86-418: Political views Elections President of Pakistan Political Affiliations [REDACTED] Mohammad Ayub Khan (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a Pakistani four-star rank general and politician who served as the 2nd President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He rose to prominence following his 1958 Pakistani coup d'état against President Iskandar Ali Mirza . He also served as
172-639: A Hindko -speaking Hazarewal family of Pashtun descent, belonging to the Tareen tribe. He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan , a Risaldar-Major (an armoured corps JCO which was then known as VCO ) in the 9th Hodson's Horse which was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army . For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh , which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on
258-411: A Presidential Republic , giving all executive powers to the president. In 1973, the new Constitution established Parliamentary democracy and reduced the president's role to a ceremonial one. Nevertheless, the military takeover in 1977 reversed the changes. The 8th Amendment turned Pakistan into a semi-presidential republic and in the period between 1985 and 2007, the executive power was shared by
344-523: A military coup , the first in the country's history . As president, Khan controversially appointed General Musa Khan to replace him as commander-in-chief, superseding decorated senior officers such as General's Adam Khan, Sher Ali Khan Pataudi and M.A. Latif Khan. He aligned Pakistan with the United States, and allowed American access to air bases inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar , from which spy missions over
430-700: A mule 's back and was shifted to a school in Haripur , where he started living with his grandmother. He went on to study at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) and while pursuing his college education, he was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst on the recommendation of General Andrew Skeen ; he trained first in India and then departed for Great Britain. Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, Pashto, English, and his regional Hindko dialect. Ayub Khan
516-518: A "medical visit" but made a strong plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition. On 24 February 1954, Ayub signed the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Defense Minister Mirza, began to grow In 1954, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra 's relations with the military and Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad deteriorated on issues of
602-517: A crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection, by presenting convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the most junior Major-General, Ayub Khan (commissioned in 1928), to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list. Ayub's papers of promotion were approved and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan. This ended
688-629: A state visit. When the local CIA station chief briefed President Ayub on the incident, Ayub shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at some point. President of Pakistan Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The President of Pakistan ( Urdu : صدرِ پاکستان , romanized : s̤adr-i Pākistān )
774-535: A ticker tape parade in New York City. A constitutional commission was set-up under the Supreme Court to implement the work on the constitution that was led by Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin and Supreme Court justices . The commission reported in 1961 with its recommendations but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from
860-477: Is ceremonial head of state, Prime Minister is head of executive, but this provision made President more powerful than Prime Minister and Prime Minister was made subordinate to President. If there is any misunderstanding or disagreement between President and Prime Minister, President may use these powers to dismiss Prime minister and to dissolve National Assembly. Pakistan's Parliamentary system was changed to Semi Presidential system. The Constitution of Pakistan sets
946-699: Is denounced by critics for beginning the first of the intelligence agencies' incursions into national politics , for concentrating wealth in a corrupt few hands , and for geographically discriminatory policies that later led to the Bangladesh Liberation War . Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in Rehana , a village in the Abbottabad District of the North-West Frontier Province of British India into
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#17327870777751032-555: Is part of the bicameral Parliament . Powers to exercise the authority are limited to the ceremonial figurehead , and required to address the Parliament to give a direction for national policies before being informed of its key decisions. In addition, the president is also a civil commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces , with chairman joint chiefs being its chief military adviser to maintain
1118-400: Is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country. Strong emphasis on capitalism and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as the "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both economical and political history ). The "Decade of Development" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule,
1204-785: Is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the chief justice —, an oath or affirmation that the president shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows: I, (The name of the President-elect), do solemnly swear that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity, and Oneness of Almighty Allah , the Books of Allah , the Holy Qur'an being the last of them, the Prophethood of Muhammad ( peace be upon him ) as
1290-567: Is taken up for consideration. Pakistan Muslim League The Pakistan Muslim League ( Urdu : پاکستان مسلم لیگ ; known as PML ), is the name of several different Pakistani political parties that have dominated the centre-right platform in the country. The Muslim League (the original successor of the All-India Muslim League ) was the party of Pakistan's founders. However, it faced multiple fractures soon after Pakistan gained independence in 1947. It vanished in
1376-534: Is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . The president is the nominal head of the executive and the supreme commander of the Pakistan Armed Forces . The presidency is a ceremonial position in Pakistan. The president is bound to act on advice of the prime minister and cabinet. Asif Ali Zardari is the current president since 10 March 2024. The office of president was created upon
1462-675: Is the reason that they competed against each other in 1970 elections . Following the death of Nurul Amin, the PML went into political abyss but made its notable comeback in a direct response to nationalization and the outgrowth of leftism in the country under the Bhutto administration . In the 1970s, the PML led by Pir Pagara was benefited with the financial support of industrialists, including Nawaz Sharif and Shujat Hussain , and intelligentsia that included lawyers, Fida Mohammad and Javed Hashmi . Efforts of Pir Pagara assimilated of majority of
1548-601: The 1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan , the Awami League formed the government there while West Pakistan was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in 1956. He was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister H.S. Suhrawardy and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the first President of the country after the successful promulgation of
1634-708: The Constitution in 1956. In 1957, President Mirza promoted him from acting full general to the substantive rank of full general. Around this time the MoD , led by General Ayub Khan, began to see the serious interservice rivalry between the General Headquarters staff and the Naval Headquarters staff. Commander in Chief of Navy Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri and his NHQ staff had been fighting with
1720-487: The Constitution of Pakistan . The impeachment process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament. The house initiates the process by leveling the charges against the president. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by either the chairman or the speaker of the National Assembly through a two-thirds majority. The notice is sent up to the president, and 14 days later it
1806-602: The Council Muslim League , that opposed the new Constitution, denouncing it as undemocratic that made the Presidency an autocratic position. Following President Ayub's resignation, Nurul Amin , a right-wing political veteran, attempted to reunite the factions of Pakistan Muslim League. His efforts were supported by some, while opposed by others. Before the 1970 Elections , a senior leader of Council Muslim League, Abdul Qayyum Khan formed his own variant of
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#17327870777751892-612: The Death of Zia-ul-Haq in 1988, democracy returned and new 1988 Pakistani general election elections were supposed to be held. Junejo split away from the party and formed Pakistan Muslim League (J) . Meanwhile, Fida became the party chairman and Sharif the General-Secretary. Pakistan Muslim League allied with Jamaat-e-Islami and other right-wing parties to form the Islamic Democratic Alliance against
1978-466: The Finance ministry and the MoD over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans. He reportedly complained about Admiral HMS Choudri to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having the brain, imagination, or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution". The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudri resigning from
2064-557: The Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan for non-combatant service and called back to General Headquarters as the Adjutant General of the army on November of the same year. General Gracey gave up the command of the Pakistan Army on 23 January 1951, under pressure of calls for "nationalisation" of the army. The Government of Pakistan had already called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of
2150-993: The Second World War on the British side against the Imperial Japanese Army . After the Partition of British India in August 1947, he joined the Pakistan Army and was posted in East Bengal . In 1951, he became the first native commander-in-chief, succeeding General Gracey . From 1953 to 1958, he served in the civilian government as Defence and Home Minister and supported President Iskandar Ali Mirza 's decision to impose martial law against prime minister Feroze Khan's administration on 7 October 1958. Two weeks later, Khan seized presidency in
2236-605: The Soviet Union were launched. Relations with neighboring China were strengthened but his alignment with the US worsened relations with the Soviet Union in 1962. He launched Operation Gibraltar against India in 1965, leading to an all-out war . It resulted in a stalemate and peace was restored via the Tashkent Declaration . Domestically, Ayub subscribed to the laissez-faire policy of Western-aligned nations at
2322-585: The civilian control of the Pakistani military. After a thorough confirmation comes from the prime minister , the president confirms the judicial appointments in the national court system . In addition, the Constitution allows the president to grant pardons, reprieves, and clemency in cases recommended to him by the executive and the judiciary . The president himself has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during
2408-404: The election , Zia appointed Muhammad Khan Junejo as the new Prime Minister . Junejo, with a large group of pro-Zia conservatives founded an entirely new party by the name of Pakistan Muslim League. Junejo however soon started to lose the support of party due to his opposition to Zia. Meanwhile, other influential politicians like Nawaz Sharif and Fida Mohammad Khan started to gain power. After
2494-539: The print newspapers through his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers. In 1961, he promulgated the "Muslim Family Law Ordinance". Through this ordinance, unmitigated polygamy was abolished. Consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were placed on the practice of instant divorce under Islamic tradition, where men could divorce women by saying: "I divorce you" three times. The Arbitration Councils were set up under
2580-479: The proclamation of Islamic Republic on 23 March 1956. The then serving governor-general , Major General Iskander Mirza , assumed office as the first president. Following the 1958 coup d'etat , the office of prime minister was abolished, leaving the Presidency as the most powerful office in the country. This position was further strengthened when the 1962 Constitution was adopted. It turned Pakistan into
2666-479: The state religion and was viewed as a liberal constitution. It also provided for election of the president by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. He justified this as analogous to the American Electoral College and cited Thomas Jefferson as his inspiration. The Ayub administration "guided"
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2752-407: The 1950s and, working with Prime Minister Ali Khan , forged a military alliance with the United States against regional communism. His obsession towards modernization of the armed forces in the shortest time possible saw relations with the United States as the only way to achieve his organizational and personal objectives as he argued against civilian supremacy that would affect American interests in
2838-609: The 1960s, the Pakistani military acquired American‑produced conventional weapons such as Jeep CJs , M48 Patton and M24 Chaffee tanks, M16 rifles , F-86 fighter airplanes, and the submarine PNS Ghazi ; all through the US Foreign Military Sales program. In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's full‑fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the Suparco civilian space agency that launched sounding rockets throughout
2924-404: The 1960s. Ayub prioritized nuclear power generation over the use of nuclear technology for military purposes. He reportedly spent ₨. 724 million on the civilian Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and related education of engineers and scientists. Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy. He expanded
3010-460: The 1970s. Its revival began in the mid-1980s and today several parties in Pakistan are named Muslim League. The first "Pakistan" Muslim League was founded by President Ayub Khan in 1962 as a successor to the original Muslim League . Just a short period after its foundation, the party broke into two factions: Convention Muslim League that supported the President and the new Constitution , and
3096-481: The 1st chief martial law administrator from 1958 to 1962 and the 3rd Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1951 to 1958. Khan's presidency ended in 1969 when he resigned amidst widespread protests between 1968 and 1969. Born in the North-West Frontier Province , Khan was educated from the Aligarh Muslim University and trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . He fought in
3182-602: The Army Staff (India) from 1962 to 1966 while Ayub was the president of Pakistan. After the standard probationary period of service in the British Army , he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment Sherdils , now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment. He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to captain on 2 February 1937. During World War II , he
3268-612: The Burma Campaign; however, he was soon temporarily suspended without pay from that command for visible cowardice under fire. In 1946, he was posted back to British India and was stationed in the North-West Frontier Province . In 1947, he was promoted to Brigadier and commanded a brigade in South Waziristan . When the United Kingdom announced the Partition of British India into India and Pakistan, he
3354-583: The Generals to demand Mirza's resignation, but Asghar Khan declined the request, stating that he "found the whole exercise distasteful." The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform. Like Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his ruling style was more American than British. He "vowed to give people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that
3440-782: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well- being and prosperity of Pakistan: That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill- will: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of Pakistan, except as may be required for
3526-585: The Muslim League that opposed cooperation with a party that once supported a Dictator . In 1973, Amin's efforts succeeded and the Functional Muslim League (PML-F) was founded. After the resignation of President Ayub Khan , Pakistan Muslim League once again united under the leadership of the conservative political veteran, Nurul Amin. Although they were closer ideologically, they were not ready to accept each other's domination. This
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3612-535: The President was the Chairman of the National Security Council who had authority and control over the nuclear and strategic arsenals ; however, the chairmanship and the powers transferred back to the prime minister . Furthermore, the presidential powers have significantly declined with Pakistan's government reversed to a parliamentary democratic republic . Before 18th Amendment to
3698-502: The Supreme Court's Chief Justice Munir justified the coup under the doctrine of necessity , Ayub sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled Mirza to England. This was largely done with the support of: Admiral A. R. Khan , General Azam Khan , Nawab of Kalabagh Amir Khan , General Dr. Wajid Khan , General K. M. Sheikh, and General Sher Bahadur. Air Vice Marshal Asghar Khan was asked by General Ayub Khan to join
3784-409: The armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit." The controversial One Unit Scheme integrated the four western provinces into one political entity, West Pakistan , as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of East Bengal , which was renamed East Pakistan. The province of Punjab supported the project, but all
3870-527: The army, air force , and navy and dismissed deputation appointments from the British military . The General Headquarters sent the nomination papers to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for the appointment of commander-in-chief . There were four senior officers in the race: Major General's Akbar Khan , Iftikhar Khan , Ishfakul Majid , and Nawabzada Agha Mohammad Raza . Among these officers Akbar
3956-531: The constitution 2010, President was quite powerful. He had constitutional authority to choose and appoint Prime Minister in his discretion who got majiorty votes from National Assembly. Due to Article 58-2(b) he had authority to dissolve National Assembly in his discretion when Government of Federation cannot be carried according to provisions of Constitution. President Zia Ul Haq , Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Farooq Leghari used this constitutional provision to dissolve elected Prime Minister's Government. The President
4042-580: The country could feed itself". Ayub finally "restored civil administration", although he maintained the Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureaucracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies. In 1960, a referendum, that functioned as the Electoral College , was held that asked the general public: "Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?". The voter turnout
4128-486: The country led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Following protests in East Pakistan , Ayub resigned in March 1969 and appointed Yahya Khan . Later, fighting a brief illness, he died in 1974. Khan remains the country's longest-serving president and second-longest serving head of state . His legacy remains mixed; his era is often dubbed the "Decade of Development". Khan is credited with economic prosperity and industrialisation. He
4214-443: The country's farmland to onetime tenant farmers. In Karachi , around 100,000 refugees displaced by the partition of India were moved from slums to new housing colonies. His administration also eliminated the need for bribes , known as "tea money" in Pakistan, to access government officials, contributing to a reduction in corruption within Pakistan's government relative to other Asian nations during his tenure. An oil refinery
4300-597: The country. During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%. Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the Mangla Dam (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the Kaptai Dam . President Ayub authorized planning of nuclear power plants . Dr. Abdus Salam , supported by the President, personally approved
4386-416: The coup the next morning; only U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan James M. Langley was kept fully informed of political developments in the country. Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and that his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not to rule indefinitely. When
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#17327870777754472-462: The due discharge of my duties as President. May Allah Almighty help and guide me (Ameen). The Constitution discusses the possibility of an acting president. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates in case of vacancy as the constitution does not include a position of vice president: The president may be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment . The president can be removed for violation of
4558-473: The economy. Pressure built up to reconstruct the cabinet which eventually witnessed General Ayub Khan becoming the defence minister and Iskander Mirza as home minister in October 1954. Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented adoption of a constitution. He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save
4644-559: The factions of the Pakistan Muslim League, in a bid to mount a strong opposition to the leftist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in the 1970s. It may be noted that all factions will continue to hold their individual identities, as the PML was treated as a platform for parties to come together. When Pakistan went into martial law in 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq took power after overthrowing the Bhutto government . In 1985, after
4730-480: The failure of land reforms and a weak taxation system meant that most of this growth landed in the hands of the elite. In 1965, Khan entered the presidential race as the Convention Muslim League 's candidate to counter the opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah . Ayub won the elections and was re-elected for a second term. In 1967, disapproval of price hikes of food prompted demonstrations across
4816-562: The last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him , the Day of Judgment , and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah : That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan: That, as President of Pakistan, I will discharge my duties, and perform my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of
4902-429: The law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children. Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern national freeways are considered his greatest achievements and his era
4988-458: The leadership of Nawaz Sharif and joined the Islamic Democratic Alliance . In 1993, after the Alliance has been dissolved. After the 1999 Coup , PML-N went into a temporary decline and three new factions of Pakistan Muslim League were founded: Anti- Musharraf PML (Zia) , Pro-Musharraf conservative Awami Muslim League and Pro-Musharraf liberal Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q). In 2004,
5074-536: The left-wing PPP. This event marked the end of the Pakistan Muslim League. The Pakistan Muslim League formally dissolved alongside other parties following the 1977 Martial Law , though it supported it. However, it was restored in 1985, when General Zia organised his supporters into a formal party under the leadership of Muhammad Khan Junejo . In 1988, Zia dismissed Junejo and the party split between Pakistan Muslim League (N) and Pakistan Muslim League (J) . In 1990, after Zia's death , Pakistan Muslim League came under
5160-420: The navy in protest as a result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization. Suhrawardy and Feroz began campaigning to become prime minister and president in the upcoming general elections. Meanwhile, the conservative Pakistan Muslim League , led by its President Abdul Qayyum Khan , was threatening to engage in civil disobedience. These events were against President Mirza hence he
5246-401: The office of the president in a special session. Voting takes place in secrecy. Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by provincial legislators. Each of the provincial legislatures has an equal number of votes to each other, based on the number of members of
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#17327870777755332-474: The one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of using religions in politics. His presidency restored the writ of government through the promulgated constitution and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958. The new constitution respected Islam , but did not declare Islam as
5418-533: The other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of power. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on the democratic principle of political egalitarianism . In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali as the Defence Minister. After
5504-474: The president and prime minister. The 18th Amendment in 2010 restored Parliamentary Democracy in the country, and reduced the presidency to a ceremonial position. The constitution prohibits the president from directly running the government . Instead, the executive power is exercised on his behalf by the prime minister who keeps him informed on all matters of internal and foreign policy , as well as all legislative proposals. The Constitution however, vests
5590-465: The president to be a " Muslim of not less than forty five (45) years of age". The president resides in an estate in Islamabad known as Aiwan-e-Sadar (President's House). In his absence, the chairman of Senate exercises the responsibilities of the post, until the actual president resumes office, or the next office holder is elected . There have been a total of 14 presidents . The first president
5676-400: The president with the powers of granting pardons, reprieves , and the control over military ; however, all appointments at higher commands of the military must be made by the President on a "required and necessary" basis, upon consultation and approval from the prime minister. The president is indirectly elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. The Constitution requires
5762-538: The principle qualifications that the candidate must meet to be eligible to the office of the president. A president has to be: Whenever the Aiwan-e-Sadr becomes vacant, the selection of president is done by the electoral college , which consists of both houses of Parliament (the Senate and National Assembly ) and the four provincial assemblies . The chief election commissioner has to conduct elections to
5848-432: The private consortium companies and industries, and is credited with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as hydroelectric dams , power stations , and barrages all over
5934-762: The project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized. Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific development efforts' were also supposedly made during his years. These policies could not be sustained after 1965, when the economy collapsed and led to economic declines which he was unable to control. Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era. He also introduced agricultural reforms preventing anyone from occupying more than 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. His administration, redistributed approximately 23 percent of
6020-405: The public was informed, public reactions were mixed. The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive. President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason. He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after
6106-532: The region as a result of an election. The Central Intelligence Agency leased Peshawar Air Station in the 1950s and spying into the Soviet Union from the air station grew immensely, with Ayub's full knowledge, during his presidency. When these activities were exposed in 1960 after a U-2 flying out of the air station was shot down and its pilot captured by the USSR, President Ayub was in the United Kingdom on
6192-528: The size of the army by more than half from the early 1960s to 1969, and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . The main feature of Ayub Khan's foreign policy was prioritized relations with the United States and Europe. Foreign relations with the Soviet Union were downplayed. He enjoyed support from President Dwight Eisenhower in
6278-571: The smallest legislature, which is the Balochistan Assembly (65 seats). The constitution further states that election to the office of president will not be held earlier than sixty days and not later than thirty days before the expiration of the term of the president in office. The president is elected indirectly for a term of five years. The incumbent president is eligible for re-election to that office, but cannot hold that office for more than two consecutive terms. The president
6364-680: The term of his office. There shall be a President of Pakistan who shall be the Head of State and shall represent the "unity of the Republic." Article 232: Emergency due to war, external or internal disturbance: Article 233: Suspension of Fundamental Rights: Article 234: Emergency due to the breakdown of constitutional machinery: Article 235: Financial Emergency: President can impose governor rule in any province. He can run provincial government directly. He can use emergency powers on advice of Prime Minister and cabinet. From 2000 until 2009,
6450-482: The time. Khan privatised state-owned industries, and liberalised the economy generally. Large inflows of foreign aid and investment led to the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. His tenure was also distinguished by the completion of hydroelectric stations , dams, and reservoirs . Under Ayub, Pakistan's space program was established, and the country launched its first uncrewed space-mission by 1962. However,
6536-481: The transitional role of British military officers. Although the Pakistani government announced the appointment of the navy's native commander in chief in 1951, it was Ayub Khan who helped Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri to be appointed as the first native navy commander in chief, also in 1953. The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he
6622-417: Was Iskander Ali Mirza who entered office on 23 March 1956. The current office holder is Asif Ali Zardari , who took charge on 9 March 2024, following his controversial victory in the 2024 elections . The official residence and principal workplace of the president is Aiwan-e-Sadr — the presidential palace located in northeastern Islamabad . The presidency forms the vital institutional organ of state and
6708-430: Was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships. However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the 1950s and de-prioritized nuclear weapons in the 1960s. The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements. Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards conventional weaponry for conventional defence . In
6794-595: Was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1926. He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant on 2 February 1928 in the 19th Punjabis of the 14th Punjab Regiment (better known as 1/14th Punjab Regiment) of the British Indian Army – before this he was attached to the Royal Fusiliers . Amongst those who passed out with him was Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri , who served as the Chief of
6880-502: Was established in Karachi. These reforms led to 15% GNP growth of the country that was three times greater than that of India. Despite the increase in the GNP growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the industries and land of the country and 80% of the banking and insurance companies of Pakistan. During the Ayub era, the navy
6966-458: Was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who opted for Pakistan in 1947. At the time of his joining, he was the tenth ranking officer in terms of seniority with service number PA-010. In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division in the rank of acting major-general stationed in Dacca , East Pakistan . In 1949, he was decorated with
7052-519: Was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1942 and was posted in Burma to participate in the first phase of the Burma Campaign in 1942–43. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February 1945. Later that year, he was promoted to temporary colonel and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the second phase of
7138-539: Was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a presidential system . Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first state visit to the United States with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July 1961. Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at Mount Vernon , a visit to the Islamic Center of Washington , and
7224-636: Was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time. In 1953, Ayub visited Turkey, his first foreign visit as an army commander in chief, and was said to have been impressed with Turkish military tradition; he met only with the Turkish Defence minister during his visit. Thereafter, he went to the United States and visited the US State Department and Pentagon to lobby for forging military relations . He termed this visit as
7310-601: Was the senior, having been commissioned in 1920. As the tenure of General Gracey was nearing its end at the close of 1949, he approached Akbar Khan to succeed him. However, Akbar declined, citing that the position was beyond his competence. The next candidate in line was Akbar's younger brother, General Iftikhar Khan . However, Iftikhar died in an air crash before he could take office, resulting in Gracey's extension, with General Ayub Khan succeeding him following his retirement. Defence Secretary Iskandar Mirza at that time played
7396-427: Was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage. On 7 October 1958, President Mirza abrogated the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz announcing a coup d'état and appointed General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator . Two weeks later, Ayub would carry out his own coup d'état against Mirza. Most of the country's politicians only became aware of
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