulation. Frieze launched in 1991 embraced
2220-603: The YBA group of artists. Turk and Francis studied at Chelsea School of Art from 1986 to 1989, and at the Royal College of Art from 1989 to 1991. Turk and Francis exhibited work in the Saatchi Sensation exhibition at the Royal Academy. A group of sixteen Goldsmiths students took part in a group exhibition of art, called Freeze , of which Damien Hirst became the main organiser; he was still in
2280-590: The YBAs from the start while established publications such as Art Monthly , Art Review , Modern Painters and Contemporary Art were all re-launched with more focus on emerging British artists. One of the visitors to Freeze was Charles Saatchi , a major contemporary art collector and co-founder of Saatchi and Saatchi , the London advertising agency. Saatchi then visited Gambler in a green Rolls-Royce and, according to Freedman, stood open-mouthed with astonishment in front of (and then bought) Hirst's first major "animal" installation, A Thousand Years , consisting of
2340-399: The Young British Artists benefited from intense media coverage. This was augmented by controversy surrounding the annual Turner Prize , (one of Britain's few major awards for contemporary artists), which had several of the artists as nominees or winners. Channel 4 had become a sponsor of the competition, leading to television profiles of the artists in prime-time slots. The consolidation of
2400-412: The Young British Artists' artwork through the strategy of subverting feminine stereotypes. Other discourse around female YBA work include a discussion of Rachel Whiteread 's sculpture practice. Whiteread has been said to disrupt the 'clear' concept of women making 'female work'. Her work Nine Tables attempts to exist within a third space, where the forms can't be physically gendered, but still viewed as
2460-580: The actress Jeany Spark , reflections from Canon Edmund Newell, and extracts from Brothers Grimm fairy tales adapted by poet laureate Carol Ann Duffy . Dreamskin Cradle have also released two singles: Fade and Float (written for Ridley's stage play, Tender Napalm ) and Ladybird First (written for Ridley's stage play, Dark Vanilla Jungle ). Ridley also has written the libretto of an opera for teenagers titled Tarantula in Petrol Blue , composed by Anna Meredith, which had its premiere in 2009. Riley
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2520-727: The artists' status began in 1995 with a large-scale group exhibition Brilliant! held at the Walker Art Center a respected art museum in Minneapolis, USA. The term "yBa" was already used in 1994 and later used by Simon Ford in a feature "Myth Making" in March 1996 in Art Monthly magazine. Art dealer Jay Jopling began to represent YBAs Jake & Dinos Chapman, Tracey Emin, Marcus Harvey , Damien Hirst, Gary Hume , Marc Quinn , Gavin Turk and Sam Taylor-Wood, whom he married in 1998. Before Jopling, Karsten Schubert
2580-651: The class of 1988; Damien Hirst , Angus Fairhurst , Mat Collishaw , Simon Patterson , and Abigail Lane , were graduates from the class of 1989; whilst Gillian Wearing , and Sam Taylor-Wood , were graduates from the class of 1990, and Jason Martin was graduated with the class of 1993. During the years 1987–1990, the teaching staff on the Goldsmiths BA Fine Art included Jon Thompson , Richard Wentworth , Michael Craig-Martin , Ian Jeffrey , Helen Chadwick , Mark Wallinger , Judith Cowan and Glen Baxter . Gavin Turk and Mark Francis are also part of
2640-540: The director of the Whitechapel Art Gallery , said, "The YBA moment is definitely now dead, but anyone who thinks they were a cut-off point is wrong. They began something which has continued to grow ever since. It's not over." In 1998, John Windsor in The Independent said that the work of the YBAs seemed tame compared with that of the " shock art " of the 1970s, including "kinky outrages" at
2700-433: The early-1990s, Saatchi altered his focus to emerging British art. Saatchi put on a series of shows called "Young British Artists" starting in 1992, when a noted exhibit was Damien Hirst's "shark" ( The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living ), which became the iconic work of British art in the 1990s, and the symbol of Britart worldwide. In addition to (and as a direct result of) Saatchi's patronage,
2760-471: The latter of which was voted as BBC Radio 1 's Best Film Song of 1998. It was later covered by the techno/house band Sunscreem as Please Save Me , whose cover entered the UK top 40 chart, became a cult hit in clubs, and featured in the film South West 9 . For his film Heartless Ridley and Bicât created ten songs (performed by Mary Leay, Joe Echo, and lead actor Jim Sturgess). In 2010 Ridley and Bicât formed
2820-694: The mid-1990s artist-run exhibition spaces and galleries became a feature of the London arts scene. There was a less prominent predecessor organized by artist Angus Fairhurst , featuring himself, Damien Hirst , Abigail Lane , and Mat Collishaw in a small show called "Progress by Degree" at the Bloomsbury Gallery of the University of London (Institute of Education) shortly before Freeze. In liaison with Hirst, Carl Freedman (who had been friends with him in Leeds before Hirst moved to London and
2880-689: The monologues Killer , Sledgehammers , and Vesper ) performed in 2017, Angry (consisting of the monologues Angry , Okay , Bloodshot , Dancing , Now , and Air ) performed in 2018, and The Beast Will Rise (consisting of the monologues Performance , Gators , Star , Rosewater , and Cactus ) performed in 2020. Ridley is additionally known for his series of plays for young people (known collectively as The Storyteller Sequence ), consisting of Karamazoo (2004), Fairytaleheart (1998), Moonfleece (2004), Sparkleshark , and Brokenville (2003). He has also written two plays for young children, Daffodil Scissors (2004) and Krindlekrax (2002) -
2940-533: The music group, 'Dreamskin Cradle' (with singer Mary Leay). The group's first album, Songs from Grimm (2014), consisted of twelve songs inspired by female characters in Brothers Grimm fairy tales and was released on all major download sites. Some songs from the album were performed as part of a live performance called Grimm Tales , which was developed by the St Paul's Institute and featured readings from
3000-636: The same time of an anti-YBA group, The Stuckists , co-founded by her ex boyfriend, Billy Childish , gave another angle to media coverage. In 2003, YBAs Jake and Dinos Chapman and Anya Gallaccio were nominated for the annual Turner Prize. On 24 May 2004, a fire in a storage warehouse destroyed some works from the Saatchi collection, including the Chapman Brothers' Hell and Tracey Emin's "tent", Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995 . In 2008, YBA Angus Fairhurst died by suicide. In
3060-807: The same time. In 1996 Hungary's Titanic Film Festival had a retrospective of Ridley's work. Ridley has written 15 adult stage plays: the seminal The Pitchfork Disney (1990), the multi-award-winning The Fastest Clock in the Universe (1992), Ghost from a Perfect Place (1994), Vincent River (2000), the controversial Mercury Fur (2005), Leaves of Glass (2007), Piranha Heights (2008), Tender Napalm (2011), Shivered (2012), Dark Vanilla Jungle (2013), Radiant Vermin (2015), Tonight with Donny Stixx (2015), Karagula (2016), and The Poltergeist (2020). Ridley has also written various monologues, many of which have been selectively performed together onstage. This includes Killer (consisting of
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#17327910169493120-475: The second year of a BA in Fine Art. Commercial galleries had shown a lack of interest in the project, and it was held in a cheap non-art space, a London Docklands admin block (usually referred to as a warehouse). The event resonated with the ' Acid House ' warehouse rave scene prevalent at the time, but did not achieve any major press exposure. One of its effects was to set an example of artist-as-curator—in
3180-488: The short film, Visiting Mr Beak (1987), which starred the veteran actor Guy Rolfe . He later created a short film for Channel 4 called The Universe of Dermot Finn (1988), which featured renowned actress Sheila Hancock and was officially selected for the Cannes Film Festival, where it was a critical success and went on to receive theatrical distribution. While still a student at St Martin's, Ridley wrote
3240-613: The show toured to New York there was further controversy caused by the inclusion of Chris Ofili 's work "The Holy Virgin Mary". In 1997, Gillian Wearing won the annual Turner Prize . In 1998, Chris Ofili won the annual Turner Prize. In 1999, Tracey Emin was nominated for the Turner Prize . Her main exhibit, My Bed , consisting literally of her dishevelled, stained bed, surrounded by detritus including condoms, slippers and soiled underwear, created an immediate and lasting media impact and further heightened her prominence. The emergence at
3300-533: Was actually a showing of Charles Saatchi 's private collection of their work, and he owned the major pieces. The liaison was effected by the Academy's Norman Rosenthal , even though there was strong opposition from some of the Academicians, three of whom resigned. Controversy engendered in the media about the show, particularly over Marcus Harvey's work Myra , served to reinforce the YBAs' importance. When
3360-547: Was helping to make Hirst's vitrines) and Billee Sellman then curated two influential "warehouse" shows in 1990, Modern Medicine and Gambler , in a Bermondsey former factory they designated Building One. To stage Modern Medicine they raised £1,000 sponsorships from artworld figures including Charles Saatchi . Freedman has spoken openly about the self-fulfilling prophecy these sponsors helped to create, and also commented that not many people attended these early shows, including Freeze . In 1990, Henry Bond and Sarah Lucas organised
3420-529: Was not coined until 1994. It has become a historic term, as most of the YBAs were born in the mid-1960s. The core of the YBA group graduated from the Goldsmiths BA Fine Art degree course in the classes of 1987–90. Liam Gillick , Fiona Rae , Steve Park and Sarah Lucas , were graduates in the class of 1987. Ian Davenport , Michael Landy , Gary Hume , Anya Gallaccio , Lala Meredith-Vula , Henry Bond , Angela Bulloch , were graduates in
3480-427: Was publicly exhibited in a series of shows in a large converted paint factory building in St John's Wood, north London. Saatchi's Gallery inspired young artists to produce large concept artworks that would not fit in the usually small galleries in London at that time. Previous Saatchi Gallery shows had included such major figures as Warhol , Guston , Alex Katz , Serra , Kiefer , Polke , Richter and many more. In
3540-399: Was the most important dealer of artists that were later called YBAs. Shortly after Freeze he exhibited Ian Davenport, Gary Hume , and Michael Landy in November 1988, who all exhibited in Freeze, in his gallery. In 1997, the Royal Academy staged an exhibition of the private art collection of Charles Saatchi titled Sensation , which included many works by YBA artists. The exhibition
3600-557: Was the title role in William Castle 's cult horror film Mr. Sardonicus (1961), which several decades later led director Stuart Gordon to cast him in his horror film Dolls (1987). The 1990s saw him continue in a similar vein when he appeared in five films of the Puppet Master series as Andre Toulon. His television credits include Thriller , Armchair Theatre , The Saint , The Avengers , The Champions , Department S , The Troubleshooters , Space: 1999 , Secret Army , The Widow of Bath and Kessler . He
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