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56-464: Pinehouse Lake ( Woods Cree : ᑭᓀᐱᑯ ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᓂᕽ , romanized:  kinêpiko-sâkahikanihk , lit.   'at the Snake Lake';) is a lake in northern Saskatchewan , Canada. The northern village of Pinehouse is located on the western shore. The Churchill River flows in from Sandy Lake into the north-west end of the lake at McDonald Bay and flows out through the north-east end of

112-399: A new Language and Culture Documentation Services Unit that aims to preserve and revitalize languages threatened by extinction. The creation of this department reflects a growing interest in documenting endangered languages and incorporates a multidisciplinary approach of anthropology and linguistics. SIL has Consultative Status with UNESCO as an NGO, and has Special Consultative Status with

168-464: A non-specified dialect of Cree as their mother tongue, and 86,115 who said they had some knowledge of a non-specified dialect of Cree. Some of those individuals could be Woods Cree speakers. Woods Cree is not an official language of any country. Speakers of Woods Cree live in and around the northern, forested area of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Like other western Cree languages and dialects, Woods Cree only contains seventeen different phonemes . This

224-584: A number of international settings. In 1973, SIL was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding. This foundation honors outstanding individuals and organizations working in Asia who manifest greatness of spirit in service to the peoples of Asia. UNESCO Literacy Prizes have been awarded to SIL's work in a number of countries: Australia (1969), Cameroon (1986), Papua New Guinea (1979), Philippines (1991). In 1979, SIL's agreement

280-645: A possible phonological shift that is occurring in Woods Cree speech due to the influence of the English phonology on the language, however, the data is inconclusive due to the endangered status of the language. The Woods Cree morphological form follows a similar system to that of other Western Cree dialects (for example, Swampy Cree or Plains Cree). A more comprehensive examination of the Western Cree morphological system relating to Woods Cree can be found on

336-400: A sonorant. This analysis is challenged however by particular factors which show the likeness of / ð / as an obstruent. For example, among younger speakers the / ð / phoneme is sometimes replaced by a /t/ and voicing in word-final positions also shows that it also falls under obstruent classification. One reason for this particularly unique form of the / ð / phoneme as explained in the article is

392-403: A vowelless variation of the personal prefixes. For example, the verb aðahwi:w 'he buries him' can use the vowelless, reduced version of the personal prefix nika- recognized as n- . The verb then becomes n-aðahwi:w 'I am burying him'. Woods Cree generally uses the connective variant (as seen below) more frequently than the reduced version, however the reduced version is recognized within

448-400: Is a fairly small phonemic inventory for a language; for example, Canadian English distinguishes thirty-eight phonemes. The following phonemes can be found in western Cree languages and dialects: /a, â, c, ê, h, i, î, k, m, n, o, ô, p, s, t, w, y/. Woods Cree differs only in merging /ê/ with /î/ (and thus decreasing the vowel inventory by one down to six distinct vowels) but adding "th" (/ ð /) as

504-534: Is a term used to refer to the non-palatized Cree dialects, consisting of Northern Plains Cree, Southern Plains Cree, Woods Cree, Rock Cree, Western Swampy Cree, Eastern Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Western Woods Cree is the term used to refer to the Cree languages west of the Hudson Bay. This includes the languages Rock Cree, western Swampy Cree, and Strongwoods or Bois Fort Cree. James G.E. Smith classified

560-563: Is also considered to be a highly inflectional language with all of its inflection being suffixation with the exception of the four personal prefixes. Woods Cree morphology follows the Western Cree system of morphology. Specific to Woods Cree is use of third person indefinite possessors than in other dialects of Cree. The Proto-Algonquian definite possessor prefix is reconstructed as *me- in Bloomfield (1946) Hamp (1976) expands on Bloomfield's analysis by finding in contrast * we- to be

616-488: Is an evangelical Christian nonprofit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages , especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy , translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. Based on its language documentation work, SIL publishes a database, Ethnologue , of its research into

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672-504: Is found in Cree, also referred to as non-configurational . For example, the sentence "the children killed some ducks" could be expressed in the following six ways: awaˑsisak children nipaheˑwak killed siˑsiˑpa ducks awaˑsisak nipaheˑwak siˑsiˑpa children killed ducks SIL International SIL Global (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics International )

728-399: Is not commonly used in Woods Cree but is found in situations requiring repetition or clarification: The na- morpheme is classified as a portmanteau because it is a dental [n] and therefore it cannot be a reduced form of nika- when here the [n] assimilates with the following [k] ad becomes a velar nasal. Northern Alberta Cree (not specifically Woods Cree) has also been determined to use

784-604: Is the main area where Woods Cree is spoken. Not only is this finding much less than the 1982 statistic, but this estimation accounts for all types of spoken Cree, not just Woods Cree spoken in Saskatchewan - but note that the Woods Cree spoken outside of Saskatchewan is not accounted for in this statistic. According to the 2016 Canadian Census there were 1,840 individuals who identified Woods Cree as their mother tongue, and 2,665 individuals who said they had some knowledge of Woods Cree. There were also 64,050 people who identified

840-471: Is unusual in the Cree language to be used in this manner. As found in Plains Cree, only o- initial verbs are allowed the free variation of using the -t- connective . Also the lengthening of the initial vowel is only allowed in o- initial stems, as seen below: When a verb beginning with a short vowel is used a trend can be seen in Woods Cree that elides the -i- vowel: However, when determining

896-464: The "th" dialect of Cree spoken by the group of people geographically located at the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains. In Alberta, Woods Cree is also known as Bush Cree. Precise classification of the Woods Cree language has not been sufficiently documented. Many different names and terms have been used in the description of the "th" dialect of Cree spoken in the forested area north of

952-402: The -t- connective is recognized to be the more common of the two. The use of -y- is also found to be in free variation with the reduced variant of the ki- prefix: In the reduced variant (as seen above in k-ayamina:naw ) the initial short vowel is not lengthened as in the non-reduced variant (i.e. ki-y-ayamihitona:na:w ). This reduction from ni- or ki- to the form n- or k-

1008-420: The -th dialect of Cree. This region of Woods Cree speakers has essentially remained the same until present. Traditionally Woods Cree was often divided into western and eastern Woods Cree, reaching as far east as Quebec. However, the actual Woods Cree language is now determined to be spoken in the mid-northern part of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Western Woods Cree is the category of Cree languages spoken west of

1064-523: The Canadian prairies . A more general, all-encompassing term for this dialect is " Woodland Cree ", which also refers to the cultural group living in the forested area north of the prairies. This term is used, for example, in separating the cultural groups of Cree people who live in the wooded area from the Plains Cree, who traditionally inhabited the prairies to the south. The language portal of Canada has divided all Cree languages west of Ontario up until

1120-827: The Disciples of Christ among the Kaqchikel Maya people in Guatemala in the early 1930s. In 1933, he turned to Mexico with the purpose of translating the Bible into indigenous languages there, as he had done for Kaqchikel. Townsend established a working relationship with the Mexican Secretariat of Public Education under the government of President Lázaro Cárdenas (in office 1934–1940) and founded SIL to educate linguist- missionaries to work in Mexico. Because

1176-642: The Linguistic Society of America passed a resolution that the work of SIL "should be strongly commended by our Society and welcomed as one of the most promising developments in applied linguistics in this country." SIL holds formal consultative status with UNESCO and the United Nations , and has been publicly recognized by UNESCO for their work in many parts of Asia. SIL also holds non-governmental organization status in many countries. SIL's work has received appreciation and recognition in

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1232-533: The Swampy Cree Misplaced Pages page. Cree languages are polysynthetic and can have single words that would need an entire sentence to properly be expressed in English. For example: ni-kî-nohtê-wâpam-âw-ak 1 - PST -want-see. TA - 3 - PL (note: hyphens here are present solely to demonstrate the separate morphemes )   ni-kî-nohtê-wâpam-âw-ak 1-PST-want-see. TA -3-PL "I wanted to see them." (animate) Cree

1288-655: The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) as an advocate for ethnolinguistic communities. The organization is a member of the Forum of Bible Agencies International and Micah Network , and is a founding member of Maaya, the World Network for Linguistic Diversity. Ethnologue: A Guide to the World's Languages has been published by SIL since 1951. From the 13th edition (1997) onwards,

1344-474: The mi- prefix. In Woods Cree the mi- prefix is not applied to members of kin as well as body parts unique to animals. This difference helps demonstrate the dialect difference between Woods Cree and other types of Cree. Plains Cree, for example, does apply indefinite third person possessors when referring to kin. In Pukatawagan Woods Cree, specific usage of the future markers have been determined. Woods Cree spoken in this area, like other Cree dialects, uses

1400-463: The / ð / phoneme, the placement of the / ð / phoneme in the phonological inventory, the voicing patterns of this phoneme in non-word final positions, the usage of /l/ phoneme as a replacement for / ð / phoneme in caregiver speech, and lastly the /l/ and / ð / phoneme replacement of /r/ in English loan words. In Proto-Algonquian , the / ð / phoneme of Woods Cree has been reconstructed as *l and, thus, also demonstrates its relation to being categorized as

1456-704: The 16th edition (2009), Ethnologue uses the ISO 639-3 standard, which assigns 3-letter codes to languages; these were derived in part from the 3-letter codes that were used in the Ethnologue 's 15th edition. SIL is the registration authority for the ISO 639-3 standard. With the publication of the 17th edition (2016), Ethnologue launched a subscription service, but claiming that the paywall would only affect 5% of users. Users who contribute over 100 accepted changes are rewarded with lifetime free access. A comprehensive review of

1512-529: The 16th, 17th and 18th editions acknowledged that "[Ethnologue] is at present still better than any other nonderivative work of the same scope" except that "[it] fails to disclose the sources for the information presented. SIL has developed widely used software for linguistic research. SIL has developed several widely used font sets that it makes available as free software under the SIL Open Font License (OFL). The names of SIL fonts reflect

1568-642: The Biblical mission of the organization " charis " (Greek for "grace"), " doulos " (Greek for "servant") and " gentium " (Latin for "of the nations"). These fonts have become standard resources for linguists working on the documentation of the world's languages. Most of them are designed only for specific writing systems, such as Ethiopic , Devanagari , New Tai Lue , Hebrew , Arabic , Khmer , Yi , Myanmar , Coptic , and Tai Viet , or some more technical notation, such as cipher musical notation or IPA . Fonts that support Latin include: The 1947 Summer Meeting of

1624-511: The Hudson Bay and in the boreal forested area across the northern provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. In 1982 SIL (Summer Institute for Languages) found that the population of Woods Cree speakers was 35,000 people. More recently the University of Regina has documented that of the approximately 75,000 speakers of Cree across in Canada, 20,000 of them live in Saskatchewan, which

1680-476: The Mexican government did not allow missionary work through its educational system, Townsend founded Wycliffe Bible Translators in 1942 as a separate organization from SIL. Wycliffe Bible Translators focused on Bible translation and missionary activities, whereas SIL focused on linguistic documentation and literacy education. Having initiated collaboration with the Mexican education authorities, Townsend started

1736-468: The Rocky Mountains into four main subgroups: Plains Cree, Swampy Cree, Moose Cree and Woods Cree. However, in referring to the Woods Cree language they use the terms Woodland and Rock interchangeably. Whether these terms are interchangeable when referring to the Cree "th" dialect however has not been explicitly determined. Different sources in Canadian history texts document the area in which Woods Cree

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1792-643: The SIL Bibliography. Most of these are a reflection of linguistic fieldwork. SIL's focus has not been on the development of new linguistic theories, but tagmemics , though no longer promoted by SIL, was developed by Kenneth Pike , who also coined the words emic and etic , more widely used today in anthropology. Another focus of SIL is literacy work, particularly in indigenous languages. SIL assists local, regional, and national agencies that are developing formal and informal education in vernacular languages. These cooperative efforts enable new advances in

1848-479: The SIL view, ethnocide is not a valid concept and it would lead to pessimism to characterize culture change resulting from the inevitable progress of civilization as ethnocide. SIL considers itself as actively protecting endangered languages by promoting them within the speech community and providing mother-tongue literacy training. Additionally, their expanded interest in preserving threatened languages has resulted in

1904-833: The complex field of educational development in multilingual and multicultural societies. SIL provides instructors and instructional materials for linguistics programs at several major institutions of higher learning around the world. In the United States , these include Dallas International University , Biola University , Moody Bible Institute , and Dallas Theological Seminary . Other universities with SIL programs include Trinity Western University in Canada , Charles Darwin University in Australia , and Universidad Ricardo Palma in Lima, Peru. The organization has recently established

1960-420: The conjunct order . In the independent order of Woods Cree the preverbs na- and nika- are used. The preverb ka- can be used in both the independent and conjunct orders. The preverb na- can be seen as a portmanteau morpheme, which expresses the first person future context. However, in the second person future context there is no kika- that correlates with the ka- morpheme. The independent order nika-

2016-539: The context of the situation, the initial vowel of the verb stem can be lengthened to portray the specific context: In Woods Cree, when combining a word ending with a short vowel with a word beginning with a short vowel, the rule of external sandhi requires the final vowel of the first word to be dropped and the initial vowel of the second word to be lengthened: The independent order preverbs used in other dialects of Cree (Plains Cree and Swampy Cree) are ta-, kita-, and ka- . In Woods Cree ta- and kita- only occur in

2072-523: The data that have been gathered and analyzed from over 1,000 minority and endangered languages, many of which had not been previously studied academically. SIL endeavors to share both the data and the results of analysis in order to contribute to the overall knowledge of language. This has resulted in publications on languages such as Hixkaryana and Pirahã , which have challenged the universality of some linguistic theories. SIL's work has resulted in over 20,000 technical publications, all of which are listed in

2128-510: The definite human/animal possessor and * me- to be the indefinite possessor prefix. As found in other dialects of Cree, the following possessor prefixes are used in Woods Cree: In most dialects of Cree the prefix mi- is used when describing nouns regarding an undetermined body part, clothing items, and members of kin. For example, a pair of pants (noun requiring a possessor), undetermined in whom they belong to would be preceded with

2184-501: The entire contents of the published book were also shared online. From the 17th edition onwards (2013) the publication shifted to a web-centric paradigm, meaning that the website is now the primary means by which the database is accessed. Among other advantages, this greatly facilitates user contributions. A new edition is now published every February. The 27th edition was released in February 2024 and lists 7,164 languages. Starting with

2240-546: The first summer institute in its second year, 1935, Kenneth Lee Pike (1912–2000), would become the foremost figure in the history of SIL. He served as SIL's president from 1942 to 1979, then as president emeritus until his death in 2000. The Mexican branch, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano , was established in 1948. In 2016, Michel Kenmogne from Cameroon became president. In 2023 SIL said it had 1,350 language projects in 98 countries and 4,200 staff from 84 countries. SIL's principal contribution to linguistics has been

2296-471: The future markers ka- as the second person future marker. It has been agreed that this is a reduction of the second person prefix ki- and the future marker ka- . The first person future marker na- however does not follow the same reduction patterns (combining ni- first person prefix and ka- future marker). It has determined instead to be a portmanteau realization of first person and tense categories. In vowel initial verb stems, Woods Cree will use

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2352-411: The globe have been recorded using the / ð / phoneme and in most of these cases this phoneme is classified as an obstruent . However, the / ð / phoneme in spoken Woods Cree has resemblance to a sonorant phoneme. Most of the evidence demonstrated in the article even concludes that it would be more logical to classify this phoneme as a sonorant due to the following five factors: the sonorant realizations of

2408-553: The institute as a small summer training-session in Sulphur Springs, Arkansas , in 1934 to train missionaries in basic linguistic , anthropological , and translation principles. Through the following decades the SIL linguists worked at providing literacy education to indigenous people of Mexico, while simultaneously working with the Wycliffe Bible Translators on Bible translation. One of the students at

2464-541: The lake into Sandfly Lake. This Saskatchewan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a lake in Canada is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Woods Cree language The Woods Cree language belongs to the Algic family, within the Algonquian subfamily, and the central Cree – Montagnais – Naskapi language group. Western Cree

2520-428: The language . Cree verbs that begin with a vowel use the two different connectors -y- and -t- to join the prefix with the verb: Both forms are equally acceptable. However, in Woods Cree the -y- connective is fully productive and can be used with nouns as well as verbs. This is unlike other dialects of Cree, for example, Plains Cree where the connective -t- is mainly used. In spite of using both connectives,

2576-494: The linguistic nature of the languages of Woods Cree, northern Plains Cree, western Swampy Cree, and the extinct dialect of Misinipi or Rock Cree to all fall under the Western Woods Cree languages. Another name for Woods Cree is Rocky Cree, translated by Rossignol (1939) from the Cree word asiniˑskaˑwiðiniwak . Rock Cree or Misinipi Cree was a "r" dialect of Cree but now have merged with Woods Cree, together as

2632-424: The missionary focus of SIL makes relations with academic linguists and their reliance on SIL software and knowledge infrastructure problematic in that respective goals, while often overlapping, also sometimes diverge considerably. SIL does not consider efforts to change cultural patterns a form of culture destruction and points out that all their work is based on the voluntary participation of indigenous peoples. In

2688-430: The plural suffix -waˑw- where all other Plains Cree speakers make use of the plural suffix - ik- . Cree is a highly inflected language and much of the syntactic expression happens within the noun or the verb itself. Due to the complex morphological characteristics of the Cree language, the syntactic word order is relatively free in comparison to many other languages. Free expression of discontinuous constituents

2744-469: The reflex of Proto-Algonquian *r (and thus maintaining a distinct phoneme that the other Western dialects have lost). An important aspect of the Cree vowel system is that the Proto Algonquian short /e/ phoneme merged with short /i/ phoneme as shown above. In Woods Cree the long /eː/ also has merged with the long /iː/ phoneme. Phonetically, these two sounds may also alternate. This results in

2800-420: The vowel system of Woods Cree consisting of only three long vowels /iː uː aː/ and three short vowels /i u a/ in the entire language. The distinguishing feature of Woods Cree is the use of the nonpalatalized -th sound in places where other dialects of Cree would use a different sound: for example, Plains Cree is known for using the -y phoneme . This can be demonstrated by the Cree word for 'I'. In Woods Cree

2856-619: The word for 'I' is nitha (IPA: [ niða ]) whereas in Plains Cree it would be pronounced niya (IPA: [ nija ], spelled ᓂᔭ in Cree orthography ). A significant distinction between Woods Cree and Plains Cree has been questioned in the analysis and history of the language. Various researchers and explorers throughout history however have concluded that there is a "loss of intelligibility between Woods Cree and Plains Cree", distinguishing them as separate languages. Cree / ð / shares features both with obstruents and sonorants. Many languages around

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2912-607: The world's languages, and develops and publishes software programs for language documentation, such as FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx) and Lexique Pro. Its main offices in the United States are located at the International Linguistics Center in Dallas, Texas . William Cameron Townsend , a Presbyterian minister, founded the organization in 1934, after undertaking a Christian mission with

2968-547: Was also expelled from Brazil , Mexico , and Panama , and restricted in Colombia and Peru . The organization's focus on language description, language development and Bible translation, and the missionary activities carried out by many of its field workers have been criticized by linguists and anthropologists who argue that SIL aims to change indigenous cultures, which exacerbates the problems that cause language endangerment and language death . Linguists have argued that

3024-454: Was and still is spoken today. In the early 1900s, J.B. Tyrrell , a Canadian geologist and cartographer and the editor of explorer David Thompson 's work found that the people living in the area of Île-à-la-Crosse and upper Churchill River referred to themselves as Nahathaway and spoke the particular -th dialect of Woods Cre e. The Hudson's Bay Company had made record of the area west of James Bay being inhabited by people speaking

3080-664: Was officially terminated by the Mexican government after critiques from anthropologists regarding the combination of education and missionary activities in indigenous communities, though SIL continued to be active in that country. At a conference of the Inter-American Indian Institute in Mérida, Yucatán , in November 1980, delegates denounced the Summer Institute of Linguistics, charging that it

3136-518: Was using a scientific name to conceal its Protestant agenda and an alleged capitalist view that was alien to indigenous traditions. This led to the agreement with the Ecuadoran government being terminated in 1980, although a token presence remained. In the early 1990s, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) demanded the expulsion of SIL from the country. SIL

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