57-517: [REDACTED] Look up Plate or plate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Plate may refer to: Cooking [ edit ] Plate (dishware) , broad, mainly flat vessel commonly used to serve food Plates, tableware , dishes or dishware used for setting a table, serving food and dining Plate, the content of such a plate (for example: rice plate ) Plate, to present food , on
114-435: A blank area around the image, the non-printing areas must be trimmed after printing. Crop marks can be used to show the printer where the printing area ends, and the non-printing area begins. The part of the image which is trimmed off is called bleed . Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing . A worker composes and locks movable type into the bed of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer
171-515: A doctor blade. Then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing cylinders are usually made from copper plated steel, which is subsequently chromed, and may be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or laser ablation. Gravure printing is known for its ability to produce high-quality, high-resolution images with accurate color reproduction and using viscosity control equipment during production. Ink evaporation control affects
228-545: A liquid or between two liquids Construction [ edit ] Anchor plate , large plate connected to a tie rod or bolt for structural reinforcement Sill plate , the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached Wall plate , vertical component used in building construction Electronics [ edit ] Anodes , electrodes used in vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) and similar devices Printing and photography [ edit ] Photographic plate , medium from which
285-545: A liquid or between two liquids Construction [ edit ] Anchor plate , large plate connected to a tie rod or bolt for structural reinforcement Sill plate , the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached Wall plate , vertical component used in building construction Electronics [ edit ] Anodes , electrodes used in vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) and similar devices Printing and photography [ edit ] Photographic plate , medium from which
342-400: A method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the technique transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints were produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onward. Around
399-433: A need for a university library based on the idea that professor were the library. Libraries also began receiving so many books from gifts and purchases that they began to run out of room. However, the issue was solved in 1589 by a man named Merton who decided books should be stored on horizontal shelves rather than lecterns . The printed press changed university libraries in many ways. Professors were finally able to compare
456-561: A photograph may be developed Plate camera , early type of camera that used photographic plates Printing plate ,printing medium: Plate, in Intaglio (printmaking) , the direct opposite of a relief print Plate, in lithography , method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water Plate, a (part of a) " tipped-in page ", separately-printed page in a book used to carry one or more images Transportation [ edit ] Approach plate , chart used by
513-506: A photograph may be developed Plate camera , early type of camera that used photographic plates Printing plate ,printing medium: Plate, in Intaglio (printmaking) , the direct opposite of a relief print Plate, in lithography , method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water Plate, a (part of a) " tipped-in page ", separately-printed page in a book used to carry one or more images Transportation [ edit ] Approach plate , chart used by
570-476: A pilot to perform an instrument approach and landing on a runway Plate B, Plate C, ... , Plate H, loading gauges used on North American railroads Metal plates [ edit ] Plate (metal) , rectangular flat metal stock that is more than 6 mm or 0.25 in thick, not as thin as sheet metal Plate, element of a folding machine Plate armour , body armor made from metal plates Vehicle registration plate (license plate), sign attached to
627-476: A pilot to perform an instrument approach and landing on a runway Plate B, Plate C, ... , Plate H, loading gauges used on North American railroads Metal plates [ edit ] Plate (metal) , rectangular flat metal stock that is more than 6 mm or 0.25 in thick, not as thin as sheet metal Plate, element of a folding machine Plate armour , body armor made from metal plates Vehicle registration plate (license plate), sign attached to
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#1732765418904684-1063: A plate Plate, forequarter cut of beef Places [ edit ] Plate, Germany ,municipality in Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Plate, borough of Lüchow , Lower Saxony, Germany River Plate (disambiguation) Tourelle de la Plate , lighthouse in France Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Plate (anatomy) , several meanings Dental plate , also known as dentures Dynamic compression plate , metallic plate used in orthopedics to fix bone Microtiter plate (or microplate or microwell plate), flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes Orthopedic plate , internal fixation used in orthopaedic surgery Petri dish or Petri plate, shallow dish on which biological cultures may be grown and/or viewed Geology [ edit ] Tectonic plate , pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as
741-607: A press was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more uniform, leading to typography and fonts . The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance , and later all around the world . Time Life magazine called Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing
798-511: A result, Hebrew printing flourished in Italy , beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books, and many of those printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating their printing having been officially licensed) on their title pages. It
855-566: A span of less than four centuries. Samuel Hartlib , who was exiled in Britain and enthusiastic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way of oppression". In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic scripts, was strongly opposed throughout
912-1075: A table, serving food and dining Plate, the content of such a plate (for example: rice plate ) Plate, to present food , on a plate Plate, forequarter cut of beef Places [ edit ] Plate, Germany ,municipality in Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Plate, borough of Lüchow , Lower Saxony, Germany River Plate (disambiguation) Tourelle de la Plate , lighthouse in France Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Plate (anatomy) , several meanings Dental plate , also known as dentures Dynamic compression plate , metallic plate used in orthopedics to fix bone Microtiter plate (or microplate or microwell plate), flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes Orthopedic plate , internal fixation used in orthopaedic surgery Petri dish or Petri plate, shallow dish on which biological cultures may be grown and/or viewed Geology [ edit ] Tectonic plate , pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as
969-963: A vehicle in order to identify it L-plate (learner plate), sign attached to a vehicle to indicate that the driver has a provisional driving license Plated , item with a deposition of metallic layers Sport [ edit ] Home plate , location on a baseball field Several trophies, e.g., Annapolis Subscription Plate , in horse racing County Championship Plate , in rugby union Mandela Challenge Plate , in rugby union Weight plate , flat, heavy object, usually made of iron, used in strength training or weightlifting Other uses [ edit ] Plate (surname) Plate, in heraldry, Roundel argent (white/silver) See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Plate All pages with titles containing Plate Basal plate (disambiguation) Faceplate (disambiguation) Home plate (disambiguation) Plat (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
1026-963: A vehicle in order to identify it L-plate (learner plate), sign attached to a vehicle to indicate that the driver has a provisional driving license Plated , item with a deposition of metallic layers Sport [ edit ] Home plate , location on a baseball field Several trophies, e.g., Annapolis Subscription Plate , in horse racing County Championship Plate , in rugby union Mandela Challenge Plate , in rugby union Weight plate , flat, heavy object, usually made of iron, used in strength training or weightlifting Other uses [ edit ] Plate (surname) Plate, in heraldry, Roundel argent (white/silver) See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Plate All pages with titles containing Plate Basal plate (disambiguation) Faceplate (disambiguation) Home plate (disambiguation) Plat (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
1083-443: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Plate [REDACTED] Look up Plate or plate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Plate may refer to: Cooking [ edit ] Plate (dishware) , broad, mainly flat vessel commonly used to serve food Plates, tableware , dishes or dishware used for setting
1140-617: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Printing plate Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus . The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during
1197-635: Is estimated to have been created no later than 704. By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first completely surviving printed book is the Diamond Sutra ( British Library ) of 868, uncovered from Dunhuang . By the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day. Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms , but
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#17327654189041254-472: Is now firmly established, and that Chinese-Korean technique, or a report of it traveled westward is almost certain." Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced the first movable type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in casting type based on a matrix and hand mould , adaptations to the screw-press, the use of an oil-based ink, and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper. Gutenberg
1311-534: Is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks were made from non-wood materials, possibly tin , lead, or clay. The techniques employed are uncertain. Block printing later went out of use during the Timurid Renaissance . The printing technique in Egypt was embraced by reproducing texts on paper strips and supplying them in different copies to meet the demand. Block printing first came to Europe as
1368-478: Is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, in the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the estimated range of dates being between about 1440 and 1460. Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches . Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing. Around 1040,
1425-575: Is used for flexible packaging, corrugated board, labels, newspapers and more. In this market it competes with gravure printing by holding 80% of the market in US, 50% in Europe but only 20% in Asia. The other significant printing techniques include: It is estimated that following the innovation of Gutenberg's printing press, the European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within
1482-714: The Buddhist Dharani Sutra called the Pure Light Dharani Sutra ( Korean : 무구정광대다라니경 ; Hanja : 無垢淨光大陀羅尼經 ; RR : Mugu jeonggwang dae darani-gyeong ), discovered in Gyeongju , in a Silla dynasty pagoda that was repaired in 751, was undated but must have been created sometime before the reconstruction of the Shakyamuni Pagoda of Bulguk Temple , Kyongju Province in 751. The document
1539-504: The Middle Ages would never recur, that not an idea would be lost". Print was instrumental in changing the social nature of reading. Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two long-term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge and allowed comparisons of incompatible views. Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to
1596-570: The Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses. Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. The earliest examples of ink-squeeze rubbings and potential stone printing blocks appear in
1653-572: The early modern period , partially due to the high artistic renown of the art of traditional calligraphy. However, printing in Hebrew or Armenian script was often permitted. Thus, the first movable type printing in the Ottoman Empire was in Hebrew in 1493, after which both religious and non-religious texts were able to be printed in Hebrew. According to an imperial ambassador to Istanbul in
1710-528: The beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of paper money issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the Goryeo dynasty. Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The Jikji , published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted from the method of casting coins. The character
1767-419: The change in the color of the printed image. Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as kitchen worktops. Flexography is a type of relief printing. The relief plates are typically made from photopolymers . The process
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1824-462: The explosion in the numbers of books. Gutenberg's printing press had profound impacts on universities as well. Universities were influenced in their "language of scholarship, libraries, curriculum, [and] pedagogy" Before the invention of the printing press, most written material was in Latin. However, after the invention of printing the number of books printed expanded as well as the vernacular. Latin
1881-600: The first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain . Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters". Copper movable type printing originated in China at
1938-597: The first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the Ulama . It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century. Hebrew language printers were banned from printing guilds in some Germanic states; as
1995-421: The image to a printing substrate (typically paper), making the image right-reading again. Offset printing uses a lithographic process which is based on the repulsion of oil and water. The offset process employs a flat (planographic) image carrier (plate) which is mounted on a press cylinder. The image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts an (acidic) film of water, keeping
2052-402: The ink from the type which creates an impression on the paper. There is different paper for different works the quality of paper shows different ink to use. Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century, when offset printing
2109-400: The introduction of print: The invention of printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities. Printers emerged as a new group of artisans for whom literacy was essential, while the much more labour-intensive occupation of the scribe naturally declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the numbers of booksellers and librarians naturally followed
2166-500: The lithosphere Plate tectonics , the study of the movement of such plates Physics [ edit ] Plate, physical approximation of a theoretical plate in separation processes Plate electrode , type of electrode used in vacuum tubes Plate (structure) , concept used in continuum mechanics as part of the plate theory Plate trick , mathematical demonstration of quaternions and particle spins Wilhelmy plate , used to measure tension at an interface between air and
2223-500: The lithosphere Plate tectonics , the study of the movement of such plates Physics [ edit ] Plate, physical approximation of a theoretical plate in separation processes Plate electrode , type of electrode used in vacuum tubes Plate (structure) , concept used in continuum mechanics as part of the plate theory Plate trick , mathematical demonstration of quaternions and particle spins Wilhelmy plate , used to measure tension at an interface between air and
2280-413: The maximum number of pages which various press designs could print per hour . All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output: After the information has been prepared for production (the prepress step), each printing process has definitive means of separating the image from the non-image areas. Conventional printing has four types of process: To print an image without
2337-503: The mid-fifteenth-century, block-books , woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type . These were all short, heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the Ars moriendi and the Biblia pauperum were the most common. There
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2394-528: The mid-sixth century in China. A type of printing called mechanical woodblock printing on paper started during the 7th century in the Tang dynasty , and subsequently spread throughout East Asia. Nara Japan printed the Hyakumantō Darani en masse around 770, and distributed them to temples throughout Japan. In Korea , an example of woodblock printing from the eighth century was discovered in 1966. A copy of
2451-543: The middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the Turks , particularly Turkish Muslims, to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan Selim I issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan Murad III permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in Arabic characters, yet the majority were imported from Italy . Ibrahim Muteferrika established
2508-558: The most important invention of the second millennium. The steam-powered rotary printing press, invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe , ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving
2565-407: The non-image areas ink-free. Most offset presses use three cylinders: Plate, blanket, impression. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using offset lithography. Gravure printing is an intaglio printing technique, where the image being printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with
2622-404: The opinions of different authors rather than being forced to look at only one or two specific authors. Textbooks themselves were also being printed in different levels of difficulty, rather than just one introductory text being made available. > 30,000 ( A3 trim size , web-fed) By 2005, digital printing accounted for approximately 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually around
2679-578: The press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour. By 1891, The New York World and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets. The rotary printing press uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by William Bullock . There are multiple types of rotary printing press technologies that are still used today: sheetfed offset , rotogravure , and flexographic printing. The table lists
2736-446: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Plate . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plate&oldid=1254086414 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2793-446: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Plate . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plate&oldid=1254086414 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2850-400: The sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing ) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and
2907-526: The technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia. This technique was transmitted to Europe by around 1400 and was used on paper for old master prints and playing cards . Block printing, called tarsh in Arabic , developed in Arabic Egypt during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets . There
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#17327654189042964-530: Was hanging . Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the changes arising within verbal traditions. Print, according to Acton in his 1895 lecture On the Study of History , gave "assurance that the work of the Renaissance would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed
3021-550: Was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was polished. Eastern metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's". Authoritative historians Frances Gies and Joseph Gies claimed that "The Asian priority of invention movable type
3078-407: Was developed. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form. Offset printing is a widely used modern printing process. This technology is best described as when a positive (right-reading) image on a printing plate is inked and transferred (or "offset") from the plate to a rubber blanket. The blanket image becomes a mirror image of the plate image. An offset transfer moves
3135-472: Was not replaced completely, but remained an international language until the eighteenth century. At this time, universities began establishing accompanying libraries. "Cambridge made the chaplain responsible for the library in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge established the new office of university librarian. Although, the University of Leuven did not see
3192-433: Was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin , antimony , copper and bismuth – the same components still used today. Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing press around 1436, in partnership with Andreas Dritzehen – whom he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill. Compared to woodblock printing , movable type page setting and printing using
3249-507: Was thought that the introduction of printing 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.' The majority of books were of a religious nature, with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing 'wrong' material were extreme. Meyrowitz used the example of William Carter who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action
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