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87-420: On August 10, 1956, Dr. Arne Suominen of Del Ray Beach, Fla., challenged smokers and nonsmokers to race up and down Pikes Peak, a 26-mile (42 km) race, in conjunction with the 150th anniversary of the discovery of America's most famous mountain by Zebulon Montgomery Pike . He enlisted 58-year-old real-estate salesman and holistic-lifestyle practitioner Rudy Fahl as the race director. The 56-year-old Suominen,

174-550: A cash crop . The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "golden weed", revived the Virginia Company from its failed expeditions in search for gold in the Americas. In order to meet demands from the old world, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the land. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production. Indentured servants became

261-401: A Finnish former marathon champion and outspoken critic of tobacco, wanted to prove that smoking diminished one's physical endurance. Of the 13 runners that accepted the challenge, only three were smokers. Lou Wille, champion of two Pikes Peak races in the late 1930s and a two-pack-a-day smoker, was likely to be the biggest threat to Suominen's hypothesis. . . . Although he had beaten Suominen to

348-588: A chance. After signing with Fila Skyrunners in 1993, he won either thirteen or fifteen of the seventeen high altitude marathons he entered, setting records at both 14,350 feet (4,370 m) (with a time of 2:52:57) and 17,060 feet (5,200 m) (a time of 3:22:25). Later in his career he moved to ultrarunning, and sustained his previous success, setting course records in the San Juan Solstice 50-mile race in Lake City, Colorado in 2004, and breaking

435-426: A fetus. Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontitis and tooth loss . The effects of smoking on periodontal tissues depend on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of the habit. A study showed that smokers had 2.7 times and former smokers 2.3 times greater probabilities to have established periodontal disease than non‐smokers, independent of age, sex and plaque index, however,

522-461: A measure of the body's ability to intake oxygen, was calculated to be 90.2 during tests at the U.S. Olympic Training Center, the highest they had recorded. This, and his rigorous training regime—he claims to have run daily for over five years between 1997 and his daughter's birth in 2002 —are credited as the keys to his enduring success. Whenever we race, I know it’s going to be a good competition — unless it’s at high altitude, and then I don’t stand

609-563: A new type of social activity and a form of drug intake which previously had been unknown. Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another: holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. In the last decade of the 20th century, smoking came to be viewed in a decidedly negative light, especially in Western countries. The history of smoking dates back to as early as 5000 BCE for shamanistic rituals. Many ancient civilizations, such as

696-470: A person. Most commonly, the substance used is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which have been rolled with a small rectangle of paper into an elongated cylinder called a cigarette . Other forms of smoking include the use of a smoking pipe or a bong . Smoking is primarily practised as a route of administration for psychoactive chemicals because the active substances within the burnt dried plant leaves vaporize and can be airborne-delivered into

783-409: A result of smoking. The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female current smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman. Smoking just one cigarette a day results in

870-415: A risk of coronary heart disease that is halfway between that of a heavy smoker and a non-smoker. The non-linear dose–response relationship may be explained by smoking's effect on platelet aggregation . Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis , lung cancer, heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to

957-451: A robust economy caused many potential consumers to give up or fail to take up the habit. Recent years shows an increase in the consumption of vaporized heroin, methamphetamine and Phencyclidine (PCP). Along with a smaller number of psychedelic drugs such as Changa , DMT , 5-Meo-DMT , and Salvia divinorum . The most popular type of substance that is smoked is tobacco . There are many different tobacco cultivars which are made into

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1044-518: A row in 1999–2002, as did Danelle Ballengee in 1994–1997. The following table shows the official winners of the Ascent. Course records are highlighted with green background. The longest-standing men's Ascent record (set during the Marathon in 1993 by Matt Carpenter with a time of 2:01:06) was broken after 30 years in the 2023 Ascent by Rémi Bonnet with a time of 2:00:20. The 2018 Ascent was run on

1131-408: A shortened course of 7.6 miles, finishing at Barr Camp, due to inclement weather being forecast. 38°50′26″N 105°02′39″W  /  38.8405322°N 105.0442048°W  / 38.8405322; -105.0442048 Smoking Smoking is a practice in which a substance is combusted and the resulting smoke is typically inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream of

1218-412: A staunch anti-smoker and the author of A Counterblaste to Tobacco , tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a whopping 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604, it proved a failure, as London had some 7,000 tobacco sellers by the early 17th century. Later, scrupulous rulers would realise the futility of smoking bans and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into lucrative government monopolies. By

1305-428: A tightly rolled tube of paper, usually manufactured industrially and including a filter , or hand-rolled with loose tobacco. Other popular smoking tools are various pipes and cigars. A less common but increasingly popular alternative to smoking is vaporizers, which use hot air convection to deliver the substance without combustion, which may reduce health risks. A portable vaporization alternative appeared in 2003 with

1392-619: A way to fund his college education, and subsequently an escape from bereavement in the period following the death of his mother. As a student at the University of Southern Mississippi he frequently visited Colorado , and moved there after graduation, first to Vail in 1987, then to Colorado Springs four years later, before settling in Manitou Springs in 1998. Carpenter stands at 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) and weighs 55.8 kg (123 lb). In 1990, his VO 2 max ,

1479-538: A whole range of causes; vascular abnormalities such as stenosis , lung cancer, heart attacks, strokes, impotence , low birth weight of infants born by smoking mothers . 8% of long-term smokers develop the characteristic set of facial changes known to doctors as smoker's face . Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over 5,000 identified chemicals, of which 98 are known to have specific toxicological properties. The most important chemicals causing cancer are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be

1566-402: A wide variety of mixtures and brands. Tobacco is often sold flavored, often with various fruit aromas, something which is especially popular for use with water pipes, such as hookahs . The second most common substance that is smoked is cannabis , made from the flowers or leaves of Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica . The substance is considered illegal in most countries in the world and in

1653-458: Is also sometimes regulated to make smoking less appealing. Despite the many bans, European countries still hold 18 of the top 20 spots, and according to the ERC, a market research company, the heaviest smokers are from Greece, averaging 3,000 cigarettes per person in 2007. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries. Smoking rates in

1740-787: Is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer , heart attack , COPD , erectile dysfunction , and birth defects . Diseases related to tobacco smoking have been shown to kill approximately half of long-term smokers when compared to average mortality rates faced by non-smokers. Smoking caused over five million deaths a year from 1990 to 2015. Non-smokers account for 600,000 deaths globally due to second-hand smoke . The health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high taxes on tobacco products, publish advertisements to discourage use, limit advertisements that promote use, and provide help with quitting for those who do smoke. Smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BCE, and has been recorded in many different cultures across

1827-405: Is attracting public attention. In the early 1980s, organized international trafficking of cocaine grew. However, overproduction and tighter legal enforcement for the illegal product caused drug dealers to convert the powder to "crack" – a solid, smokable form of cocaine that could be sold in smaller quantities to more people. This trend abated in the 1990s as increased police action coupled with

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1914-629: Is one of the leading preventable causes of deaths globally and is the cause of over 8 million deaths annually, 1.2 million of which are non-smokers who die due to second-hand smoke . In the United States, about 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as one-third of China's male population will have significantly shortened lifespans due to smoking. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as

2001-802: Is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use . Tobacco smoking is the most popular form, being practised by over one billion people globally, of whom the majority are in the developing countries . Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium . Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics , like heroin , but the use of these is very limited as they are usually not commercially available. Cigarettes are primarily industrially manufactured but also can be hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper . Other smoking implements include pipes , cigars , bidis , hookahs , and bongs. Smoking has negative health effects , because smoke inhalation inherently poses challenges to various physiologic processes such as respiration . Smoking tobacco

2088-409: Is to discourage smoking among minors and many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers (establishing a smoking age ). Many developing countries have not adopted anti-smoking policies, leading some to call for anti-smoking campaigns and further education to explain the negative effects of ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) in developing countries. Tobacco advertising

2175-644: The American Civil War in the 1860s, from which the primary labor force transition from slavery to sharecropping . This compounded with a change in demand, lead to the industrialization of tobacco production with the cigarette. James Albert Bonsack , a craftsman, in 1881 produced a machine to speed the production of cigarettes. In the 19th century, the practise of smoking opium became widespread in China . Previously, opium had only been ingested via consumption, and then only for its medicinal properties (opium

2262-632: The Great Depression , Adolf Hitler condemned his earlier smoking habit as a waste of money, and later with stronger assertions. This movement was further strengthened with Nazi reproductive policy as women who smoked were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. The movement in Nazi Germany did reach across enemy lines during the Second World War, as anti-smoking groups quickly lost popular support. By

2349-685: The Ming dynasty . Later, the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty , would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime than that even of neglecting archery". In Edo period Japan, some of the earliest tobacco plantations were scorned by the shōgun as being a threat to the military economy by letting valuable farmland go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used to plant food crops. Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral or outright blasphemous. In 1634,

2436-460: The Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' forbade the sale of tobacco and sentenced men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs whipped until skin came off their backs. The Western church leader Pope Urban VII likewise condemned smoking in a papal bull of 1590. Despite many concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were almost universally ignored. When James VI and I ,

2523-544: The World Long Distance Mountain Running Challenge competition, first in 2006 then again in 2010. The 2020 edition of the ascent was canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic , with all registrants given the option of either transferring their entry to 2021, obtaining a partial refund and priority registration for 2021, or obtaining a full refund. At the time the ascent was canceled, the race directors were still hopeful that

2610-516: The developing countries , however, tobacco consumption continues to rise at 3.4% in 2002. In Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive much less attention. Today Russia leads as the top consumer of tobacco followed by Indonesia , Laos , Ukraine , Belarus , Greece , Jordan , and China . At the global scale, initial ideas of an international convention towards

2697-457: The opiates (including heroin and morphine ). Smoking is a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease . While smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day has been shown to worsen the symptoms of Crohn's disease , smoking has been shown to actually lower the prevalence of ulcerative colitis . Smokers are 30-40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than non-smokers, and the risk increases with

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2784-537: The respiratory tract , where they are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream of the lungs and then reach the central nervous system . In the case of tobacco smoking , these active substances are a mixture of aerosol particles that includes the pharmacologically active alkaloid nicotine , which stimulates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain . Other notable active substances inhaled via smoking include tetrahydrocannabinol (from cannabis ), morphine (from opium ) and cocaine (from crack ). Smoking

2871-519: The 1650s. Soon after its introduction to the Old World , tobacco came under frequent criticism from state and religious leaders. Murad IV , sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623–40 was among the first to attempt a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public morality and health. The Chongzhen Emperor of China issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and the overthrow of

2958-417: The 1920s, adverse health effects began to become more prevalent. In Germany, anti-smoking groups, often associated with anti-liquor groups, first published advocacy against the consumption of tobacco in the journal Der Tabakgegner (The Tobacco Opponent) in 1912 and 1932. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published a paper containing formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer–tobacco link. During

3045-549: The Babylonian and Chinese, burnt incense as a part of religious rituals, as did the Israelites and the later Catholic and Orthodox Christian churches. Smoking in the Americas probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies of shamans but was later adopted for pleasure, or as a social tool. The smoking of tobacco, as well as various hallucinogenic drugs, was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with

3132-814: The First and Second Opium Wars resulted in the legalization of the importation of opium into China. Opium smoking later spread with Chinese immigrants and spawned many infamous opium dens in Chinatowns around South and Southeast Asia, Europe and the Americas. In the latter half of the 19th century, opium smoking became popular in the artistic community in Europe, especially Paris; artists' neighborhoods such as Montparnasse and Montmartre became virtual "opium capitals". While opium dens that catered primarily to emigrant Chinese continued to exist in Chinatowns around

3219-525: The United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults. The effects of addiction on society vary considerably between different substances that can be smoked and the indirect social problems that they cause, in great part because of the differences in legislation and the enforcement of narcotics legislation around the world. Though nicotine is a highly addictive drug, its effects on cognition are not as intense or noticeable as other drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines or any of

3306-400: The actual habit is a function of operant conditioning . During the early stages, smoking provides pleasurable sensations (because of its action on the dopamine system) and thus serves as a source of positive reinforcement . After an individual has smoked for many years, the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms and negative reinforcement become the key motivations. Like all addictive substances,

3393-513: The adverse health effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. Health authorities sided with these claims up until 1998, from which they reversed their position. The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement , originally between the four largest US tobacco companies and the Attorneys General of 46 states, restricted certain types of tobacco advertisement and required payments for health compensation; which later amounted to

3480-601: The amount of exposure required to become dependent on nicotine can vary from person to person. Matt Carpenter (runner) Matthew Edwin Carpenter (born July 20, 1964) is an American Ultramarathoner as a trail runner and in high altitude marathons . Carpenter was born in North Carolina, before moving to Kentucky and then Mississippi while in high school . He took up running while living there, because he had "nothing else to do". Over time it became

3567-544: The apparent relaxant effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during nicotine depletion. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain feeling normal. In the mid-20th century psychologists such as Hans Eysenck developed a personality profile for the typical smoker of that period; extraversion was associated with smoking, and smokers tended to be sociable, impulsive, risk taking, and excitement-seeking individuals. Although personality and social factors may make people likely to smoke,

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3654-496: The area of a tennis court). This can be used to administer useful medical as well as recreational drugs such as aerosols, consisting of tiny droplets of a medication, or as gas produced by burning plant material with a psychoactive substance or pure forms of the substance itself. Not all drugs can be smoked, for example the sulphate derivative that is most commonly inhaled through the nose, though purer free base forms of substances can, but often require considerable skill in administering

3741-477: The ascent he holds the age group record for both 40- to 44-year-olds, and 25- to 29-year-olds, and held the overall fastest Ascent record for 30 years with a time of 2:01:06 during the first half of the 1993 marathon. His overall ascent record was bested by 46 seconds at the 2023 Pikes Peak Ascent by Rémi Bonnet , who summited in 2:00:20. In the marathon itself, he holds the record for the 20- to 24-, 25- to 29-, 35- to 39- and 40- to 44-year-old age groups, as well as

3828-963: The countries that tolerate public consumption, it is sometimes only pseudo-legal. Despite this, a considerable percentage of the adult population in many countries have tried it with smaller minorities doing it on a regular basis. Since cannabis is illegal or only tolerated in many jurisdictions, there is no industrial mass-production of cigarettes, meaning that the most common form of smoking is with hand-rolled cigarettes (often called joints ) or with pipes. Water pipes are also fairly common; water pipes used for cannabis include designs known as bongs and bubblers, among others. A few other recreational drugs are smoked by smaller minorities. Most of these substances are controlled , and some are considerably more intoxicating than either tobacco or cannabis. These include crack cocaine , heroin, methamphetamine and PCP . A small number of psychedelic drugs are also smoked, including DMT , 5-Meo-DMT , and Salvia divinorum . Even

3915-608: The credibility of this increase was sometimes disputed as late as 1950. For example, in Connecticut, reported age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer among males increased 220% between 1935–39 and 1950–54. In the UK, the share of lung cancer among all cancer deaths in men increased from 1.5% in 1920 to 19.7% in 1947. Nevertheless, these increases were questioned as potentially caused by increased reporting and improved methods of diagnosis. Although several carcinogens were already known at

4002-399: The drug properly. The method is also somewhat inefficient since not all of the smoke will be inhaled. The inhaled substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings in the brain due to being similar to naturally occurring substances such as endorphins and dopamine , which are associated with sensations of pleasure. The result is what is usually referred to as a "high" that ranges between

4089-404: The effect of tobacco on periodontal tissues seems to be more pronounced in men than in women. Studies have found that smokers had greater odds for more severe dental bone loss compared to non‐smokers; also, people who smoke and drink alcohol heavily have much higher risk of developing oral cancer (mouth and lip) compared with people who do neither. Smoking can also cause milanosis in

4176-558: The end of the 20th century, anti-smoking campaigns in Germany were unable to exceed the effectiveness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research was described by Robert N. Proctor as "muted". In the UK and the US, an increase in lung cancer rates, formerly "among the rarest forms of disease", was noted by the 1930s, but its cause remained unknown and even

4263-642: The end of the Second World War, American cigarette manufacturers quickly reentered the German black market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were assassinated. As part of the Marshall Plan , the United States shipped free tobacco to Germany; with 24,000 tons in 1948 and 69,000 tons in 1949. Per capita yearly cigarette consumption in post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. By

4350-434: The end. The top 3 miles (4.8 km) are above timberline and require some rock scrambling to reach the summit. Oxygen levels drop progressively as altitude rises, further compounding the uphill ordeal. Winning race times differ significantly from year to year, often depending on weather and trail conditions. Some races have been associated with hot, dry conditions, and others have been associated with snow and cold at

4437-639: The existence of pipes to smoke opium in Cyprus and Crete as soon as the Bronze Age . Cannabis smoking was common in the Middle East before the arrival of tobacco, and was early on a common social activity that centered around the type of water pipe called a hookah . Smoking, especially after the introduction of tobacco, was an essential component of Muslim society and culture and became integrated with important traditions such as weddings, funerals and

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4524-455: The fastest flat marathons run at altitude at both 14,000 and 17,000 feet. His success in the sport has been so extensive and dominant that he has been compared to Lance Armstrong , and described as "one of the greatest mountain runners of all time". Carpenter's greatest dominance has been on Pikes Peak . He has won eighteen races; six ascents and twelve marathons, including an unprecedented double, winning both on consecutive days in 2001. On

4611-408: The harmful long-term effects of smoking. Passive smoking , or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of smoking bans . These are laws enforced to stop individuals from smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants, thus reducing nonsmokers' exposure to secondhand smoke. A common concern among legislators

4698-542: The high altitude, the race is much more difficult than standard 42.195-kilometre (26.219 mi) marathons . Winning times for the marathon are typically just under four hours (compared to elite "flatland" marathon times of just over two hours). Although the average grade of the slope is 11%, some sections are much steeper because the central portion of the race is relatively flat. The initial three miles (5 km) are very steep. The central 7 miles (11 km) start as rolling terrain, but become progressively steeper toward

4785-702: The introduction of electronic cigarettes , battery-operated, cigarette-shaped devices which produce an aerosol intended to mimic the smoke from burning tobacco, delivering nicotine to the user without some of the harmful substances released in tobacco smoke. Other than actual smoking equipment, many other items are associated with smoking; cigarette cases , cigar boxes , lighters , matchboxes , cigarette holders , cigar holders, ashtrays , silent butlers , pipe cleaners , tobacco cutters, match stands, pipe tampers, cigarette companions and so on. Some examples of these have become valuable collector items and particularly ornate and antique items can fetch high prices. Smoking

4872-630: The largest civil settlement in United States history. From 1965 to 2006, rates of smoking in the United States have declined from 42% to 20.8%. A significant majority of those who quit were professional, affluent men. Despite this decrease in the prevalence of consumption, the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. This paradoxical event suggests that those who quit smoked less, while those who continued to smoke moved to smoke more light cigarettes. This trend has been paralleled by many industrialized nations as rates have either leveled-off or declined. In

4959-537: The link, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related. In 1964 the United States Surgeon General 's Report on Smoking and Health demonstrated the relationship between smoking and cancer. Further reports confirmed this link in the 1980s and concluded in 1986 that passive smoking was also harmful. As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claimed contributory negligence as

5046-415: The marathon could be held, due to the limited number of runners in the marathon and the comparatively lower level of logistics required at the summit, since runners would be making their own way down the mountain. However, registered marathon runners were also given the same options as those registered for the ascent, should they choose to withdraw from the race. Eventually, the race organizers announced that

5133-405: The marathon would be held, with coronavirus considerations, including canceling or paring down related events, requiring masks or other face coverings before and after the race, enforcing social distancing regulations at the start and finish, starting the runners in small waves, and eliminating some aid stations. Because of the nature of the run (dirt trails, rock, and other natural obstacles) and

5220-402: The mid-17th century every major civilization had been introduced to tobacco smoking and in many cases had already assimilated it into its culture, despite the attempts of many rulers to stamp the practice out with harsh penalties or fines. Tobacco, both product, and plant followed the major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then on into the hinterlands. The English language term smoking

5307-523: The mild stimulus caused by nicotine to the intense euphoria caused by heroin, cocaine and methamphetamines . Inhaling smoke into the lungs, no matter the substance, has adverse effects on one's health. The incomplete combustion produced by burning plant material, like tobacco or cannabis, produces carbon monoxide , which impairs the ability of blood to carry oxygen when inhaled into the lungs. There are several other toxic compounds in tobacco that constitute serious health hazards to long-term smokers from

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5394-403: The most primitive form of smoking requires tools of some sort to perform. This has resulted in a staggering variety of smoking tools and paraphernalia from all over the world. Whether tobacco, cannabis, opium or herbs, some form of receptacle is required along with a source of fire to light the mixture. The most common today is by far the cigarette, consisting of a mild inhalant strain of tobacco in

5481-487: The mouth. Smoking has been also associated with oral conditions including dental caries , dental implant failures , premalignant lesions , and cancer . Smoking can affect the immune-inflammatory processes which may increase susceptibility to infections; it can alter the oral mycobiota and facilitate colonization of the oral cavity with fungi and pathogenic molds. Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing

5568-462: The number of cigarettes smoked. Inhaling the vaporized gas form of substances into the lungs is a quick and very effective way of delivering drugs into the bloodstream (as the gas diffuses directly into the pulmonary vein, then into the heart and from there to the brain) and affects the user within less than a second of the first inhalation. The lungs consist of several million tiny bulbs called alveoli that altogether have an area of over 70 m (about

5655-549: The outright fastest time of 3:16:39, also in 1993. In October 2013, Carpenter was the first distance runner inducted into the Colorado Springs Sports Hall of Fame. He currently lives with his Brazilian -born wife Yvonne and their daughter Kyla, born in 2002. The couple are both members of the Incline Club, their local trail-running group, and are so dedicated to their sport that their wedding

5742-710: The prevention of tobacco had been initiated in the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1996. In 1998, along with the successful election of Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland as the Director-General, the World Health Organization set tobacco control as its leading health concern and has begun a program known as the Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) in order to reduce rates of consumption in the developing world. However, it

5829-701: The primary labor force up until Bacon's Rebellion , from which the focus turned to slavery . This trend abated following the American Revolution as slavery became regarded as unprofitable. However the practice was revived in 1794 with the invention of the cotton gin. A Frenchman named Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine is derived) introduced tobacco to France in 1560. From France tobacco spread to England. The first report documents an English sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils". Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco

5916-871: The primary underlying cause of cancer. Cunningham et al. combined the microgram weight of the compound in the smoke of one cigarette with the known genotoxic effect per microgram to identify the most carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke. The seven most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke are shown in the table, along with DNA alterations they cause. Most tobacco smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. Smoking has elements of risk-taking and rebellion, which often appeal to young people. The presence of high-status models and peers may also encourage smoking. Because teenagers are influenced more by their peers than by adults, attempts by parents, schools, and health professionals at preventing people from trying cigarettes are not always successful. Smokers often report that cigarettes help relieve feelings of stress. However,

6003-755: The record for the Leadville Trail 100 race in 2005 by over an hour and a half. Carpenter has won the Pikes Peak Marathon on twelve occasions, the Vail Hill Climb eight times, the Imogene Pass Run six times, the Barr Trail Mountain Race, Everest SkyMarathon Tibet, and Aspen SkyMarathon five times each, and holds the course record for all of these events. He is also the record holder for running

6090-443: The reinforcement of tobacco taxes and the implementation of smoke-free laws in 128 countries that led to the decrease of smoking prevalence in developing nations. In Nepal, "Smokers are not selfish", a health campaign lasting two weeks is started on the occasion of Valentine day and Vasant panchami to motiviate individuals to quit smoking as a sacrifice for their loved ones and making it a meaningful decision of life. This campaign

6177-668: The spirit world. Substances such as cannabis , clarified butter ( ghee ), fish offal, dried snake skins and various pastes molded around incense sticks dates back at least 2000 years. Fumigation ( dhupa ) and fire offerings ( homa ) are prescribed in the Ayurveda for medical purposes, and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking, dhumrapana (literally "drinking smoke"), has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. Before modern times these substances have been consumed through pipes , with stems of various lengths or chillums . Archaeological findings also show

6264-466: The stress levels of adult smokers are slightly higher than those of nonsmokers. Adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of smoking, and smoking cessation leads to reduced stress. Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with normal moods during smoking and worsening moods between cigarettes. Thus,

6351-412: The summit, Wille was disqualified for not finishing the race. In fact none of the smokers completed the round trip. "I think I've proven my point," Suominen said afterwards. "I finished the race and none of the smokers did." . . . It was widely rumored that Jecker's motivation came from an American Tobacco Association offer to reward a victorious smoker with a tidy sum of $ 20,000. The Pikes Peak Marathon

6438-588: The time (for example, benzo[a]pyrene was isolated from coal tar and demonstrated to be a potent carcinogen in 1933), none were known to be contained in adequate quantities in tobacco smoke . Richard Doll in 1950 published research in the British Medical Journal showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954 the British Doctors Study , a study of some 40 thousand doctors over 20 years, confirmed

6525-402: The top of the peak. The race attracts hundreds of runners for both the ascent and for the round-trip. The USDA Forest Service limits the number of runners to 1,800 for the ascent and 800 for the marathon, and the race registration typically fills in one or two days. The following table shows the official winners of the marathon. Course records are highlighted with green background. The race

6612-435: The whole marathon. In 1966 a well-organized marathon was initiated, making the race the third-oldest marathon in the United States. In 1980 a good friend Rudy Faul and fellow runner Carl McDaniel took over as race director; he served as director until 1998 and was named director emeritus in 1999 until his death on August 23, 1999, only one day after the race was held that year. The Pikes Peak Ascent race has twice incorporated

6699-737: The world, the trend among the European artists largely abated after the outbreak of World War I. The consumption of Opium abated in China during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s. Many people have been critical about tobacco use since it gained popularity. In 1798, Dr. Benjamin Rush (early American physician, signer of the Declaration of Independence , Surgeon General under George Washington , and anti-tobacco activist)

6786-503: The world. Early smoking evolved in association with religious ceremonies; as offerings to deities; in cleansing rituals; or to allow shamans and priests to alter their minds for purposes of divination or spiritual enlightenment. After the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, the practice of smoking tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world. In regions like India and Sub-Saharan Africa, it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). In Europe, it introduced

6873-420: Was "against the habitual use of tobacco" because he believed it (a) "led to a desire for strong drink," (b) "was injurious both to health and morals," (c) "is generally offensive to" nonsmokers, (d) "produces a want of respect for" nonsmokers, and (e) "always disposes to unkind and unjust behavior towards them." With the modernization of cigarette production compounded with the increased life expectancies during

6960-587: Was an anaesthetic ). The narcotic was also outlawed in China sometime in the early 18th century due the societal issues it caused. Due to a massive trade imbalance, however, foreign merchants started to smuggle opium into China via Canton , to the chagrin of the Chinese authorities. Attempts by Chinese official Lin Zexu to eliminate the trade led to the outbreak of the First Opium War . The Chinese defeat in

7047-676: Was coined in the late 18th century; before then the practice was referred to as drinking smoke . Tobacco and cannabis were used in Sub-Saharan Africa, much like elsewhere in the world, to confirm social relations, but also created entirely new ones. In what is today Congo , a society called Bena Diemba ("People of Cannabis") was organized in the late 19th century in Lubuko ("The Land of Friendship"). The Bena Diemba were collectivist pacifists that rejected alcohol and herbal medicines in favor of cannabis. The growth remained stable until

7134-461: Was expressed in architecture, clothing, literature and poetry. Cannabis smoking was introduced to Sub-Saharan Africa through Ethiopia and the east African coast by either Indian or Arab traders in the 13th century or earlier and spread on the same trade routes as those that carried coffee, which originated in the highlands of Ethiopia. It was smoked in calabash water pipes with terracotta smoking bowls, apparently an Ethiopian invention which

7221-483: Was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a form of medicine. Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today is modern-day The Gambia and Senegal . At the same time caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the areas around Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by

7308-442: Was later conveyed to eastern, southern and central Africa. Reports from the first European explorers and conquistadors to reach the Americas tell of rituals where native priests smoked themselves into such high degrees of intoxication that it is unlikely that the rituals were limited to just tobacco. In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown , John Rolfe was credited as the first settler to successfully grow tobacco as

7395-479: Was lengthened by 1.1 miles in 1976, so that 7–8 minutes must be added to the pre-1976 times for comparison purposes. The most successful male and female athletes in the history of the marathon are Matt Carpenter , outright record holder and winner of the marathon on twelve occasions between 1988 and 2011, and Erica Larson , who has won the women's race five times. Carpenter won six times in a row in 2006–2011, as did Steve Gachupin in 1966–1970. Larson won four times in

7482-556: Was not until 2003 that the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was accepted in WHA and entered into force in 2005. FCTC marked a milestone as the first international treaty concerning a global health issue that aims to combat tobacco in multiple aspects including tobacco taxes, advertisement, trading, environmental affects, health influences, etc. The birth of this evidence-based and systematic approach has resulted in

7569-507: Was the first American marathon to allow female competitors, allowing them from the beginning of the marathon in 1956, although no woman entered until 1958. In 1959, Arlene Pieper became the first woman to officially finish a marathon in the United States when she finished the Pikes Peak Marathon. Her daughter, Kathie, aged 9, became the youngest competitor at that time to finish the race to the summit; however, she did not finish

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