66-487: Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Rosaceae that includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, being native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and temperate and tropical regions of Eurasia and Africa, There are about 340 accepted species as of March 2024. Many members of
132-1820: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Bark (botany) Bark
198-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
264-428: A staple food resource. The inner bark is eaten fresh, dried or roasted. Bark can be used as a construction material, and was used widely in pre-industrial societies. Some barks, particularly Birch bark, can be removed in long sheets and other mechanically cohesive structures, allowing the bark to be used in the construction of canoes, as the drainage layer in roofs, for shoes, backpacks, and other useful items. Bark
330-434: A surface for paintings and map making. A number of plants are also grown for their attractive or interesting bark colorations and surface textures or their bark is used as landscape mulch . The process of removing bark is decortication and a log or trunk from which bark has been removed is said to be decorticated . Bark is present only on woody plants - herbaceous plants and stems of young plants lack bark. From
396-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),
462-472: A variety of nutrients and phytochemicals that are supposedly beneficial to human health. The fruits of Prunus often contain many phytochemicals and antioxidants . These compounds have properties that have been linked to preventing different diseases and disorders. Research suggests that the consumption of these fruits reduces the risk of developing diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and other age-related declines. Many factors can affect
528-724: Is Prunus cathybrownae from the Klondike Mountain Formation . The Princeton finds are among a large number of angiosperm fossils from the Okanagan Highlands dating to the late early and middle Eocene. Crataegus is found at three locations: the McAbee Fossil Beds, British Columbia ; the Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic, Washington , and the Allenby Formation around Princeton, British Columbia , while Prunus
594-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like
660-623: Is a fleshy drupe (a "prune") with a single relatively large, hard-coated seed (a "stone"). Within the rose family Rosaceae, it was traditionally placed as a subfamily, the Amygdaloideae (incorrectly "Prunoideae"), but was sometimes placed in its own family, the Prunaceae (or Amygdalaceae). More recently, Prunus is thought to have evolved from within a much larger clade now called subfamily Amygdaloideae (incorrectly "Spiraeoideae"). The oldest fossils confirmed to belong to Prunus date to
726-441: Is a long tradition in northern Europe of using bark from coppiced young branches of the small-leaved lime ( Tilia cordata ) to produce cordage and rope , used for example in the rigging of Viking Age longships . Among the commercial products made from bark are cork , cinnamon , quinine (from the bark of Cinchona ) and aspirin (from the bark of willow trees). The bark of some trees, notably oak ( Quercus robur )
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#1732772457163792-501: Is a major fungal disease in the Northern Americas, with many urban centres running black knot fungus management programs. This disease is best managed by physical removal of knot-bearing branches to prevent spore spread and immediate disposal of infected tissue. Chemical treatment is not largely effective, as trees can easily be re-infected by neighbouring knots. Laetiporus gilbertsoni (commonly sulfur shelf and chicken of
858-447: Is a source of tannic acid , which is used in tanning . Bark chips generated as a by-product of lumber production are often used in bark mulch . Bark is important to the horticultural industry since in shredded form it is used for plants that do not thrive in ordinary soil, such as epiphytes . Wood bark contains lignin which when pyrolyzed yields a liquid bio-oil product rich in natural phenol derivatives. These are used as
924-399: Is edible. In hunter-gatherer societies and in times of famine, it is harvested and used as a food source. In Scandinavia, bark bread is made from rye to which the toasted and ground innermost layer of bark of scots pine or birch is added. The Sami people of far northern Europe use large sheets of Pinus sylvestris bark that are removed in the spring, prepared and stored for use as
990-641: Is found at those locations plus the Coldwater Beds of Quilchena, British Columbia and Chu Chua Formation around Chu Chua, British Columbia. A review of research on the Eocene Okanagan Highlands reported that the Rosaceae were more diverse at higher altitudes. The Okanagan highlands formations date to as early as 52 mya, but the 44.3 mya date, which is approximate, depending on assumptions, might still apply. The authors state: "...
1056-529: Is generally thickest and most distinctive at the trunk or bole (the area from the ground to where the main branching starts) of the tree. Bark tissues make up by weight between 10 and 20% of woody vascular plants and consists of various biopolymers , tannins , lignin , suberin and polysaccharides . Up to 40% of the bark tissue is made of lignin, which forms an important part of a plant, providing structural support by crosslinking between different polysaccharides, such as cellulose. Condensed tannin , which
1122-406: Is in fairly high concentration in bark tissue, is thought to inhibit decomposition . It could be due to this factor that the degradation of lignin is far less pronounced in bark tissue than it is in wood. It has been proposed that, in the cork layer (the phellogen), suberin acts as a barrier to microbial degradation and so protects the internal structure of the plant. Analysis of the lignin in
1188-580: Is much higher in the skin than in the flesh of the fruit. Apricots are high in carotenoids , which play a key role in light absorption during development. Carotenoids are the pigments that give the pulp and peel of apricots and other Prunus fruits their yellow and orange colors. Moreover, it is an essential precursor for vitamin A, which is especially important for vision and the immune system in humans. Moreover, these fruits are quite rich in phenolic substances, including catechin , epicatechin , p-coumaric acid , caffeic acid , and ferulic acid . Similar to
1254-593: Is quite variable across species and type of damage. Some are able to produce a callus growth which heals over the wound rapidly, but leaves a clear scar, whilst others such as oaks do not produce an extensive callus repair. Sap is sometimes produced to seal the damaged area against disease and insect intrusion. A number of living organisms live in or on bark, including insects, fungi and other plants like mosses, algae and other vascular plants. Many of these organisms are pathogens or parasites but some also have symbiotic relationships. The inner bark ( phloem ) of some trees
1320-435: Is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants . Plants with bark include trees , woody vines , and shrubs . Bark refers to all the tissues outside the vascular cambium and is a nontechnical term. It overlays the wood and consists of the inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark, which in older stems is living tissue, includes the innermost layer of the periderm. The outer bark on older stems includes
1386-576: Is προύμνη ( proumnē ). Most dictionaries follow Hoffman, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen , in making some form of the word a loan from a pre-Greek language of Asia Minor , related to Phrygian . The first use of Prunus as a genus name was by Carl Linnaeus in Hortus Cliffortianus of 1737, which went on to become Species Plantarum . Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form
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#17327724571631452-491: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,
1518-674: The Eocene , and are found across the Northern Hemisphere. Older potential Late Cretaceous records are unconfirmed. In 1737, Carl Linnaeus used four genera to include the species of modern Prunus — Amygdalus, Cerasus, Prunus , and Padus —but simplified it to Amygdalus and Prunus in 1758. Since then, the various genera of Linnaeus and others have become subgenera and sections, as all the species clearly are more closely related. Liberty Hyde Bailey said: "The numerous forms grade into each other so imperceptibly and inextricably that
1584-590: The Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone. Ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called " flowering cherries " (including sakura , the Japanese flowering cherries). Many species are cyanogenic ; that is, they contain compounds called cyanogenic glucosides , notably amygdalin , which, on hydrolysis , yield hydrogen cyanide . Although
1650-584: The clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm' is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without
1716-433: The cork cambium . It serves as protection against damage from parasites , herbivorous animals and diseases, as well as dehydration and fire. Often a secondary covering called the periderm forms on small woody stems and many non-woody plants, which is composed of cork (phellem), the cork cambium (phellogen), and the phelloderm. The periderm forms from the phellogen which serves as a lateral meristem. The periderm replaces
1782-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in
1848-892: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change
1914-502: The McAbee flora records a diverse early middle Eocene angiosperm-dominated forest." The Online Etymology Dictionary presents the customary derivations of plum and prune from Latin prūnum , the plum fruit. The tree is prūnus ; and Pliny uses prūnus silvestris to mean the blackthorn . The word is not native Latin, but is a loan from Greek προῦνον ( prounon ), which is a variant of προῦμνον ( proumnon ), origin unknown. The tree
1980-535: The Rosaceae from a number of nucleotide sequences was reconstructed. Prunus and its sister clade Maloideae (apple subfamily) has been suggested to have diverged 44.3 million years ago which is within the Lutetian , or older middle Eocene . Stockey and Wehr report: "The Eocene was a time of rapid evolution and diversification in Angiosperm families such as the Rosaceae ...." The oldest fossil species
2046-461: The amount of oxidative damage. Some of these natural antioxidants include vitamin C, tocopherol , and epigallocatechin gallate ; they can be found in certain cherry extracts. Similar to cherries, strawberries, and raspberries, almonds are also rich in phenolics . Almonds have a high oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), which is another indicator of being rich in antioxidants. As stated before, high levels of free radicals are harmful, thus having
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2112-458: The antioxidant properties of almonds. Some of the nonflavonoid compounds present are protocatechuic , vanillic , and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. Flavonoid compounds that can be found in the skin of the almond are flavanols , dihydroflavonols , and flavanones . Of all of the different species of stone fruits, plums are the richest in antioxidants and phenolic compounds. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) varies within each fruit, but in plums, TAC
2178-446: The bark wall during decay by the white-rot fungi Lentinula edodes ( Shiitake mushroom ) using C NMR revealed that the lignin polymers contained more Guaiacyl lignin units than Syringyl units compared to the interior of the plant. Guaiacyl units are less susceptible to degradation as, compared to syringyl, they contain fewer aryl-aryl bonds, can form a condensed lignin structure, and have a lower redox potential . This could mean that
2244-706: The better-known species. The genus Prunus includes the almond , the nectarine and peach , several species of apricots , cherries , and plums , all of which have cultivars developed for commercial fruit and nut production. The almond is not a true nut ; the edible part is the seed. Other species are occasionally cultivated or used for their seed and fruit. A number of species, hybrids , and cultivars are grown as ornamental plants , usually for their profusion of flowers, sometimes for ornamental foliage and shape, and occasionally for their bark . Because of their considerable value as both food and ornamental plants, many Prunus species have been introduced to parts of
2310-591: The byproducts of metabolism. High levels of ROS lead to oxidative stress, which causes damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The oxidative damage results in cell death, which ultimately leads to numerous diseases and disorders. Antioxidants act as a defense mechanism against the oxidative stress. They are used to remove the free radicals in a living system that are generated as ROS. Some of those antioxidants include gutathione S-transferase , glutathione peroxidase , superoxide dismutase , and catalase . The antioxidants present in cherry extracts act as inhibitors of
2376-454: The capacity to absorb those radicals is greatly beneficial. The bioactive compounds, polyphenols and anthocyanins, found in berries and cherries are also present in almonds. Almonds also contain nonflavonoid and flavonoid compounds, which contribute to their antioxidant properties. Flavonoids are a group of structurally related compounds that are arranged in a specific manner and can be found in all vascular plants on land. They also contribute to
2442-560: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of
2508-460: The concentration and type of lignin units could provide additional resistance to fungal decay for plants protected by bark. Bark can sustain damage from environmental factors, such as frost crack and sun scald , as well as biological factors, such as woodpecker and boring beetle attacks. Male deer and other male members of the Cervidae (deer family) can cause extensive bark damage during
2574-435: The cork cambium and the vascular cambium , are the only parts of a woody stem where cell division occurs; undifferentiated cells in the vascular cambium divide rapidly to produce secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside. Phloem is a nutrient -conducting tissue composed of sieve tubes or sieve cells mixed with parenchyma and fibers. The cortex is the primary tissue of stems and roots. In stems
2640-400: The cortex is between the epidermis layer and the phloem, in roots the inner layer is not phloem but the pericycle . As the stem ages and grows, changes occur that transform the surface of the stem into the bark. The epidermis is a layer of cells that cover the plant body, including the stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, that protects the plant from the outside world. In old stems
2706-439: The cracks of the cork layers. The rhytidome is the most familiar part of bark, being the outer layer that covers the trunks of trees. It is composed mostly of dead cells and is produced by the formation of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical and phloem tissue. The rhytidome is especially well developed in older stems and roots of trees. In shrubs, older bark is quickly exfoliated and thick rhytidome accumulates. It
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2772-532: The dead tissue on the surface of the stems, along with parts of the outermost periderm and all the tissues on the outer side of the periderm. The outer bark on trees which lies external to the living periderm is also called the rhytidome . Products derived from bark include bark shingle siding and wall coverings, spices, and other flavorings, tanbark for tannin , resin , latex , medicines, poisons, various hallucinogenic chemicals, and cork . Bark has been used to make cloth, canoes, and ropes and used as
2838-419: The epidermal layer, cortex, and primary phloem become separated from the inner tissues by thicker formations of cork. Due to the thickening cork layer these cells die because they do not receive water and nutrients. This dead layer is the rough corky bark that forms around tree trunks and other stems. Cork, sometimes confused with bark in colloquial speech, is the outermost layer of a woody stem, derived from
2904-409: The epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the epidermis. Mature phellem cells have suberin in their walls to protect the stem from desiccation and pathogen attack. Older phellem cells are dead, as is the case with woody stems. The skin on the potato tuber (which is an underground stem) constitutes the cork of the periderm. In woody plants, the epidermis of newly grown stems is replaced by
2970-430: The epidermis, cortex and older secondary phloem die. Within the periderm are lenticels , which form during the production of the first periderm layer. Since there are living cells within the cambium layers that need to exchange gases during metabolism, these lenticels, because they have numerous intercellular spaces, allow gaseous exchange with the outside atmosphere. As the bark develops, new lenticels are formed within
3036-659: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,
3102-457: The free radicals. However, the DNA and proteins can be damaged when an imbalance occurs in the level of free radicals and the antioxidants. When not enough antioxidants are available to remove the free radicals, many diseases can occur, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease, etc. Recent studies have shown that using natural antioxidants as a supplement in chemotherapy can decrease
3168-622: The fruits of some may be edible by humans and livestock (in addition to the ubiquitous fructivory of birds), seeds, leaves and other parts may be toxic, some highly so. The plants contain no more than trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide, but on decomposition after crushing and exposure to air or on digestion, poisonous amounts may be generated. The trace amounts may give a characteristic taste ("bitter almond") with increasing bitterness in larger quantities, less tolerable to people than to birds, which habitually feed on specific fruits. People are often encouraged to consume many fruits because they are rich in
3234-459: The genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes , or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena ("stone" or "pit"). This shell encloses the seed (or "kernel"), which is edible in some species (such as sweet almonds), but poisonous in many others (such as apricot kernels ). Besides being eaten off
3300-790: The genus cannot be readily broken up into species." Historical treatments break the genus into several different genera, but this segregation is not currently widely recognised other than at the subgeneric rank. The ITIS recognises just the single genus Prunus , with an open list of species, all of which are given at List of Prunus species . One treatment of the subgenera derives from the work of Alfred Rehder in 1940. Rehder hypothesized five subgenera: Amygdalus, Prunus, Cerasus, Padus , and Laurocerasus . To them C. Ingram added Lithocerasus . The six subgenera are described as follows: An extensive phylogenetic study based on different chloroplast and nuclear sequences divides Prunus into three subgenera: The lists below are incomplete, but include most of
3366-583: The hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and the seeds for roasting. Members of the genus are either deciduous or evergreen . A few species have spiny stems. The leaves are simple, alternate, usually lanceolate , unlobed, and often with nectaries on the leaf stalk along with stipules . The flowers are usually white to pink, sometimes red, with five petals and five sepals . Numerous stamens are present. Flowers are borne singly, or in umbels of two to six or sometimes more on racemes . The fruit
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#17327724571633432-564: The levels of bioactive compounds in the different fruits of the genus Prunus , including the environment, season, processing methods, orchard operations, and postharvest management. Cherries contain many different phenolic compounds and anthocyanins , which are indicators of being rich in antioxidants. Recent research has linked the phenolic compounds of the sweet cherry ( Prunus avium ) with antitumor properties. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide radicals , hydrogen peroxide , hydroxyl radicals , and singlet oxygen ; they are
3498-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for
3564-414: The outside to the inside of a mature woody stem, the layers include the following: In young stems, which lack what is commonly called bark, the tissues are, from the outside to the inside: Cork cell walls contain suberin , a waxy substance which protects the stem against water loss, the invasion of insects into the stem, and prevents infections by bacteria and fungal spores. The cambium tissues, i.e.,
3630-411: The periderm later in the year. As the stems grow a layer of cells form under the epidermis, called the cork cambium, these cells produce cork cells that turn into cork. A limited number of cell layers may form interior to the cork cambium, called the phelloderm. As the stem grows, the cork cambium produces new layers of cork which are impermeable to gases and water and the cells outside the periderm, namely
3696-588: The plant. Bark serves as a physical barrier to disease pressure, especially from fungi, so its removal makes the plant more susceptible to disease. Damage or destruction of the phloem impedes the transport of photosynthetic products throughout the plant; in extreme cases, when a band of phloem all the way around the stem is removed, the plant will usually quickly die. Bark damage in horticultural applications, as in gardening and public landscaping, results in often unwanted aesthetic damage. The degree to which woody plants are able to repair gross physical damage to their bark
3762-465: The plum, peaches and nectarines also have higher TAC in the skin than in the flesh. They also contain moderate levels of carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Peaches and nectarines are orange and yellow in color, which can be attributed to the carotenoids present. Various Prunus species are winter hosts of the Damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli , which is destructive to hops Humulus lupulus just at
3828-479: The rutting season by rubbing their antlers against the tree to remove their velvet . The bark is often damaged by being bound to stakes or wrapped with wires. In the past, this damage was called bark-galling and was treated by applying clay laid on the galled place and binding it up with hay . In modern usage, "galling" most typically refers to a type of abnormal growth on a plant caused by insects or pathogens. Bark damage can have several detrimental effects on
3894-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in
3960-487: The time of their maturity, so plum trees should not be grown in the vicinity of hop fields. Corking is the drying or withering of fruit tissue. In stone fruit, it is often caused by a lack of boron and/or calcium . Gummosis is a nonspecific condition of stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum, and cherry) in which gum is exuded and deposited on the bark of trees. Gum is produced in response to any type of wound – insect, mechanical injury, or disease. Apiosporina morbosa
4026-432: The trunk; this is sometimes used medicinally. Other minor uses include dye production. Pygeum , a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of Prunus africana , is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia . Prunus species are food plants for the larvae of many Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). Prunus species are included in
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#17327724571634092-527: The woods), is a serious cubic brown rot parasite which attacks certain species of decorative red-leaf plum trees in the genus Prunus on the Pacific coast of North America. The earliest known fossil Prunus specimens are wood, drupe, seed, and a leaf from the middle Eocene of the Princeton Chert of British Columbia, Canada. Using the known age as calibration data, a partial phylogeny of some of
4158-506: The world to which they are not native, some becoming naturalised. The Tree of 40 Fruit has 40 varieties grafted on to one rootstock. Species such as blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ), are grown for hedging, game cover, and other utilitarian purposes. The wood of some species (notably black cherry ) is prized as a furniture and cabinetry timber , especially in North America. Many species produce an aromatic gum from wounds in
4224-559: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of
4290-657: Was also used as a construction material in settler colonial societies, particularly Australia, both as exterior wall cladding and as a roofing material. In the cork oak ( Quercus suber ) the bark is thick enough to be harvested as a cork product without killing the tree; in this species the bark may get very thick (e.g. more than 20 cm has been reported ). Some stem bark s have significantly different phytochemical content from other parts. Some of these phytochemicals have pesticidal , culinary, or medicinally and culturally important ethnopharmacological properties. Bark contains strong fibres known as bast , and there
4356-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats
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