Pentium D is a range of desktop 64-bit x86-64 processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture, which is the dual-core variant of the Pentium 4 manufactured by Intel . Each CPU comprised two cores. The brand's first processor, codenamed Smithfield and manufactured on the 90 nm process , was released on May 25, 2005, followed by the 65 nm Presler nine months later. The core implementation on the 90 nm Smithfield and later 65 nm Presler are designed differently but are functionally the same. The 90 nm Smithfield contains a single die , with two adjoined but functionally separate CPU cores cut from the same wafer . The later 65 nm Presler utilized a multi-chip module package, where two discrete dies each containing a single core reside on the CPU substrate. Neither the 90 nm Smithfield nor the 65 nm Presler were capable of direct core to core communication, relying instead on the northbridge link to send information between the two cores.
72-696: By 2004, the NetBurst processors reached a clock speed barrier at 3.8 GHz due to a thermal (and power) limit exemplified by the Presler's 130 watt thermal design power (a higher TDP requires additional cooling that can be prohibitively noisy or expensive). The future belonged to more energy efficient and slower clocked dual-core CPUs on a single die instead of two. However, the Pentium D did not offer significant upgrades in design, still resulting in relatively high power consumption. The final shipment date of
144-450: A square wave at the same frequency for digital electronics applications (or, when using a CPU multiplier , some fixed multiple of the crystal reference frequency). The clock distribution network inside the CPU carries that clock signal to all the parts that need it. An A/D Converter has a "clock" pin driven by a similar system to set the sampling rate . With any particular CPU, replacing
216-615: A water cooling system instead of many fans. Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement. A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this
288-401: A "cumulative clock rate" measure is sometimes assumed by taking the total cores and multiplying by the total clock rate (e.g. a dual-core 2.8 GHz processor running at a cumulative 5.6 GHz). There are many other factors to consider when comparing the performance of CPUs, like the width of the CPU's data bus , the latency of the memory, and the cache architecture. The clock rate alone
360-401: A "maximum clock rate" specification, and they test chips before selling them to make sure they meet that specification, even when executing the most complicated instructions with the data patterns that take the longest to settle (testing at the temperature and voltage that gives the lowest performance). Processors successfully tested for compliance with a given set of standards may be labeled with
432-584: A 37% increase in power consumption. [*] The first batch of Presler processors (revision B1) had the EIST feature turned off by a microcode update because of stability issues. That affected only its power consumption, when idle, and thermal dissipation. Chips with working EIST started shipping in Q2 2006. They had a different S-Spec number which can be found in Intel errata documentation. The Pentium Extreme Edition based on
504-401: A PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the mother of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards : sound cards , video cards , network cards , host bus adapters , TV tuner cards , IEEE 1394 cards, and a variety of other custom components. Similarly, the term mainboard describes
576-511: A clock cycle. In addition, subscalar CPUs or use of parallelism can also affect the performance of the computer regardless of clock rate. Motherboard A motherboard (also called mainboard , main circuit board , MB , base board , system board , or, in Apple computers, logic board ) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of
648-422: A device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities. Prior to the invention of the microprocessor , the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a backplane containing
720-406: A different number of connections depending on its standard and form factor . A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three PCI-Express x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded PCI ). A standard EATX motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and
792-468: A higher clock rate, e.g., 3.50 GHz, while those that fail the standards of the higher clock rate yet pass the standards of a lower clock rate may be labeled with the lower clock rate, e.g., 3.3 GHz, and sold at a lower price. The clock rate of a CPU is normally determined by the frequency of an oscillator crystal . Typically a crystal oscillator produces a fixed sine wave —the frequency reference signal. Electronic circuitry translates that into
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#1732783915122864-423: A lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime. Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on
936-667: A little more quickly or use slightly less energy per transition, pushing back those limits, producing new CPUs that can run at slightly higher clock rates. The ultimate limits to energy per transition are explored in reversible computing . The first fully reversible CPU, the Pendulum, was implemented using standard CMOS transistors in the late 1990s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Engineers also continue to find new ways to design CPUs so that they complete more instructions per clock cycle, thus achieving
1008-430: A lower CPI (cycles or clock cycles per instruction) count, although they may run at the same or a lower clock rate as older CPUs. This is achieved through architectural techniques such as instruction pipelining and out-of-order execution which attempts to exploit instruction level parallelism in the code. The clock rate of a CPU is most useful for providing comparisons between CPUs in the same family. The clock rate
1080-555: A peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had Cassette BASIC (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk. The boot firmware in modern IBM PC compatible motherboard designs contains either
1152-444: A second core compared to an equally clocked single-core CPU. Nevertheless, the dual-core CPU is useful to run both the client and server processes of a game without noticeable lag in either thread, as each instance could be running on a different core. Furthermore, multi-threaded games benefit from dual-core CPUs. In 2008, many business applications were not optimized for multiple cores. They ran at similar speed when not multitasking on
1224-448: A separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components. Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after
1296-424: A set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane. In older microprocessor-based systems,
1368-412: A set of low-speed peripherals: PS/2 keyboard and mouse , floppy disk drive , serial ports , and parallel ports . By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as
1440-576: A single die with 1 MB of Level 2 (L2) cache per core. Hyper-threading was disabled in all Pentium D 8xx-series Smithfields with the exception of the Pentium Extreme Edition 840 . Smithfield did not support Intel VT-x —Intel's x86 virtualization (formerly Vanderpool). All Pentium D processors supported Intel 64 (formerly EM64T), XD Bit , and were manufactured for the LGA 775 form factor. The only motherboards guaranteed to work with
1512-704: A variety of sizes and shapes called form factors , some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2024 , most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor — even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and power supply unit (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of
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#17327839151221584-515: A varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models). Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia ) and Crossfire (for AMD ). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc. In newer motherboards,
1656-529: Is also surpassed by the slightly slower AMD FX-8370 overclocked to 8.72 GHz which tops off the HWBOT frequency rankings. These records were broken in late 2022 when an Intel Core i9-13900K was overclocked to 9.008 GHz. The highest base clock rate on a production processor is the i9-14900KS , clocked at 6.2 GHz, which was released in Q1 2024. Engineers continue to find new ways to design CPUs that settle
1728-481: Is commonly advertised in gigahertz (GHz). This metric is most useful when comparing processors within the same family, holding constant other features that may affect performance . Manufacturers of modern processors typically charge higher prices for processors that operate at higher clock rates, a practice called binning . For a given CPU, the clock rates are determined at the end of the manufacturing process through testing of each processor. Chip manufacturers publish
1800-401: Is generally considered to be an inaccurate measure of performance when comparing different CPUs families. Software benchmarks are more useful. Clock rates can sometimes be misleading since the amount of work different CPUs can do in one cycle varies. For example, superscalar processors can execute more than one instruction per cycle (on average), yet it is not uncommon for them to do "less" in
1872-476: Is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families. For example, an IBM PC with an Intel 80486 CPU running at 50 MHz will be about twice as fast (internally only) as one with the same CPU and memory running at 25 MHz, while the same will not be true for MIPS R4000 running at the same clock rate as the two are different processors that implement different architectures and microarchitectures. Further,
1944-406: Is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard. A CPU socket (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support
2016-704: The Apple II and IBM PC include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PCjr . Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards. Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat. Motherboards are produced in
2088-477: The Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor unit would load its program counter with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed RAM checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from
2160-597: The ENIAC , used a 100 kHz clock in its cycling unit. As each instruction took 20 cycles, it had an instruction rate of 5 kHz. The first commercial PC, the Altair 8800 (by MITS), used an Intel 8080 CPU with a clock rate of 2 MHz (2 million cycles per second). The original IBM PC (c. 1981) had a clock rate of 4.77 MHz (4,772,727 cycles per second). In 1992, both Hewlett-Packard and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) exceeded 100 MHz with RISC techniques in
2232-429: The M.2 slots are for SSD and/or wireless network interface controller . Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash . Passive cooling , or a single fan mounted on the power supply , was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until
Pentium D - Misplaced Pages Continue
2304-561: The Pentium 4 brand and succeeded on July 27, 2006, by the Core 2 branded line of processors with the Core microarchitecture released as dual- and quad-core processors branded Duo, Quad, and Extreme. In a single-processor scenario, the CPU -to- northbridge link is point-to-point and the only real requirement is that it is fast enough to keep the CPU fed with data from memory . When assessing
2376-413: The 800 MT/s FSB bandwidth when under heavy load. The competing AMD Athlon 64 X2 , although running at lower clock rates and lacking hyper-threading , had some significant advantages over the Pentium D, such as an integrated memory controller , a high-speed HyperTransport bus, a shorter pipeline (12 stages compared to the Pentium D's 31), and better floating point performance, more than offsetting
2448-510: The 875P. The Pentium Extreme Edition (PXE) was introduced at the Spring 2005 Intel Developers Forum, not to be confused with the " Pentium 4 Extreme Edition " (an earlier, single-core processor occupying the same niche). The processor was based on the dual-core Pentium D branded Smithfield, but with Hyper-threading enabled, thus any operating system saw four logical processors. It also had an unlocked multiplier to allow for easier overclocking. It
2520-518: The CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system. The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with
2592-420: The CPU series and speed. With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits , it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB , the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers. A typical motherboard will have
2664-493: The CPU to settle after each pulse, and by the extra heat created. After each clock pulse, the signal lines inside the CPU need time to settle to their new state. That is, every signal line must finish transitioning from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0. If the next clock pulse comes before that, the results will be incorrect. In the process of transitioning, some energy is wasted as heat (mostly inside the driving transistors). When executing complicated instructions that cause many transitions,
2736-522: The CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support
2808-521: The PA-7100 and AXP 21064 DEC Alpha respectively. In 1995, Intel's P5 Pentium chip ran at 100 MHz (100 million cycles per second). On March 6, 2000, AMD demonstrated passing the 1 GHz milestone a few days ahead of Intel shipping 1 GHz in systems. In 2002, an Intel Pentium 4 model was introduced as the first CPU with a clock rate of 3 GHz (three billion cycles per second corresponding to ~ 0.33 nanoseconds per cycle). Since then,
2880-453: The Pentium D (and Extreme Edition) branded CPUs were those based on the 945-, 955-, 965- and 975-series Intel chipsets , as well as the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition and ATI Radeon Xpress . The Pentium D 820 did not work with the nForce 4 SLI Intel Edition chipset due to some power design issues, though they were rectified in the X16 version. The 915- and 925-series chipsets did not work at all with
2952-446: The Pentium D branded CPUs included "secret" digital rights management features in their hardware that could be utilized by Microsoft Windows and other operating systems, but was not publicly disclosed. While Intel admitted that there were some DRM technologies in the 945- and 955-series chipsets, it stated that the extent of the technologies was exaggerated, and that the technologies in question had been present in Intel's chipsets since
Pentium D - Misplaced Pages Continue
3024-557: The Pentium D or older Pentium 4 branded CPUs at the same clock speed. However, in multitasking environments such as BSD , Linux , Microsoft Windows operating systems, other processes are often running at the same time; if they require significant CPU time, each core of the Pentium D branded processor can handle different programs, improving overall processing speed over its single-core Pentium 4 counterpart. logo logo In April 2005, Intel's biggest rival, AMD , had x86 dual-core processors intended for workstations and servers on
3096-436: The Pentium D's three) and its 14 stages-long pipeline is less than half the length of the Pentium D's, allowing it to outperform the Pentium D in most applications despite having lower clock speeds and less L2 cache memory. Clock speed In computing , the clock rate or clock speed typically refers to the frequency at which the clock generator of a processor can generate pulses , which are used to synchronize
3168-625: The Pentium D, it is important to note that it is essentially two CPUs in the same package and that it will face the same bus contention issues as a pair of Xeons prior to the Dual Independent Bus architecture introduced with the Dual-Core Dempsey Xeons. To use a crude analogy one could say that instead of using a single cable between CPU and north bridge, one must use a Y-splitter. Leaving aside advanced issues such as cache coherency , each core can only use half of
3240-576: The Smithfields, as they did not support more than one core (to prevent manufacturers making a cheap dual CPU motherboard capable of supporting Xeon CPUs, as had happened with the 875P chipset). The 865- and 875-series chipsets supported multiprocessing. Motherboards with them might be Pentium D compatible with an updated BIOS . A week after its launch, Intel officially denied a report in Computerworld Today Australia that
3312-758: The clock rate of production processors has increased more slowly, with performance improvements coming from other design changes. Set in 2011, the Guinness World Record for the highest CPU clock rate is 8.42938 GHz with an overclocked AMD FX-8150 Bulldozer -based chip in an LHe / LN2 cryobath, 5 GHz on air . This is surpassed by the CPU-Z overclocking record for the highest CPU clock rate at 8.79433 GHz with an AMD FX-8350 Piledriver -based chip bathed in LN2 , achieved in November 2012. It
3384-425: The crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory , and provides connectors for other peripherals . Unlike a backplane , a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the chipset 's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use. Motherboard means specifically
3456-404: The crystal with another crystal that oscillates at half the frequency (" underclocking ") will generally make the CPU run at half the performance and reduce waste heat produced by the CPU. Conversely, some people try to increase performance of a CPU by replacing the oscillator crystal with a higher frequency crystal (" overclocking "). However, the amount of overclocking is limited by the time for
3528-488: The difference in raw clock speed. Also, while the Athlon 64 X2 inherited mature multi-core control logic from the multi-core Opteron , the Pentium D was seemingly rushed to production and essentially consisted of two CPUs in the same package. Indeed, shortly after the launch of the mainstream Pentium D branded processors (26 May 2005) and the Athlon 64 X2 (31 May 2005), a consensus arose that AMD's implementation of multi-core
3600-487: The dual die Presler chips was August 8, 2008, which marked the end of the Pentium D brand and also the NetBurst microarchitecture. The Pentium D line was removed from the official price lists on July 13, 2010. The dual-core CPU is capable of running multi-threaded applications typical in transcoding of audio and video, compressing , photo and video editing and rendering , and ray-tracing . Single-threaded applications, including most older games, do not benefit much from
3672-470: The dual-core Pentium D branded Presler was introduced as the 955 model, at 3.46 GHz, and used a 1066 MT/s FSB compared to the 800 MT/s in the non-Extreme edition. A second version, the 965 at 3.73 GHz followed in March 2006. Both CPUs also feature Hyper-Threading Technology and an unlocked multiplier. Overclockers have been able to overclock the core to 4.26 GHz using air cooling simply by raising
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#17327839151223744-414: The exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting
3816-551: The higher the clock rate the more heat produced. Transistors may be damaged by excessive heat. There is also a lower limit of the clock rate, unless a fully static core is used. The first fully mechanical analog computer, the Z1 , operated at 1 Hz (cycle per second) clock frequency and the first electromechanical general purpose computer, the Z3 , operated at a frequency of about 5–10 Hz. The first electronic general purpose computer,
3888-460: The late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on heat sinks , due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional computer fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use
3960-451: The mainstream Pentium D branded processor lineup with initial clock speeds of 2.8, 3.0, and 3.2 GHz with model numbers of 820, 830, and 840 respectively. In March 2006, Intel launched the last Smithfield processor, the entry-level Pentium D 805, clocked at 2.66 GHz with a 533 MT/s bus. The relatively cheap 805 was found to be highly overclockable ; 3.5 GHz was often possible with good air cooling . Running it at over 4 GHz
4032-411: The market, and was poised to launch a comparable product intended for desktop computers . As a response, Intel developed Smithfield, the first x86 dual-core processor intended for desktop computers, beating AMD's Athlon 64 X2 by a few weeks. Intel first launched Smithfield on April 16, 2005 in the form of the 3.2 GHz Hyper-threading enabled Pentium Extreme Edition 840 . On May 26, 2005, Intel launched
4104-433: The motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a super I/O chip or an embedded controller . Motherboards contain a ROM (and later EPROM , EEPROM , NOR flash ) that stores firmware that initializes hardware devices and boots an operating system from a peripheral device . The terms bootstrapping and boot come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps". Microcomputers such as
4176-419: The motherboard. Other components such as external storage , controllers for video display and sound , and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset , which provides
4248-463: The operations of its components, and is used as an indicator of the processor's speed. It is measured in the SI unit of frequency hertz (Hz). The clock rate of the first generation of computers was measured in hertz or kilohertz (kHz), the first personal computers (PCs) to arrive throughout the 1970s and 1980s had clock rates measured in megahertz (MHz), and in the 21st century the speed of modern CPUs
4320-443: The other hand, use solid capacitors exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors. In desktop PCs and notebook computers,
4392-406: The same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATX motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which
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#17327839151224464-405: The supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. Modern motherboards include: Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as USB for mouse devices and keyboards . Early personal computers such as
4536-507: The turn of the century (like the tablet computer and the netbook ). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor , main memory , and other essential components connected to
4608-455: The unlocked CPU multiplier. The Presler Extreme Edition was intended to only be combined with the Intel 975X chipset, it could also work with the 955X chipset, though this combination was not supported by Intel. The i975X featured the ICH7R southbridge and supported all LGA 775 (Socket T) Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Pentium Extreme Edition branded processors. The Pentium D brand was merged with
4680-433: Was Presler released on January 16, 2006, identified by the product code 80553, and made of two 65 nm process cores found also in Pentium 4 branded Cedar Mill CPUs. Presler introduced the multi-chip module, or MCM, which consisted of two single-core dies placed next to each other on the same substrate package. This allowed Intel to produce these processors at a reduced production cost as a result of higher yields. Presler
4752-521: Was based upon the Pentium M architecture, which was itself based upon the Pentium III Tualatin). The newer Pentium Dual-Core processors give off considerably less heat (65 watt max) than the Pentium D (95 or 130 watt max). They also run at lower clock rates, only have up to 2 MB L2 Cache memory while the Pentium D has up to 2×2 MB, and they lack Hyper-threading. The Pentium Dual-Core has a wider execution unit (four issues wide compared to
4824-521: Was initially released as Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 840 at 3.20 GHz, in early 2005, at a price point of $ 999.99 ( OEM price) or $ 1,200 (retail). The only chipsets that worked with the Extreme Edition 840 were Intel's 955X, NVIDIA's nForce4 SLI Intel Edition, and ATi Radeon Xpress 200. Using a Pentium Extreme Edition branded CPU with an Intel 945-series chipset will disable Hyper-threading. The last generation of Pentium D branded processors
4896-504: Was possible with water cooling , and at this speed the 805 outperformed the top-of-the-line processors (May 2006) from both major CPU manufacturers (the AMD Athlon 64 FX-60 and Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965 ) in many benchmarks including power consumption. The 805 and 820 models had a 95 watt TDP . All other models were rated at 130 watt. All Smithfield processors were made of two 90 nm Prescott cores, next to each other on
4968-527: Was released in the first quarter of 2006 with a 2×2 MB Level 2 cache. Its models included 915, 920, 925, 930, 935, 940, 945, 950 and 960 (with a respective 2.8, 2.8, 3.0, 3,0, 3.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.4, and 3.6 GHz clock frequency). All steppings of Presler models 915, 920, 925, 930, and 935, as well as the C1, D0 steppings of 940, 945 featured a 95 watt TDP . All other models (i.e. certain models with 3.2 GHz or faster clock frequencies) were rated at 130 watt —
5040-679: Was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed capacitor plague . Modern motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F)
5112-420: Was superior to that of the Pentium D. As a result of this and other factors, AMD surpassed Intel in desktop PC sales at US retail stores for a period of time, although Intel retained overall market leadership because of its exclusive relationships with direct sellers such as Dell. In 2007, Intel released a new line of desktop processors under the brand Pentium Dual Core , using the Core microarchitecture (which
5184-575: Was supported by the same chipsets as Smithfield. It was produced using 65 nm technology similar to Yonah . Presler communicated with the system using an 800 MT/s FSB , and its two cores communicated also using the FSB, just as in Smithfield. Presler also included Intel VT-x (formerly Vanderpool) – although this was limited to the 9x0 models, and not in the 9x5 models– Intel 64 , XD bit , and Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST). Presler
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