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111-422: Varieties of the color green may differ in hue , chroma (also called saturation or intensity) or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness ), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades , a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below. The color defined as green in
222-500: A PIE root * ghre- "to grow", and root-cognate with grass and to grow . The first recorded use of the word as a color term in Old English dates to ca. AD 700. Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for "green". Related to virere "to grow" and ver "spring", it gave rise to words in several Romance languages , French vert , Italian verde (and English vert , verdure etc.). Likewise
333-476: A dominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm . In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model , used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors , along with red and blue , which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. By far the largest contributor to green in nature
444-410: A blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a yellow-green; these are the peak locations of the rod and cone (scotopic and photopic, respectively) luminosity functions . The perception of greenness (in opposition to redness forming one of the opponent mechanisms in human color vision ) is evoked by light which triggers the medium-wavelength M cone cells in
555-425: A camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin , the green pigment in bile , and ceruloplasmin , a protein that carries copper ions in chelation . The green huntsman spider is green due to the presence of bilin pigments in the spider's hemolymph (circulatory system fluids) and tissue fluids . It hunts insects in green vegetation, where it
666-407: A color defined as green . The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions: hue, value ( lightness ), and chroma (color purity), spaced uniformly in three dimensions in the elongated oval at an angle shaped Munsell color solid according to the logarithmic scale which governs human perception . In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it
777-403: A color name was in 1922. Harlequin is a color described as being located between green and yellow (closer to green than to yellow) on the color wheel. On color plate 17 in the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color (see reference below), the color harlequin is shown as being a highly saturated rich color at a position halfway between chartreuse and green. Thus in modern color terminology, harlequin
888-456: A color was found (e.g., in an image) that was not available, a different one had to be used. This was done by either using the closest color or by using dithering . There were various attempts to make a "standard" color palette. A set of colors was needed that could be shown without dithering on 256-color displays; the number 216 was chosen partly because computer operating systems customarily reserved sixteen to twenty colors for their own use; it
999-691: A computer or television set. This color is also called regular green . It is at precisely 120 degrees on the HSV color wheel , also known as the RGB color wheel ( Image of RGB color wheel ). Its complementary color is magenta . HTML/CSS uses the name lime for this color, using green to refer to a darker shade. See the chart Color names that clash between X11 and HTML/CSS in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML and X11. Green takes up
1110-454: A green dye for clothing, made from the leaves of the birch tree. It was of very poor quality, more brown than green. Ceramics from ancient Mesopotamia show people wearing vivid green costumes, but it is not known how the colors were produced. In Ancient Egypt , green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on
1221-604: A large portion of the CIE chromaticity diagram because it is in the central area of human color perception. The color defined as green in HTML/CSS color standard is the color called green, low green, or medium green in many of the older eight-bit computer palettes . Another name for this color is green W3C or office green . The color defined as green in the CMYK color system used in printing , also known as pigment green ,
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#17327810785031332-503: A larger range of colors and allowing the browser to quantize the color space if needed, rather than suffer the quality loss of a double quantization. Through the 2000s, use of 256-color displays in personal computers dropped sharply in favour of 24-bit ( TrueColor ) displays, and the use of "web-safe" colors has fallen into practical disuse. The "web-safe" colors do not all have standard names, but each can be specified by an RGB triplet: each component (red, green, and blue) takes one of
1443-485: A mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate . Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose , magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate . Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis . Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than
1554-530: A name of a color in the English language was in 1926. Kelly green is an intense, pure green named after the common Irish family name, Kelly . It evokes the lush green Irish meadows and is also commonly associated with St. Patrick's Day . The color kombu green is a representation of the color of kombu , edible kelp from the family Laminariaceae widely eaten in East Asia . The source of this color
1665-533: A new politics of the left which rejected traditional socialism and communism. (See § In politics section below.) Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights . Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded
1776-593: A term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow"). In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like
1887-442: A traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red. In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm ; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between –
1998-460: Is chlorophyll , the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage . Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald , which is colored green by its chromium content. During post-classical and early modern Europe, green was the color commonly associated with wealth, merchants, bankers, and
2109-542: Is a bright tone of green used in psychedelic art and in fashion. Neon green became a signature of English singer/songwriter Charli XCX with the release of her 2024 album Brat . Green is common in nature, especially in plants. Many plants are green mainly because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll which is involved in photosynthesis . Many shades of green have been named after plants or are related to plants. Due to varying ratios of chlorophylls (and different amounts as well as other plant pigments being present),
2220-757: Is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity , asthma , urticaria , and insomnia . To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts , such as barium chlorate , barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride , also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use
2331-729: Is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. The word green comes from the Middle English and Old English word grene , which, like the German word grün , has the same root as the words grass and grow . It is from a Common Germanic *gronja - , which is also reflected in Old Norse grænn , Old High German gruoni (but unattested in East Germanic ), ultimately from
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#17327810785032442-403: Is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth. In Thailand, the color green is considered auspicious for those born on a Wednesday (light green for those born at night). Green is the color most commonly associated in the United States and Europe with springtime, freshness, and hope. Green is often used to symbolize rebirth and renewal and immortality. In Ancient Egypt ;
2553-513: Is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens." In the 1980s, green became a political symbol, the color of the Green Party in Germany and in many other European countries. It symbolized the environmental movement , and also
2664-485: Is cognate with the Ancient Greek γλαυκός "bluish green", contrasting with χλωρός "yellowish green" discussed above. In modern Japanese, the term for green is 緑 , while the old term for "blue/green", blue ( 青 , Ao ) now means "blue". But in certain contexts, green is still conventionally referred to as 青, as in blue traffic light ( 青信号 , ao shingō ) and blue leaves ( 青葉 , aoba ) , reflecting
2775-412: Is colored in a pattern, usually a diamond-shaped pattern, as in the dress traditionally associated with harlequins . Similarly, it can mean anything multicolored or prismatic, such as opals or other precious gems which are highly variegated in color and hue. In the early 2000s, a harlequin color paint was invented for automobiles that appears different colors from different angles of view . Neon green
2886-561: Is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word aoi . Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh , with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit. "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây , lit. "leaf green"). "Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using
2997-425: Is missing or faulty, which can cause color blindness , including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as deuteranopia or red-green color blindness. Green is restful to the eye. Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue. In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan ; in
3108-528: Is not simply a matter of increasing the contrast ratio. As a report to the Web Accessibility Initiative indicates, dyslexic readers are better served by contrast ratios below the maximum. The recommendations they refer to of off-black (#0A0A0A) on off-white (#FFFFE5) and black (#000000) on creme (#FAFAC8) have contrast ratios of 11.7:1 and 20.3:1 respectively. Among their other color pairs, brown (#282800) on dark green (#A0A000) has
3219-541: Is particularly important for Web-to-print applications. A hex triplet is a six-digit (or eight-digit), three- byte (or four-byte) hexadecimal number used in HTML , CSS , SVG , and other computing applications to represent colors. The bytes represent the red, green, and blue components of the color. The optional fourth byte refers to alpha channel . One byte represents a number in the range 00 to FF (in hexadecimal notation), or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents
3330-482: Is rarely found in Greek art. The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus , the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards. The Romans made a fine green earth pigment that was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii , Herculaneum , Lyon , Vaison-la-Romaine , and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By
3441-735: Is rendered as an invisible nominal black: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) . It was introduced in CSS1 but its scope of use has expanded over the versions. Level 4 of the CSS Color specification introduced several new CSS color formats. Besides new ways to write colors, it also introduces the concept of mixing colors in a non-sRGB color space, a first step towards fixing a well-known issue in color gradients . Some sections explaining color theory and common operations like gamut mapping are also added to aid implementation. CSS Color 4 introduces several different formats for device independent color that can display
Shades of green - Misplaced Pages Continue
3552-482: Is specified according to the intensity of its red, green and blue components, each represented by eight bits . Thus, there are 24 bits used to specify a web color within the sRGB gamut, and 16,777,216 colors that may be so specified. Colors outside the sRGB gamut can be specified in Cascading Style Sheets by making one or more of the red, green and blue components negative or greater than 100%, so
3663-419: Is the " Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #19-0417 TPX—Kombu Green. Laurel green is a medium light hue of chartreuish gray similar to asparagus , but lighter. The first recorded use of laurel green as a name of a color in the English language was in 1705. Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum . It is evoked by light which has
3774-506: Is the color called green in Crayola crayons. Green was one of the original Crayola crayons introduced in 1903. This is the X11 /HTML color dark green . Light green is a light tint of green. Lime green is a vivid, yellowish shade of green named after the lime fruit . This is the color bright green . This is the X11 /HTML color pale green . The first recorded use of erin as
3885-429: Is the color halfway between green and chartreuse green on the RGB color wheel. The first recorded use of harlequin as a color name in English was in 1923. Harlequin is a pure spectral color at approximately 552 nanometers on the visible spectrum when plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram . Silver Patron tequila is sold in harlequin-colored boxes. Harlequin is also an adjective used to describe something that
3996-518: Is the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with nature, vivacity and life. It is the color of many environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace , and of the Green Parties in Europe. Many cities have designated a garden or park as a green space, and use green trash bins and containers. A green cross is commonly used to designate pharmacies in Europe. In China, green
4107-473: Is the tone of green that is achieved by mixing process (printer's) cyan and process (printer's) yellow in equal proportions. The purpose of the CMYK color system is to provide the maximum possible gamut of color reproducible in printing. The color indicated is only approximate as the colors of printing inks may vary. The color displayed is an approximation of the CMYK color on an RGB screen, and cannot replicate
4218-447: Is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers , including
4329-583: Is well camouflaged. There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma , given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin , with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Nobody is brought into the world with green eyes. An infant has one of two eye hues: dark or blue. Following birth, cells called melanocytes start to discharge melanin,
4440-635: The Food Safety and Standards Act of 2006 with changes to symbolism since but still maintaining the color green. In 2021, India introduced a green V to exclusively label vegan options. In the west, the V-Label , a green V designed by the European Vegetarian Union , has been used by food distributors to label vegan and vegetarian options. List of HTML color names Web colors are colors used in displaying web pages on
4551-652: The HTML 4.01 specification, ratified in 1999, as follows (names are defined in this context to be case-insensitive): These 16 were labelled as sRGB and included in the HTML 3.0 specification, which noted they were "the standard 16 colors supported with the Windows VGA palette." Extended colors are the result of merging specifications from HTML 4.01, CSS 2.0, SVG 1.0 and CSS3 User Interfaces (CSS3 UI). Several colors are defined by web browsers . A particular browser may not recognize all of these colors, but as of 2005, all modern, general-use, graphical browsers support
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4662-462: The HWB color model as an alternative to HSL/HSV. The draft CSS Color 5 specification introduces syntax for mixing and manipulating existing colors, including: Custom color spaces are also supported via ICC profiles . This allows the use of CMYK on web pages. In the mid-1990s, many displays were only capable of displaying 256 colors, dictated by the hardware or changeable by a "color table". When
4773-607: The IRT Lexington Avenue Line since June 1979, when the NYCTA decided to assign line colors to all the routes within the major trunk lines in the Central Business District , plus different colors for services not entering Manhattan . By doing this, they scrapped the 1967 colors that were assigned separately to each service. The first recorded use of apple green as a color name in English
4884-407: The RGB color model is the brightest green that can be reproduced on a computer screen, and is the color named green in X11 . It is one of the three primary colors used in the RGB color space along with red and blue . The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum range of colors that are capable of being represented on
4995-409: The RGB color model , used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors , along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel , also known as the RGB color wheel , the complement of green is magenta ; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples ). On
5106-534: The Slavic languages with zelenъ . Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός , chloros (cf. the color of chlorine), cognate with χλοερός "verdant" and χλόη " chloe , the green of new growth". Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over
5217-474: The World Wide Web ; they can be described by way of three methods: a color may be specified as an RGB triplet, in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet ) or according to its common English name in some cases. A color tool or other graphics software is often used to generate color values. In some uses, hexadecimal color codes are specified with notation using a leading number sign (#). A color
5328-477: The chromaticities of a particular phosphor set, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world monitors and viewing conditions, to allow rendering to be fairly close to the specified values even without color management . User agents vary in the fidelity with which they represent the specified colors. More advanced user agents use color management to provide better color fidelity; this
5439-632: The helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon- ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers . Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows , spectroscopy , interferometry , fluorescence , holography , machine vision , non-lethal weapons , and bird control . As of mid-2011, direct green laser diodes at 510 nm and 500 nm have become generally available, although
5550-431: The "really safe palette;" see Safest web colors , below. Each color code listed is a shorthand for the RGB value. For example, code 609 is equivalent to RGB code 102-0-153 or HEX code #660099 . Designers were encouraged to stick to these 216 "web-safe" colors in their websites because there were a lot of 8-bit color displays when the 216-color palette was developed. David Lehn and Hadley Stern discovered that only 22 of
5661-448: The 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with Reseda luteola , also known as yellow-weed. The pigments available to painters were more varied; monks in monasteries used verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts. They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green. They used green earth colors for backgrounds. During
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#17327810785035772-460: The 216 colors in the web-safe palette are reliably displayed without inconsistent remapping on 16-bit computer displays . They called these 22 colors "the really safe palette"; it consists largely of shades of green, yellow, and cyan. Some browsers and devices do not support colors. For these displays or blind and colorblind users, Web content depending on colors can be unusable or difficult to use. Either no colors should be specified (to invoke
5883-453: The English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word เขียว kheīyw , besides meaning "green", also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations. The Celtic languages had a term for "blue/green/grey", Proto-Celtic *glasto- , which gave rise to Old Irish glas "green, grey" and to Welsh glas "blue". This word
5994-450: The RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary. Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz ) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of
6105-415: The absence of blue-green distinction in old Japanese (more accurately, the traditional Japanese color terminology grouped some shades of green with blue, and others with yellow tones). In optics, the perception of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm . The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm,
6216-403: The analogy to immature and unripe fruit. Examples include green cheese , a term for a fresh, unaged cheese, and greenhorn , an inexperienced person. The color green has been increasingly used by food companies, governments, and practitioners themselves to identify veganism and vegetarianism. The government of India requires food that is vegetarian to be marked with a green circle as part of
6327-417: The blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar . Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate . Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying
6438-520: The bride in the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck . There were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight for those who wanted or were required to wear green. Green dyes were made out of the fern , plantain , buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks , the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus , or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in
6549-556: The browser's default colors), or both the background and all foreground colors (such as the colors of plain text, unvisited links, hovered links, active links, and visited links) should be specified to avoid black on black or white on white effects. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines recommend a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 between the relative luminance of text and its background color or at least 3:1 for large text. Enhanced accessibility requires contrast ratios greater than 7:1. However, addressing accessibility concerns
6660-429: The color 'orange' (one of the 140) was added to the section with the 16 HTML4 colors as a 17th color. The CSS3.0 specification did not include orange in the "HTML4 color keywords" section, which was renamed as "Basic color keywords". In the same reference, the "SVG color keywords" section, was renamed "Extended color keywords", after starting out as "X11 color keywords" in an earlier working draft. The working draft for
6771-519: The color accurately. The color defined as green in the NCS or Natural Color System is NCS 2060-G. The natural color system is a color system based on the four unique hues or psychological primary colors red, yellow, green, and blue. The NCS is based on the opponent process theory of vision. The Natural Color System is widely used in Scandinavia . The Munsell color system (Munsell 5G) includes
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#17327810785036882-451: The color green, 緑 ( midori , which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン ( guriin , which is derived from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors as other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, aoi , because green
6993-407: The color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens: chloron , or pale green, and prasinon , or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among the four classic colors of Greek painting – red, yellow, black and white – and
7104-574: The color space is theoretically an unbounded extrapolation of sRGB similar to scRGB . Specifying a non-sRGB color this way requires the RGB() function call. It is impossible with the hexadecimal syntax (and thus impossible in legacy HTML documents that do not use CSS). The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the basis for their color lists, as both started as X Window System applications. Web colors have an unambiguous colorimetric definition, sRGB , which relates
7215-484: The early Renaissance, painters such as Duccio di Buoninsegna learned to paint faces first with a green undercoat, then with pink, which gave the faces a more realistic hue. Over the centuries the pink has faded, making some of the faces look green. The 18th and 19th centuries brought the discovery and production of synthetic green pigments and dyes, which rapidly replaced the earlier mineral and vegetable pigments and dyes. These new dyes were more stable and brilliant than
7326-693: The earthy colored shade, in the child's irises. This begins happening since melanocytes respond to light in time. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe . They can also be found in Southern Europe , West Asia , Central Asia , and South Asia . In Iceland , 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Neolithic cave paintings do not have traces of green pigments, but neolithic peoples in northern Europe did make
7437-647: The entirety of visible color (in a capable screen), including: A number of RGB spaces with gamuts that are wider than sRGB are also introduced through the new color() function: A linearized variant of sRGB is also defined for color mixing. On 21 June 2014, the CSS WG added the color RebeccaPurple to the Editor's Draft of the Colors module level 4, to commemorate Eric Meyer 's daughter Rebecca, who died on 7 June 2014, her sixth birthday. CSS4 also introduces
7548-427: The extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria. Animals typically use the color green as camouflage , blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by
7659-423: The eye more than the long-wavelength L cones. Light which triggers this greenness response more than the yellowness or blueness of the other color opponent mechanism is called green. A green light source typically has a spectral power distribution dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 487–570 nm. Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types. In some cases, one
7770-650: The first digit is C. A remainder of nine gives the hexadecimal number C9. This process is repeated for each of the three color values. Conversion between number bases is a common feature of calculators, including both hand-held models and the software calculators bundled with most modern operating systems . Web-based tools specifically for converting color values are also available. Recent W3C specifications of color names distinguishes between basic and extended colors. In HTML and XHTML, colors can be used for text, background color, frame borders, tables, and individual table cells. The basic colors are 16 colors defined in
7881-442: The first hexadecimal digit (between 0 and F, where the letters A to F represent the numbers 10 to 15. See hexadecimal for more details). The remainder gives the second hexadecimal digit. For instance, the RGB value 58 (as shown in the previous example of hex triplets) divides into 3 groups of 16, thus the first digit is 3. A remainder of ten gives the hexadecimal number 3A. Likewise, the RGB value 201 divides into 12 groups of 16, thus
7992-467: The following CSS example: This shorthand form reduces the palette to 4,096 colors, equivalent of 12-bit color as opposed to 24-bit color using the whole six-digit form (16,777,216 colors). This limitation is sufficient for many text-based documents. RGB values are usually given in the 0–255 range; if they are in the 0–1 range, the values are multiplied by 255 before conversion. This number divided by sixteen (integer division; ignoring any remainder) gives
8103-564: The following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City , Utah . Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red. Green
8214-496: The full list of colors. Many of these colors are from the list of X11 color names distributed with the X Window System . These colors were standardized by SVG 1.0 , and are accepted by SVG Full user agents. They are not part of SVG Tiny . The list of colors shipped with the X11 product varies between implementations and clashes with certain of the HTML names such as green. X11 colors are defined as simple RGB (hence, no particular color space), rather than sRGB . This means that
8325-579: The gentry, while red was reserved for the nobility. For this reason, the costume of the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci and the benches in the British House of Commons are green while those in the House of Lords are red. It also has a long historical tradition as the color of Ireland and of Gaelic culture . It is the historic color of Islam , representing the lush vegetation of Paradise . It
8436-451: The god Osiris , king of the underworld, was depicted as green-skinned. Green as the color of hope is connected with the color of springtime; hope represents the faith that things will improve after a period of difficulty, like the renewal of flowers and plants after the winter season. Green the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with youth. It also often is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, probably by
8547-579: The green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny . It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks: it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact, and it
8658-401: The hex triplet 040810. The number of colors that can be represented by this system is 256 , 16 , or 2 = 16,777,216. An abbreviated, three (hexadecimal)-digit or four-digit form can be used, but can cause errors if software or maintenance scripts are only expecting the long form. Expanding this form to the six-digit form is as simple as repeating each digit: 09C becomes 0099CC as presented on
8769-427: The hexadecimal numbers 7B, 3A, and 1E, respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by concatenating the six hexadecimal digits together, 7B3A1E in this example. If any one of the three color values is less than 10 hex (16 decimal), it must be represented with a leading zero so that the triplet always has exactly six digits. For example, the decimal triplet 4, 8, 16 would be represented by the hex digits 04, 08, 10, forming
8880-439: The least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each of the color components. Thus web colors specify colors in the 24-bit RGB color scheme . The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=123, green=58, blue=30 (a hardwood brown color). The decimal numbers 123, 58, and 30 are equivalent to
8991-468: The level 4 color module combines the Basic and Extended sections together in a simple "Named Colors" section. CSS 2, SVG and CSS 2.1 allow web authors to use system colors , which are color names whose values are taken from the operating system , picking the operating system's highlighted text color, or the background color for tooltip controls. This enables web authors to style their content in line with
9102-678: The list of colors found in X11 (e.g., in /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt) should not directly be used to choose colors for the web. The list of web "X11 colors" from the CSS3 specification, along with their hexadecimal and decimal equivalents, is shown below. Compare the alphabetical lists in the W3C standards. This includes the common synonyms: aqua (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and cyan (common sRGB name), fuchsia (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and magenta (common sRGB name), gray (HTML4/CSS 1.0 standard name) and grey. The Cascading Style Sheets specification defines
9213-684: The lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution. The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. One of the first to make color the central element of his picture was the American artist James McNeill Whistler , who created a series of paintings called "symphonies" or "noctures" of color, including Symphony in gray and green; The Ocean between 1866 and 1872. The late 19th century also brought
9324-441: The more notable green minerals, however is the emerald , which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium . Chromium(III) oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), is called chrome green , also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite 's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors,
9435-413: The operating system of the user agent. The CSS3 color module has deprecated the use of system colors in favor of CSS3 UI System Appearance property, which itself was subsequently dropped from CSS3. The CSS3 specification also introduces HSL color space values to style sheets: CSS also supports the special color transparent , which represents an alpha value of zero; by default, transparent
9546-414: The palettes selected by various browser applications. There were not very different palettes in use in different browsers. "Web-safe" colors had a flaw in that, on systems such as X11 where the palette is shared between applications, smaller color cubes (5×5×5 or 4×4×4) were allocated by browsers—the "web-safe" colors would dither on such systems. Different results were obtained by providing an image with
9657-458: The past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit harithah "yellow, ochre, golden". The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow". In some languages, including old Chinese , Thai , old Japanese , and Vietnamese ,
9768-450: The plant kingdom exhibits many shades of green in both hue (true color) and value (lightness/darkness). The chlorophylls in living plants have distinctive green colors, while dried or cooked portions of plants are different shades of green due to the chlorophyll molecules losing their inner magnesium ion. Apple green is a representation of the color of the outer skin of a Granny Smith apple . A darker version of this color has been used for
9879-547: The price remains relatively prohibitive for widespread public use. The efficiency of these lasers (peak 3%) compared to that of DPSS green lasers (peak 35%) may also be limiting adoption of the diodes to niche uses. Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among
9990-475: The roots of the woad plant. For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris , was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It
10101-491: The same number of named colors as the HTML 4 spec, namely the 16 HTML colors , and 124 colors from the Netscape X11 color list for a total of 140 names that were recognized by Internet Explorer (IE) 3.0 and Netscape Navigator 3.0. Blooberry.com notes that Opera 2.1 and Safari 1 also included Netscape's expanded list of 140 color names, but later discovered 14 names not included with Opera 3.5 on Windows 98. In CSS 2.1,
10212-459: The same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state ( DPSS ) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium- doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light
10323-661: The same word can mean either blue or green. The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin , ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese ) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of " 青 ". In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 ( lán , in Mandarin) and 綠 ( lǜ , in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to
10434-558: The second century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession. Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families. The Mona Lisa wears green in her portrait, as does
10545-464: The six values from the following table (out of the 256 possible values available for each component in full 24-bit color). The following table shows all of the "web-safe" colors. One shortcoming of the web-safe palette is its small range of light colors for webpage backgrounds, whereas the intensities at the low end of the range, such as the two darkest, are similar to each other, making them hard to distinguish. Values flanked by "*" (asterisk) are part of
10656-572: The surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as
10767-471: The symbol of fertility and happiness. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement . Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement , some naming themselves Green parties . This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly , products. Green
10878-420: The systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh . Describing his painting, The Night Cafe , to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall
10989-400: The vegetable dyes, but some contained high levels of arsenic , and were eventually banned. In the 18th and 19th centuries, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted
11100-426: The walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely ground malachite , mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert; a paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun . They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite . To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from
11211-433: The wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin . The new organisms that then later came to dominate
11322-430: Was toxic . Leonardo da Vinci , in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green . Viridian, as described above, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it
11433-629: Was a new synthetic green created by a chemist named Pannetier in Paris in about 1835. Emerald green was a synthetic deep green made in the 19th century by hydrating chrome oxide. It was also known as Guignet green. There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration . Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104)
11544-451: Was also selected because it allowed exactly six equally spaced shades of red, green, and blue (6 × 6 × 6 = 216), each from 00 to FF (including both limits). The list of colors was presented as if it had special properties that render it immune to dithering, but on 256-color displays applications could actually set a palette of any selection of colors that they chose, dithering the rest. These colors were chosen specifically because they matched
11655-461: Was crushed, washed to remove impurities, then powdered. It was sometimes called Green of Verona. Mixtures of oxidized cobalt and zinc were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century. Cobalt green , sometimes known as Rinman's green or zinc green, is a translucent green pigment made by heating a mixture of cobalt (II) oxide and zinc oxide. Sven Rinman , a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780. Green chrome oxide
11766-481: Was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors—red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The Munsell colors displayed are only approximate as they have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut. Green (Pantone) is the color that is called green in Pantone . The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color # green C, EC, HC, PC, U, or UP—green. Green (Crayola)
11877-406: Was in 1648. This is the color called artichoke green in Pantone . The source is Pantone 18-0125 TPX. Evergreen is a color that resembles evergreens . It is currently unknown when evergreen was first used as a color name. Fern green is a color that resembles ferns . A Crayola crayon named fern was created in 1998. The first recorded use of fern green as a color name in English
11988-472: Was in 1902. Forest green refers to a green color said to resemble the color of the trees and other plants in a forest . The first recorded use of forest green as the name of a color in the English language was in 1810. The color honeydew is a pale, greenish off-white based on the color of the interior flesh of a honeydew melon . In 1990, Crayola named and formulated a specific tone called jungle green . The first recorded use of jungle green as
12099-700: Was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue , to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Café Terrace at Night . Green earth is a natural pigment used since the time of the Roman Empire . It is composed of clay colored by iron oxide , magnesium , aluminum silicate , or potassium . Large deposits were found in the South of France near Nice , and in Italy around Verona , on Cyprus , and in Bohemia . The clay
12210-707: Was the color of the banner of Muhammad , and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries. In surveys made in American , European, and Islamic countries , green is the color most commonly associated with nature , life , health , youth , spring , hope , and envy . In the European Union and the United States , green is also sometimes associated with toxicity and poor health, but in China and most of Asia, its associations are very positive, as
12321-429: Was worn by both the living and the dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green". In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described
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