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49-618: [REDACTED] Look up PIC  or pic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PIC or pic may refer to: Places [ edit ] Penbay International Circuit , or PIC, a motor track circuit in Pingtung County, Taiwan Pic River , in Ontario, Canada Picayune (Amtrak station) (Amtrak station code PIC), Mississippi, United States Pic, abbreviation for Pictor ,

98-600: A big system would be computationally too expensive, so several Monte Carlo methods have been developed instead. A widely used method is the binary collision model , in which particles are grouped according to their cell, then these particles are paired randomly, and finally the pairs are collided. In a real plasma, many other reactions may play a role, ranging from elastic collisions, such as collisions between charged and neutral particles, over inelastic collisions, such as electron-neutral ionization collision, to chemical reactions; each of them requiring separate treatment. Most of

147-661: A common type of electrical wire or cable Here the "P" in the "PIC" acronym is often taken to represent words or phrases besides, or in addition to, "plastic". Frequently these are various types of plastic , as the names of many begin with poly- . Polymorphic inline cache , a virtual machine optimization technology Position-independent code , machine instruction code that executes properly regardless of where in memory it resides Programmable integrated circuit , an electronic component Programmable interrupt controller , an integrated circuit type Other uses [ edit ] Particulate inorganic carbon , found in

196-661: A common type of electrical wire or cable Here the "P" in the "PIC" acronym is often taken to represent words or phrases besides, or in addition to, "plastic". Frequently these are various types of plastic , as the names of many begin with poly- . Polymorphic inline cache , a virtual machine optimization technology Position-independent code , machine instruction code that executes properly regardless of where in memory it resides Programmable integrated circuit , an electronic component Programmable interrupt controller , an integrated circuit type Other uses [ edit ] Particulate inorganic carbon , found in

245-466: A device that integrates multiple photonic functions pic language , a domain-specific language for specifying diagrams PIC microcontroller , a family of products made by Microchip Technology PICtor PIC image format , a file format developed in the 1980s for PCPaint Pixar Image Computer , a 1980s high-end graphics computer Plastic identification code , a symbol used to identify types of plastic for recycling "Plastic- insulated conductor ",

294-466: A device that integrates multiple photonic functions pic language , a domain-specific language for specifying diagrams PIC microcontroller , a family of products made by Microchip Technology PICtor PIC image format , a file format developed in the 1980s for PCPaint Pixar Image Computer , a 1980s high-end graphics computer Plastic identification code , a symbol used to identify types of plastic for recycling "Plastic- insulated conductor ",

343-621: A peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina Population Investigation Committee , a United Kingdom social research group founded in 1936 Provincial Iraqi Control , an objective of the Iraqi Government and Multi-National Forces in Iraq Prison–industrial complex , attribution of the U.S.'s high incarceration rate to profit Presidential Inaugural Committee , in the U.S. Pakistan Information Commission Law and policy [ edit ] Plan inclusive counterplan ,

392-489: A peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina Population Investigation Committee , a United Kingdom social research group founded in 1936 Provincial Iraqi Control , an objective of the Iraqi Government and Multi-National Forces in Iraq Prison–industrial complex , attribution of the U.S.'s high incarceration rate to profit Presidential Inaugural Committee , in the U.S. Pakistan Information Commission Law and policy [ edit ] Plan inclusive counterplan ,

441-410: A southern constellation Pacific island countries People [ edit ] Anna Pic (born 1978), French politician Anne-Sophie Pic (born 1969), French cook Charles Pic (born 1990), French Formula One driver Maurice Pic (1866–1957), French entomologist Tina Pic (born 1966), American racing cyclist Enterprises and organizations [ edit ] PIC, a mark used by

490-410: A southern constellation Pacific island countries People [ edit ] Anna Pic (born 1978), French politician Anne-Sophie Pic (born 1969), French cook Charles Pic (born 1990), French Formula One driver Maurice Pic (1866–1957), French entomologist Tina Pic (born 1966), American racing cyclist Enterprises and organizations [ edit ] PIC, a mark used by

539-407: A super-particle must be chosen such that sufficient statistics can be collected on the particle motion. If there is a significant difference between the density of different species in the system (between ions and neutrals, for instance), separate real to super-particle ratios can be used for them. Even with super-particles, the number of simulated particles is usually very large (> 10 ), and often

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588-446: A term in policy debate Presubscribed interexchange carrier , or predesignated interexchange carrier, the long-distance telephone company to which calls from a subscriber line are routed by default Prior informed consent , a legal condition Medicine and biochemistry [ edit ] Peripherally inserted central catheter , an intravenous access Pre-integration complex , a complex of proteins and genetic material used by

637-446: A term in policy debate Presubscribed interexchange carrier , or predesignated interexchange carrier, the long-distance telephone company to which calls from a subscriber line are routed by default Prior informed consent , a legal condition Medicine and biochemistry [ edit ] Peripherally inserted central catheter , an intravenous access Pre-integration complex , a complex of proteins and genetic material used by

686-520: Is a computational particle that represents many real particles; it may be millions of electrons or ions in the case of a plasma simulation, or, for instance, a vortex element in a fluid simulation. It is allowed to rescale the number of particles, because the acceleration from the Lorentz force depends only on the charge-to-mass ratio, so a super-particle will follow the same trajectory as a real particle would. The number of real particles corresponding to

735-580: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages PIC (Redirected from PIC ) [REDACTED] Look up PIC  or pic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PIC or pic may refer to: Places [ edit ] Penbay International Circuit , or PIC, a motor track circuit in Pingtung County, Taiwan Pic River , in Ontario, Canada Picayune (Amtrak station) (Amtrak station code PIC), Mississippi, United States Pic, abbreviation for Pictor ,

784-414: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Particle-in-cell PIC methods were already in use as early as 1955, even before the first Fortran compilers were available. The method gained popularity for plasma simulation in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Buneman , Dawson , Hockney, Birdsall, Morse and others. In plasma physics applications,

833-478: Is statistical in nature, and today it remains less-well understood than for traditional fixed-grid methods, such as Eulerian or semi-Lagrangian schemes. Modern geometric PIC algorithms are based on a very different theoretical framework. These algorithms use tools of discrete manifold, interpolating differential forms, and canonical or non-canonical symplectic integrators to guarantee gauge invariant and conservation of charge, energy-momentum, and more importantly

882-526: Is the de facto standard for advancing a charged particle. It was realized that the excellent long term accuracy of nonrelativistic Boris algorithm is due to the fact it conserves phase space volume, even though it is not symplectic. The global bound on energy error typically associated with symplectic algorithms still holds for the Boris algorithm, making it an effective algorithm for the multi-scale dynamics of plasmas. It has also been shown that one can improve on

931-650: The Debye length λ D {\displaystyle \lambda _{D}} . For an explicit electromagnetic plasma simulation, the time step must also satisfy the CFL condition : where Δ x ∼ λ D {\displaystyle \Delta x\sim \lambda _{D}} , and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light. Within plasma physics, PIC simulation has been used successfully to study laser-plasma interactions, electron acceleration and ion heating in

980-462: The Lorentz force as the equation of motion, solved in the so-called pusher or particle mover of the code, and Maxwell's equations determining the electric and magnetic fields, calculated in the (field) solver . The real systems studied are often extremely large in terms of the number of particles they contain. In order to make simulations efficient or at all possible, so-called super-particles are used. A super-particle (or macroparticle )

1029-460: The leapfrog method takes the following form: where the subscript k {\displaystyle k} refers to "old" quantities from the previous time step, k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1} to updated quantities from the next time step (i.e. t k + 1 = t k + Δ t {\displaystyle t_{k+1}=t_{k}+\Delta t} ), and velocities are calculated in-between

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1078-449: The particle weighting ). Particles can be situated anywhere on the continuous domain, but macro-quantities are calculated only on the mesh points, just as the fields are. To obtain the macro-quantities, one assumes that the particles have a given "shape" determined by the shape function where x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } is the coordinate of the particle and X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} }

1127-743: The London Underground Pilot in command , the person aboard an aircraft responsible for its operation and safety during flight PIC, an abbreviation used in fandom for the American television series Star Trek: Picard ICAO airline code for Pacific Airlines See also [ edit ] Picture (common abbreviation) All pages with titles beginning with PIC All pages with titles beginning with Pic All pages with titles beginning with Pic d (a common beginning to French mountain peak names) All pages with titles containing PIC Topics referred to by

1176-610: The London Underground Pilot in command , the person aboard an aircraft responsible for its operation and safety during flight PIC, an abbreviation used in fandom for the American television series Star Trek: Picard ICAO airline code for Pacific Airlines See also [ edit ] Picture (common abbreviation) All pages with titles beginning with PIC All pages with titles beginning with Pic All pages with titles beginning with Pic d (a common beginning to French mountain peak names) All pages with titles containing PIC Topics referred to by

1225-497: The basis functions are high order and defined globally over the whole domain. The domain itself is not discretized in this case, it remains continuous. Again, a trial solution is found by inserting the basis functions into the eigenvalue equation and then optimized to determine the best values of the initial trial parameters. The name "particle-in-cell" originates in the way that plasma macro-quantities ( number density , current density , etc.) are assigned to simulation particles (i.e.,

1274-480: The collision models handling charged-neutral collisions use either the direct Monte-Carlo scheme, in which all particles carry information about their collision probability, or the null-collision scheme, which does not analyze all particles but uses the maximum collision probability for each charged species instead. As in every simulation method, also in PIC, the time step and the grid size must be well chosen, so that

1323-492: The continuous domain is divided into a discrete mesh of elements. The PDEs are treated as an eigenvalue problem and initially a trial solution is calculated using basis functions that are localized in each element. The final solution is then obtained by optimization until the required accuracy is reached. Also spectral methods, such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT), transform the PDEs into an eigenvalue problem, but this time

1372-491: The factor 2 is replaced by a number one order of magnitude smaller. The use of Δ t ≤ 0.1 ω p e − 1 , {\displaystyle \Delta t\leq 0.1\omega _{pe}^{-1},} is typical. Not surprisingly, the natural time scale in the plasma is given by the inverse plasma frequency ω p e − 1 {\displaystyle \omega _{pe}^{-1}} and length scale by

1421-400: The field solver at the same time As the field solver is required to be free of self-forces, inside a cell the field generated by a particle must decrease with decreasing distance from the particle, and hence inter-particle forces inside the cells are underestimated. This can be balanced with the aid of Coulomb collisions between charged particles. Simulating the interaction for every pair of

1470-494: The former Phoenix Iron Company Pickleball International Committee , a governing body for the sport of pickleball Poison information center , a medical facility Public Investment Corporation , a South African state-owned asset management firm Government and politics [ edit ] Palestinian Information Center , a news website Partido Independiente de Color , a former Cuban political party Peace Implementation Council , an international body charged with

1519-494: The former Phoenix Iron Company Pickleball International Committee , a governing body for the sport of pickleball Poison information center , a medical facility Public Investment Corporation , a South African state-owned asset management firm Government and politics [ edit ] Palestinian Information Center , a news website Partido Independiente de Color , a former Cuban political party Peace Implementation Council , an international body charged with

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1568-399: The grid points and can't be used directly in the particle mover to calculate the force acting on particles, but have to be interpolated via the field weighting : where the subscript i {\displaystyle i} labels the grid point. To ensure that the forces acting on particles are self-consistently obtained, the way of calculating macro-quantities from particle positions on

1617-475: The grid points and interpolating fields from grid points to particle positions has to be consistent, too, since they both appear in Maxwell's equations . Above all, the field interpolation scheme should conserve momentum . This can be achieved by choosing the same weighting scheme for particles and fields and by ensuring the appropriate space symmetry (i.e. no self-force and fulfilling the action-reaction law ) of

1666-517: The infinitely dimensional symplectic structure of the particle-field system. These desired features are attributed to the fact that geometric PIC algorithms are built on the more fundamental field-theoretical framework and are directly linked to the perfect form, i.e., the variational principle of physics. Inside the plasma research community, systems of different species (electrons, ions, neutrals, molecules, dust particles, etc.) are investigated. The set of equations associated with PIC codes are therefore

1715-430: The method amounts to following the trajectories of charged particles in self-consistent electromagnetic (or electrostatic) fields computed on a fixed mesh. For many types of problems, the classical PIC method invented by Buneman, Dawson, Hockney, Birdsall, Morse and others is relatively intuitive and straightforward to implement. This probably accounts for much of its success, particularly for plasma simulation, for which

1764-458: The method typically includes the following procedures: Models which include interactions of particles only through the average fields are called PM (particle-mesh). Those which include direct binary interactions are PP (particle-particle). Models with both types of interactions are called PP-PM or P M . Since the early days, it has been recognized that the PIC method is susceptible to error from so-called discrete particle noise . This error

1813-433: The observation point. Perhaps the easiest and most used choice for the shape function is the so-called cloud-in-cell (CIC) scheme, which is a first order (linear) weighting scheme. Whatever the scheme is, the shape function has to satisfy the following conditions: space isotropy, charge conservation, and increasing accuracy (convergence) for higher-order terms. The fields obtained from the field solver are determined only on

1862-428: The ocean Paid-in capital , contributed to a corporation by investors on top of the par value of capital stock Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention , an international instrument between countries and pharmaceutical inspection authorities Philippine Independent Church , a Christian denomination Pic (novel) , 1971, by Jack Kerouac Picard group , in algebraic geometry Piccadilly line , or "The Pic", on

1911-428: The ocean Paid-in capital , contributed to a corporation by investors on top of the par value of capital stock Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention , an international instrument between countries and pharmaceutical inspection authorities Philippine Independent Church , a Christian denomination Pic (novel) , 1971, by Jack Kerouac Picard group , in algebraic geometry Piccadilly line , or "The Pic", on

1960-405: The particle mover is the most time consuming part of PIC, since it has to be done for each particle separately. Thus, the pusher is required to be of high accuracy and speed and much effort is spent on optimizing the different schemes. The schemes used for the particle mover can be split into two categories, implicit and explicit solvers. While implicit solvers (e.g. implicit Euler scheme) calculate

2009-524: The particle velocity from the already updated fields, explicit solvers use only the old force from the previous time step, and are therefore simpler and faster, but require a smaller time step. In PIC simulation the leapfrog method is used, a second-order explicit method. Also the Boris algorithm is used which cancel out the magnetic field in the Newton-Lorentz equation. For plasma applications,

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2058-646: The relativistic Boris push to make it both volume preserving and have a constant-velocity solution in crossed E and B fields. The most commonly used methods for solving Maxwell's equations (or more generally, partial differential equations (PDE)) belong to one of the following three categories: With the FDM, the continuous domain is replaced with a discrete grid of points, on which the electric and magnetic fields are calculated. Derivatives are then approximated with differences between neighboring grid-point values and thus PDEs are turned into algebraic equations. Using FEM,

2107-457: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pic&oldid=1259701804 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

2156-457: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pic&oldid=1259701804 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

2205-413: The time and length scale phenomena of interest are properly resolved in the problem. In addition, time step and grid size affect the speed and accuracy of the code. For an electrostatic plasma simulation using an explicit time integration scheme (e.g. leapfrog, which is most commonly used), two important conditions regarding the grid size Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta x} and

2254-403: The time step Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta t} should be fulfilled in order to ensure the stability of the solution: which can be derived considering the harmonic oscillations of a one-dimensional unmagnetized plasma. The latter conditions is strictly required but practical considerations related to energy conservation suggest to use a much stricter constraint where

2303-406: The usual time steps t k {\displaystyle t_{k}} . The equations of the Boris scheme which are substitute in the above equations are: with and q ′ = Δ t × ( q / 2 m ) {\displaystyle q'=\Delta t\times (q/2m)} . Because of its excellent long term accuracy, the Boris algorithm

2352-411: The virus HIV Transcription preinitiation complex , a large complex of proteins necessary for transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes Technology [ edit ] Particle-in-cell , a technique used to solve certain partial differential equations Personal Internet Communicator , a 2004 consumer device designed for low-cost access to the internet Photonic integrated circuit ,

2401-411: The virus HIV Transcription preinitiation complex , a large complex of proteins necessary for transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes Technology [ edit ] Particle-in-cell , a technique used to solve certain partial differential equations Personal Internet Communicator , a 2004 consumer device designed for low-cost access to the internet Photonic integrated circuit ,

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