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69-528: The Virginia Company was an English trading company chartered by King James I on 10 April 1606 with the objective of colonizing the eastern coast of America . The coast was named Virginia , after Elizabeth I , and it stretched from present-day Maine to the Carolinas . The company's shareholders were Londoners , and it was distinguished from the Plymouth Company , which was chartered at

138-523: A royal colony . Trading company Different kinds of practical conditions make for many kinds of business. Usually two kinds of businesses are defined in trading. Importers or wholesalers maintain a stock and deliver products to shops or large end customers. They work in a large geographical area, while their customers, the shops, work in smaller areas and often in just a small neighborhood. Today "trading company" mainly refers to global B2B traders, highly specialized in one goods category and with

207-548: A Swiss German mineral prospector, was also among those who arrived in 1608. His mission was seeking a silver reservoir that was believed to be within the proximity of Jamestown. Some of the settlers were the artisans who built a glass furnace which became the first factory in America. The ship was: A manifest of "new colonists" in the second fleet was recorded, in Volume 1 of The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and

276-463: A Virginia Company or a Plymouth Company; these names were applied somewhat later to the overall enterprise. The Charter of 1609 stipulates two distinct companies: that they should divide themselves into two colonies, the one consisting of divers Knights, gentlemen, merchants and others of our cittie of London, called the First Collonie; and the other of sondrie Knights, gentlemen and others of

345-437: A few days later the fort caught fire, destroying most of the existing buildings, food, and supplies. Despite their original intention to grow food locally and trade with the local natives, the barely-surviving colonists became increasingly dependent upon external supply missions. After expanding fortifications, rebuilding shelters, and placing armed men to defend crops from native attacks, Newport felt he had sufficiently re-secured

414-463: A governor, because the local councils had proven ineffective. Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (known as Lord Delaware) sailed for America in 1610. James delegated the governor of Virginia absolute power. Also in 1609, a much larger Third Supply mission was organized. A new purpose-built ship named the Sea Venture was rushed into service without the customary sea trials. She became

483-500: A new charter for the company to allow for reorganization and additional capital. Company treasurer Thomas Smythe organised a major supply mission, with the goal to rescue the failing settlement. It consisted of nine ships, between 500 and 600 passengers, including women and children, livestock and enough provisions to last a year in "the largest fleet England has ever amassed in the West". Newport, as vice-admiral, commanded Sea Venture ,

552-462: A peninsula), further upriver and on the northern shore, for their settlement, as it was a location that could be easily defended from attacks by other European states, notably the Dutch Republic , France , and Spain . However, after the long voyage, their food stores were sufficient only for each to have a cup or two of grain-meal per day. Further, the worst drought in 700 years occurred in

621-412: A period of nine months, the survivors built two pinnaces — Deliverance and Patience —using local Bermuda cedar and hardware salvaged from the wreck. The original plan was to build only one vessel, Deliverance , but it soon became evident that one would not be large enough to carry the settlers and all of the supplies that were being sourced on the islands. During the building, Sea Venture' s longboat

690-545: A promise of more land to the west from King James I to investors financing the colony kept the project afloat. The timely arrival of West and the “Fourth” fleet in 1610 resulted in a renovation of the settlement and a counter-offensive against the Powhatan Confederacy, whose refusal to trade and siege of the fort had threatened the food security of the colony. The campaign ended the Powhatan siege and resulted in

759-575: A resurgence of interest and investment in the company. There was also a religious call in England by clergymen and others to support the stranded colonists. Another mission was prepared, equipped with additional colonists, a doctor, food, and supplies, and heading this group was Francis West's older brother, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr , who also recruited and equipped an armed contingent of 150 men at his own expense. The ships were: West and his fleet departed London on March 12, 1610, and arrived on

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828-538: A special class of "general trading companies" ( sogo shosha ), large and highly diversified businesses that trade in a wide range of goods and services. Third Supply The Jamestown supply missions were a series of fleets (or sometimes individual ships) from 1607 to around 1611 that were dispatched from England by the London Company (also known as the Virginia Company of London) with

897-911: A strong logistic organization. Changes in practical conditions such as faster distribution , computing and modern marketing have led to changes in their business models. The Winding-up and Restructuring Act , an act of the Parliament of Canada , uses the following definition: "trading company" means any company, except a railway or telegraph company, carrying on business similar to that carried on by apothecaries, auctioneers, bankers, brokers, brickmakers, builders, carpenters, carriers, cattle or sheep salesmen, coach proprietors, dyers, fullers, keepers of inns, taverns, hotels, saloons or coffee houses, lime burners, livery stable keepers, market gardeners, millers, miners, packers, printers, quarrymen, sharebrokers, ship-owners, shipwrights, stockbrokers, stock-jobbers, victuallers, warehousemen, wharfingers, persons using

966-591: A thriving colony in Virginia. Instead, they found the colony in ruins and practically abandoned. Of the 500 or so colonists living in Jamestown in the autumn, they found only 60 survivors with many of those also sick or dying. Worse yet, many supplies intended for Jamestown had been lost in Bermuda, and Gates and Somers had brought along with them about 140 additional people but only a small food supply. The decision

1035-614: The James River , a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in present-day Virginia . In 1620, George Calvert asked James for a charter for English Catholics , so the territory could be added to the Plymouth Company. The Plymouth Company was permitted to establish settlements between latitudes 38° and 45° N , roughly between the upper reaches of the Chesapeake Bay and the U.S.-Canada border. On 13 August 1607,

1104-746: The Nansemond River , and several other groups. He had mixed results dealing with the various other tribes, most of whom were affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy . These explorations were later commemorated in the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail , established in 2006. Newport and the ships arrived back in London on May 21, 1608, and despite another disappointment with false gold, an additional re-supply trip

1173-621: The Atlantic Ocean to the colony at Jamestown. He was also ordered to fish for sturgeon on the voyage. Rather than following the normal practice of going south to the tropics and west with the trade winds , Argall, aboard Mary and John , sailed west from the Azores to the Bermuda area, then almost due west to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. This voyage took only nine weeks and six days, including two weeks becalmed (compared to

1242-566: The Chesapeake Bay to obtain corn from the Patawomeck in 1609, but instead of delivering that food to the starving colony, West sailed directly back to England and avoided the Starving Time by abandoning Percy and the colonists. Percy wrote later that when West brought his ship loaded with corn back to Point Comfort, the captain in charge of Fort Algernon told everyone about the hunger at Jamestown, and instead of hurrying upstream to feed

1311-553: The House of Burgesses and a General Council were created. The indigenous peoples had grown increasingly resistant to the competition from the colonists and mistreatment at their hands. They rose in what is known as Jamestown Massacre of 1622 , also known as the Great Massacre, which decimated the population. Survivors of some eighty plantations gathered into eight near Jamestown. In Britain, company officers debated over guarding

1380-528: The James River on June 9, just as the existing colonists were sailing downriver to leave Virginia. Intercepting them about 10 miles (16 km) downstream from Jamestown near Mulberry Island , West ordered the ships to return to the abandoned colony. This was not a popular decision at the time, but it proved to be a turning point in the English colonization of North America. After the return to Jamestown,

1449-496: The James River" on August 11. Diamond appeared a few days later, and Swallow a few days after that (around August 18). Virginia arrived some six weeks later on October 3. All in all, seven ships arrived safely at Jamestown, delivering most of the colonists but relatively few supplies. In the colony, there was no word of the fate of Sea Venture (which had been wrecked in Bermuda) or Catch (which had been lost at sea), including

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1518-915: The Jamestown garrison again required provisions in December 1610, Captain Argall was dispatched to the Potomac River and procured maize and furs there from Iopassus (Japazaws), a Patawomeck town. Newport, Vice-Admiral of Virginia, and Sir Thomas Dale , lieutenant Governor or Marshall of Virginia, left England in March 1611 for Jamestown with a fleet of three ships, 300 people, and supplies including horses and livestock. Sailing via Dominica and Puerto Rico, they arrived at Point Comfort on May 22, 1611. The ships were Elizabeth , Prosperous , and Starr . The last major fleet of this time, under Sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant General of Virginia, sailed from England towards

1587-580: The London Company and other early English colonies and helped to balance a national trade deficit with Spain . The company failed in 1624, following the widespread destruction of the Great Massacre of 1622 by indigenous peoples in the colony, which decimated the English population. On May 24, James dissolved the company and made Virginia a royal colony from England with propertied male colonists retaining some representative-government through

1656-652: The Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn at Whitehall Palace for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate . The masque represented Virginian peoples on the stage and also introduced the theme of gold mining. In 1612, the company's charter was officially extended to include the Somers Isles as part of the Virginia Colony . However, the isles passed to the London Company of

1725-763: The Plymouth Company established the Popham Colony along the Kennebec River in Maine . However, it was abandoned after about a year and the Plymouth Company became inactive. A successor company eventually established a permanent settlement in 1620 when the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts , aboard the Mayflower . The Second Charter expanded the area of the enterprise from sea to sea and appointed

1794-455: The Somers Isles in 1615, which had been formed by the same shareholders as the London Company. The third charter expanded territory eastward to include Summer Islands and other islands. On 18 November 1618, Virginia Company officers Thomas Smythe and Edwin Sandys sent a set of instructions to Virginia governor George Yeardley , which are often referred to as "The Great Charter", though it

1863-661: The Summer Isles by Captain John Smith, published 1624. Master Francis West and mariners on the voyage are omitted from the document. Newport's instructions were to search for any survivors of the Lost Colony of Roanoke , resume exploring for gold mines, and stage a "coronation" of Powhatan, making him a "sub-king" under James I . On October 1, 1608, the supply ship arrived following a journey of approximately three months. Following his orders, Newport searched for

1932-535: The Virginia Company designating Smith as one of the leaders of the new colony, thus sparing him from the gallows. Passing Martinique on March 23, they also visited Dominica , on March 28, Nevis , and St. Croix , where they replenished their water and food. By April 6, 1607, the fleet arrived at the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico , where they stopped for provisions before continuing their journey. They landed on Mona and Monito Islands on April 7 and left on April 9,

2001-555: The archipelago to establish possession of it. At Jamestown, they found that more than 85-percent of the 500 colonists there had perished during the "Starving Time" . The Sea Venture passengers had anticipated finding a thriving colony and had brought little food or supplies with them. The colonists at Jamestown were saved only by the timely arrival three weeks later of a supply mission headed by Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr , better known as "Lord Delaware". The Virginia Company of London failed to discover gold or silver in Virginia, to

2070-407: The area between 1606 and 1612, affecting the Jamestown colonist's and local Powhatan tribe's ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water. In addition to settling, the early colonists were expected to make a profit for the owners of the company. The early settlers were excited by the apparent availability of gold, and from the outset settlers attempted to produce timber for export, given

2139-621: The cities of Bristol , Exeter , the town of Plymouth , and other places, called the Second Collonie. By the terms of the charter, the London Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles square between latitudes 34° and 41° N, approximately between Cape Fear and Long Island Sound . It also owned a large portion of inland Canada . The company established the Jamestown Settlement in present-day Jamestown, Virginia on 14 May 1607, about 40 miles inland along

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2208-464: The colonists, "Captain Weste, by the persuasion, or rather by the enforcement, of his company hoised up sails and shaped by their course directly for England, and left us in that extreme misery and want." During the period that Sea Venture suffered its misfortune and its survivors were struggling in Bermuda to continue on to Virginia, the publication of Smith's books of his adventures in England sparked

2277-583: The colony, Smith undertook three exploratory voyages of the Chesapeake Bay and along the various rivers seeking a supply of food for the colonists in June, July, and August 1607. However, while leading one food-gathering expedition in December 1607, this time up the Chickahominy River west of Jamestown, his men were set upon by Pamunkey natives, and Smith was captured. After being "saved" by Pocahontas , Smith returned alone to Jamestown just in time for

2346-409: The colony. However, no further supply ships from England arrived that year nor the following spring. In the absence of strong leadership and most of the supplies, all of which had been aboard Sea Venture , the existing and newly-brought settlers at James Fort were ill-prepared to survive the winter, resulting in the siege and "Starving Time" of 1609-1610, when most of the inhabitants perished. During

2415-421: The company continued to finance and transport settlers to sustain Jamestown. For the next five years, governors Gates and Dale continued to keep strict discipline , with Sir Thomas Smythe in London attempting to find skilled craftsmen and other settlers to send to Jamestown. By 1612, Rolfe successfully pioneered strains of tobacco that allowed the colony to cultivate and export its own cash crop , thereby ensuring

2484-535: The company to search for gold and a passage to the Pacific Ocean. The first trip lasted from June 2 to July 21; a second, longer expedition spanned July 24 to September 7. Searching for badly needed food, he covered an estimated 3,000 miles (4,828 km), producing a map that was of great value to local explorers for more than a century. This time he successfully traded for food with the Nansemonds along

2553-456: The disappointment of its investors. However, they did establish trade of various types. The company benefitted from lotteries held throughout England until they were cancelled by the Crown. The company even considered titles of nobility to gain support for the colony. In February 1613, company projects were promoted at court when the lawyer Richard Martin helped produce The Memorable Masque of

2622-513: The duty of leading the first three re-supply missions back to Jamestown. However, it was not until a fourth mission under Lord Thomas West that the settlement was finally able to establish both defensive and food security . The London Company organized a for-profit expedition to establish a settlement in the Virginia territory in late 1606. The expedition consisted of three ships which set sail on December 20, 1606, from Blackwall , with 105 men and boys and 39 crew members. There were no women on

2691-565: The end of May 1611 with three ships, 280 men, 20 women, 200 cattle, and "many swine and other necessaries". They sailed via the West Indies and arrived in Virginia on August 30. The ships were Sara , Swan , and Trial . By 1610, with the end of the Starving Time, the majority of the colonists who had arrived at the Jamestown settlement had died, and its economic value was negligible with no active exports to England and very little internal economic activity. Only financial incentives including

2760-500: The expenses and expectations of the investors back in England, and no New-World silver or gold had been discovered, as earlier imagined. Despite these disappointments, the need for another, ideally much larger supply mission was conveyed to the leaders of the company. In early 1609, Captain Samuel Argall , as an employee of the London Company, was commissioned to develop a shorter, more direct route for sailing from England across

2829-738: The first ships. The ships in this fleet were: The fleet headed south-west towards the Azores . Early in the voyage, on February 13, 1607, near the Canary Islands , Captain John Smith was charged with mutiny, and Newport had him arrested and planned to execute him upon arrival in the Caribbean (and later in Virginia). The execution was never carried out, after the colonists landed at Cape Henry on April 26, 1607, and unsealed orders from

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2898-468: The first supply in January 1608. Arriving back in London on August 12, 1607, Newport delivered a letter from the council alongside his cargo of "gold" (which was quickly determined to be iron pyrite ). He was then put in charge of the urgently needed re-supply mission, containing a few provisions and more than 70 additional colonists. The ships were: The first re-supply fleet, tracing the same route as

2967-497: The flagship of a fleet of nine ships, with most of the leaders, food, and supplies aboard. Aboard the Sea Venture were fleet Admiral George Somers , Vice-Admiral Christopher Newport , Virginia Colony governor Sir Thomas Gates , William Strachey , and businessman John Rolfe with his pregnant wife. The third supply convoy encountered a hurricane that lasted three days and separated the ships from one another. The Sea Venture

3036-514: The fleet departed Plymouth , England. The ships were: The fleet stayed together for seven weeks as they crossed the Atlantic Ocean, save for Virginia (which returned to England from the Azores). On July 25, the fleet ran into a massive 'tempest', believed to have been a hurricane , which lasted for three days, and all became separated. After the storm, Blessinge , Faulcon , Lion , and Unitie came together and headed for Virginia, "falling into

3105-476: The last stop before the mainland. After an unusually long voyage of 144 days and the death of only one passenger, they made landfall on April 26, 1607, at the southern edge of the mouth of what they named the James River on the Chesapeake Bay . A party of men then explored the area and had a minor conflict with some local "Indians", so the colonists moved north. On 4 May [ O.S. 14 May] 1607, they finally chose Jamestown Island (at that time

3174-461: The lost colonists and gold mines and attempted a coronation, all without success. He then returned to England, this time not with iron pyrite but with products of the New World including: "clapboard, wainscot, pitch, tarre, glasse, frankincense , and sope ashes". He arrived in London in mid-January 1609, and despite all these efforts, profits from these early exports were not sufficient to meet

3243-519: The lower house, the House of Burgesses . In 1606, a ruling council in London composed of major shareholders in the enterprise. The members were nominated by the company and appointed by James. The council in England then directed the settlers to appoint their own local council, which proved ineffective. The council had to obtain approval from London for expenditures and laws, and limited the enterprise to 100 square miles. The Charter of 1606 did not mention

3312-436: The marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (a Sea Venture survivor) which introduced a short truce between the English and the Powhatan Confederacy. This allowed the English to fully secure the colony's fortifications and housing, expand its farming, develop a network of alliances with other Indian nations, and establish a series of outlying smaller settlements. Colonists continued to die from various illnesses and disease, and

3381-497: The new flagship of the company, which had been specially built for the purpose. It was considerably larger than the other eight ships, and carried a large proportion of the supplies intended for the colony. Also aboard the flagship were Admiral George Somers , William Strachey , Silvester Jourdain , Ralph Hamor , and Thomas Gates , people notable in the early history of English colonization in North America. On June 2, 1609,

3450-540: The news that the company was being reorganized and was sending more supplies and settlers to Jamestown along with a new governor. Argall then returned to England at the end of the summer of 1609. His unexpected help was significant, in that it came to the colony at one of the most critical moments in its history, as it preceded the Starving Time , and without the provisions Argall had left, the colony may have been totally destroyed. On May 23, 1609, King James issued

3519-468: The original charter, or deciding to disband the company. The Jamestown Massacre brought unfavorable attention to the colony, particularly from James who had originally chartered the company. There was a period of debate in Britain between company officers who wished to guard the original charter, and those who wanted the company to be disbanded. On 24 May 1624, James dissolved the company and made Virginia

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3588-480: The original fleet, arrived at the colony on January 2, 1608. Upon his return, Newport found that the effects of the lack of planning and lack of skills amongst the original colonists, combined with Powhatan attacks, had quickly reduced the original settlement to only 38 survivors. However, despite replenishing the colony's supplies, the two ships also brought an additional 120 men (settlers and crew), as recorded later by Smith. This proved troublesome, particularly when

3657-536: The original settlers were experienced farmers, and as hunters they quickly exhausted the area's supply of small game. To make matters worse, the most severe drought in 700 years occurred between 1606 and 1612. Consequently, the colonists quickly became dependent upon trade with the Native Americans and periodic supply from England for their survival. Captain Christopher Newport was tasked with

3726-627: The preserved body of his uncle. He was able to provide an update to the company on the status of the colony. On July 25, 1610, Hercules with Captain Adams was sent from Jamestown for supplies. It returned "soon after" the departure of Thomas West, who had left Virginia for the island of Mevis in De La Warr on April 7, 1611. Blessing and Hercules returned to England in September 1610 with Gates, Newport, Adams, and "others from Virginia". When

3795-407: The same time and composed largely of gentlemen from Plymouth , England. The biggest trade breakthrough resulted after adventurer and colonist John Rolfe introduced several sweeter strains of tobacco from the Caribbean. These yielded a more appealing product than the harsh-tasting tobacco native to Virginia. Cultivation of Rolfe's new tobacco strains produced a strong commodity crop for export for

3864-462: The seemingly inexhaustible supply within Virginia's virgin forests. However, they could not devote much time to developing commodity products, as they were too busy trying to survive. On June 22, 1607, Newport sailed back for London with Susan Constant and Godspeed carrying a load of supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind the 104 colonists and Discovery (to be used in exploring the area). Using Discovery and some assembled shallops left to

3933-414: The settlement by the end of winter. Accordingly, he departed again for England on April 10, 1608, with another cargo of "gold". In his absence, the meagre food supplies quickly ran low, and although Native Americans brought some food, Smith wrote that "more than half of us died". Smith ventured into the Chesapeake Bay twice more in 1608, in the months between the first and second supply missions, charged by

4002-529: The settlement had a population of around 375. Captain Robert Tyndall was directed to take Virginia to catch fish in the Chesapeake Bay between Cape Henry and Cape Charles. On June 19, 1610, Somers, not wanting to be subordinate to West, departed for Bermuda aboard Patience , accompanied by Captain Argall on Discovery , with the intention of gathering more food, including fish, sweet potatoes, and live pigs for Jamestown. Blown north towards Newfoundland,

4071-543: The ships became separated in thick fog. Argall attempted fishing before returning, reaching the Chesapeake on August 31, while Somers, who had continued on to Bermuda, became ill on the journey. He died in Bermuda on November 2 before completing the mission. Captain Matthew Somers, in charge of Patience and probably keen to secure his uncle's inheritance disobeyed orders by returning to Lyme Regis , England, with

4140-516: The specific goal of initially establishing the company's presence and later specifically maintaining the English settlement of "James Fort" on present-day Jamestown Island . The supply missions also resulted in the colonization of Bermuda as a supply and way-point between the colony and England. The Jamestown colonists initially chose the fort's location because it was favorable for defensive purposes. Although some of them did some farming, few of

4209-556: The supplies, passengers, and leaders who had been aboard them. Four of the ships harbored sufferers of yellow fever , while Diamond and Unity brought bubonic plague to the colony, killing at least 30 emigrants on the journey (and more over the following months). Blessing , Diamond , Falcon , and Unitie returned to England on October 14 to advise of Jamestown's plight carrying Captain Samuel Argall, an injured John Smith, and 30 young men sent from England but rejected by

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4278-497: The three to five months of previous fleets), enabling the English to save on provisions and to also avoid hostile Spanish ships. Upon his arrival at Jamestown, Argall found the colonists in dire straits, since in April an infestation of rats had been discovered, along with dampness, which had destroyed all their stored corn. He resupplied the colony with all the food and wine he could spare (which Smith bought on credit), and also brought

4347-403: The trade of merchandise by way of bargaining, exchange, bartering, commission, consignment or otherwise, in gross or by retail, or by persons who, either for themselves, or as agents or factors for others, seek their living by buying and selling or buying and letting for hire goods or commodities, or by the manufacture, workmanship or the conversion of goods or commodities or trees ; Japan has

4416-403: The tropical storm, Sea Venture was separated from the seven other vessels of the third supply fleet and began taking on water through her new caulking. On July 28 and with bailing efforts failing, Somers had the ship deliberately driven onto the reefs at Discovery Bay in eastern Bermuda to prevent her sinking. The 150 passengers and crew members all landed safely, but the ship was disabled. Over

4485-476: Was fitted with a mast and sent to find Jamestown, but neither it nor its crew were ever seen again. The named ships were provisioned with salvaged and local goods—from Bermuda the crew were able to gather pork from feral pigs, sweet potatoes, and onions, figs and olives from stock grown in Bermuda. The vessels disembarked on May 20, 1610. By May 23 they had reached Old Point Comfort . The survivors of Sea Venture , led by Gates and Somers, assumed they would find

4554-485: Was leaking through its new caulking, and Admiral Somers had it driven aground on a reef to avoid sinking, saving 150 men and women but destroying the ship. The uninhabited archipelago was officially named " The Somers Isles " after Admiral Somers. The survivors built two smaller ships from salvaged parts of the Sea Venture, which they named Deliverance and Patience . Ten months later, they continued on to Jamestown, arriving on May 23, 1610. They left several men behind on

4623-498: Was made to abandon James Fort , and on June 7 everyone boarded Deliverance , Discovery , Patience , and Virginia to return to England. In the interval between the departure of Smith for England and the arrival of the Sea Venture survivors, George Percy became president of the council in Jamestown. He however accomplished little while in charge, other than to order to construction of Fort Algernon at Old Point Comfort. To secure food, he had sent Francis West and James Davis up

4692-502: Was not issued by James. This charter gave the colony self-governance, which led to the establishment of a Council of State appointed by the governor and an elected General Assembly (House of Burgesses), and provided that the colony would no longer be financed by shares but by tobacco farming. The birth of representative government in the United States can be traced from this Great Charter, as it provided for self-governance from which

4761-824: Was quickly organized. Urgently needed supplies and 70 additional settlers were gathered, including Thomas Graves , Thomas Forrest and Forrest's wife "Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras her maide" (the first women known to have come to Jamestown). Also included were the first non-English settlers. The company recruited these as skilled craftsmen and industry specialists: soap-ash, glass, lumber milling ( wainscot , clapboard , and ‘deal’ — planks, especially soft wood planks) and naval stores ( pitch , turpentine , and tar). Among these additional settlers were eight "Dutch-men" (probably German or German-speakers), Polish (see Jamestown Polish craftsmen ) and Slovak craftsmen, who had been hired to help develop and manufacture profitable export products. William Volday (Wilhelm Waldi),

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