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40-636: The Press Complaints Commission ( PCC ) was a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers. The PCC closed on Monday 8 September 2014, and was replaced by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), chaired by Sir Alan Moses. Unlike the UK's only 'Approved Regulator' Independent Monitor for the Press (IMPRESS) who are fully compliant with

80-918: A government authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds ), self-regulation in psychology, social regulation (e.g. norms ), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation. State -mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement policy and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement. The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation). Common examples of regulation include limits on environmental pollution , laws against child labor or other employment regulations, minimum wages laws, regulations requiring truthful labelling of

120-409: A case involving a sexual offence against a child – i) The child must not be identified. ii) The adult may be identified. iii) The word "incest" must not be used where a child victim might be identified. iv) Care must be taken that nothing in the report implies the relationship between the accused and the child. 8) Hospitals * i) Journalists must identify themselves and obtain permission from

160-450: A responsible executive before entering non-public areas of hospitals or similar institutions to pursue enquiries. ii) The restrictions on intruding into privacy are particularly relevant to enquiries about individuals in hospitals or similar institutions. 9) Reporting of Crime * (i) Relatives or friends of persons convicted or accused of crime should not generally be identified without their consent, unless they are genuinely relevant to

200-420: A very high degree regulated by the labour market parties themselves (self-regulation) in contrast to state regulation of minimum wages etc. Regulation can be assessed for different countries through various quantitative measures. The Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance by World Bank 's Global Indicators Group scores 186 countries on transparency around proposed regulations, consultation on their content,

240-771: Is a reasonable expectation of privacy. 4) Harassment * i) Journalists must not engage in intimidation, harassment or persistent pursuit. ii) They must not persist in questioning, telephoning, pursuing or photographing individuals once asked to desist; nor remain on their property when asked to leave and must not follow them. If requested, they must identify themselves and whom they represent. iii) Editors must ensure these principles are observed by those working for them and take care not to use non-compliant material from other sources. 5) Intrusion into grief or shock i) In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries and approaches must be made with sympathy and discretion and publication handled sensitively. This should not restrict

280-421: Is adequate justification and they are legally free to do so. 12) Discrimination i) The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to an individual's race, colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability. Regulation Regulation in the social, political, psychological, and economic domains can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by

320-493: Is analysed in empirical legal studies, law and economics, political science, environmental science, health economics , and regulatory economics . Power to regulate should include the power to enforce regulatory decisions. Monitoring is an important tool used by national regulatory authorities in carrying out the regulated activities. In some countries (in particular the Scandinavian countries) industrial relations are to

360-477: Is entitled to respect for his or her private and family life, home, health and correspondence, including digital communications. ii) Editors will be expected to justify intrusions into any individual's private life without consent. Account will be taken of the complainant's own public disclosures of information. iii) It is unacceptable to photograph individuals in private places without their consent. Note – Private places are public or private property where there

400-630: The News of the World phone hacking affair , including from MPs and Prime Minister David Cameron , who called for it to be replaced with a new system in July 2011. The Leveson Inquiry was set up and reported in November 2012 but there since has been deadlock over its proposals for self-regulation despite the establishment of a Royal Charter on self-regulation of the press . Lord Hunt was appointed Chairman of

440-813: The Press Complaints Commission . After receiving a record number of complaints, the PCC announced that it would investigate. On 6 November 2009, Moir was awarded the Stonewall Bigot of the Year Award jointly with Father John Owen. On 17 February 2010, the Press Complaints Commission, whose chairman at the time was Paul Dacre , the editor of the Daily Mail , confirmed that although it was "uncomfortable with

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480-583: The United States Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Jan Moir Jan Moir ( / m ɔɪər / ; born August 1958) is a British newspaper columnist. She works for the Daily Mail . Moir currently works for the Daily Mail , having previously worked for The Daily Telegraph and The Observer newspapers. While at The Daily Telegraph she wrote

520-538: The Commission in October 2011. In December 2011 Lord Hunt announced his plans to replace the PCC with a new independent regulator. Hunt also wants to introduce a voluntary, paid-for, ' kitemarking ' system for blogs. The kitemark would indicate that the blogger has agreed to strive for accuracy, and to be regulated. Bloggers would lose their kitemark if complaints against them were repeatedly upheld. He plans to start

560-532: The Commission, prominence should be agreed with the PCC in advance. iii) The Press, whilst free to be partisan, must distinguish clearly between comment, conjecture and fact. iv) A publication must report fairly and accurately the outcome of an action for defamation to which it has been a party, unless an agreed settlement states otherwise, or an agreed statement is published. 2) Opportunity to reply A fair opportunity for reply to inaccuracies must be given when reasonably called for. 3) Privacy * i) Everyone

600-504: The PCC considers regrettable". Consequently, the Daily & Sunday Express, Scottish Daily & Sunday Express, Daily & Sunday Star, OK!, New magazine and Star magazine are no longer bound by the PCC's code of practice, and the public no longer has recourse to making complaints through the PCC. The Guardian newspaper reported in May 2011 that social media messages are to be brought under

640-400: The action recommended by the commission. In 2009 the PCC received more than 25,000 complaints, a record number, after an article appeared in the Daily Mail written by Jan Moir about the death of Boyzone singer Stephen Gately . Moir had described events leading up the death as "sleazy" and "less than respectable". On 17 February the PCC confirmed that although it was "uncomfortable with

680-606: The ancient world, and gold may have operated to some degree as an international currency. In China, a national currency system existed and paper currency was invented. Sophisticated law existed in Ancient Rome . In the European Early Middle Ages , law and standardization declined with the Roman Empire, but regulation existed in the form of norms, customs, and privileges; this regulation was aided by

720-680: The authority of statutes. Legislators created these agencies to require experts in the industry to focus their attention on the issue. At the federal level, one of the earliest institutions was the Interstate Commerce Commission which had its roots in earlier state-based regulatory commissions and agencies. Later agencies include the Federal Trade Commission , Securities and Exchange Commission , Civil Aeronautics Board , and various other institutions. These institutions vary from industry to industry and at

760-456: The effectiveness of the council. The Home Office thus set up a departmental committee, headed by Sir David Calcutt , to investigate whether a body with formal legal powers should be created to regulate the industry. The report, published in June 1990, concluded that a voluntary body, with a full, published code of conduct should be given eighteen months to prove its effectiveness. Should it fail,

800-440: The federal and state level. Individual agencies do not necessarily have clear life-cycles or patterns of behavior, and they are influenced heavily by their leadership and staff as well as the organic law creating the agency. In the 1930s, lawmakers believed that unregulated business often led to injustice and inefficiency; in the 1960s and 1970s, concern shifted to regulatory capture , which led to extremely detailed laws creating

840-581: The ingredients in food and drugs, and food and drug safety regulations establishing minimum standards of testing and quality for what can be sold, and zoning and development approvals regulation. Much less common are controls on market entry, or price regulation. One critical question in regulation is whether the regulator or government has sufficient information to make ex-ante regulation more efficient than ex-post liability for harm and whether industry self-regulation might be preferable. The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets

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880-715: The line". On 30 July 2012, Moir made headlines in the Netherlands when she called Dutch cyclist Marianne Vos "some bitch from Holland" after she defeated Lizzy Armitstead in the Olympic Women's road race and won the gold medal. On 23 April 2013, Moir accused mezzo-soprano singer Katherine Jenkins of being "fame-hungry" when she ran the London Marathon whilst wearing make-up, designer sunglasses, and diamond earrings. Jenkins tweeted in response, "I adore and support other women [and] wish you could do

920-587: The permission of the school authorities. iv) Minors must not be paid for material involving children's welfare, nor parents or guardians for material about their children or wards, unless it is clearly in the child's interest. v) Editors must not use the fame, notoriety or position of a parent or guardian as sole justification for publishing details of a child's private life. 7) Children in sex cases * 1. The press must not, even if legally free to do so, identify children under 16 who are victims or witnesses in cases involving sex offences. 2. In any press report of

960-561: The printing of a factual correction, an apology or letters from the original complainant. The Commission does not impose financial penalties on newspapers found to have broken the Code. Many publishers have added clauses to the contracts of editors of newspapers and magazines giving them the option to dismiss editors who are judged to have breached the PCC Code of Practice. The PCC and its adherents claim that by attaching personal significance to

1000-432: The public. Around two-thirds of these were related to alleged factual inaccuracies, one in five related to alleged invasions of privacy and the rest included the lack of right to reply, harassment and obtaining information using covert devices. 90% of cases were resolved to the complainants' satisfaction. 31 of the cases were adjudicated by the commission before being resolved as the complainants were initially not satisfied by

1040-579: The recommendations of the Leveson Inquiry , IPSO has refused to seek approval to the Press Recognition Panel (PRP). The PCC was funded by the annual levy it charged newspapers and magazines. It had no legal powers – all newspapers and magazines voluntarily contributed to the costs of, and adhered to the rulings of, the commission, making the industry self-regulating. The PCC received extensive criticism for its lack of action in

1080-544: The remit of the PCC after it ruled in February 2011 that information posted on Twitter should be considered public and publishable by newspapers. Any member of the public, whether a relative unknown or a high-profile figure, is able to bring a complaint against a publication that had volunteered to meet the standards of the Code. Members of the Commission adjudicate whether the Code has indeed been broken, and, if so, suggest appropriate measures of correction. These have included

1120-461: The report continued, a legally empowered body would replace it. Members of the press, keen to avoid external regulation, established the Press Complaints Commission and its Code of Practice. The first high-profile case handled by the PCC was brought by the Duke of York who claimed that the press were invading the privacy of his small children. The complaint was upheld. The commission's first chairman

1160-622: The restaurant column "Are You Ready To Order?". Moir has won newspaper awards including the Society of Women Writers and Journalists " Lynda Lee-Potter award" for the outstanding woman journalist of the year in 2005, the British Press Awards 'Interviewer of the Year', and What The Papers Say Feature Writer of the Year. In October 2009, Moir wrote an article about Boyzone singer Stephen Gately 's death, arguing that his death

1200-529: The right to report legal proceedings, such as inquests. *ii) When reporting suicide, care should be taken to avoid excessive detail about the method used. 6) Children* i) Young people should be free to complete their time at school without unnecessary intrusion. ii) A child under 16 must not be interviewed or photographed on issues involving their own or another child's welfare unless a custodial parent or similarly responsible adult consents. iii) Pupils must not be approached or photographed at school without

1240-502: The role of the PCC in the editors' mind, its role has become more effective. The section titles of the code of practice on which judgements are made are as follows: 1) Accuracy i) The Press must take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted information, including pictures. ii) A significant inaccuracy, misleading statement or distortion once recognised must be corrected, promptly and with due prominence, and – where appropriate – an apology published. In cases involving

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1280-595: The roll-out by targeting bloggers that cover current affairs. When asked about his proposals in an interview Hunt said "At the moment, it is like the Wild West out there. We need to appoint a sheriff." The precursor to the PCC was the Press Council , a voluntary press organisation founded in 1953 with the aim of maintaining high standards of ethics in journalism. However, in the late 1980s, several newspapers breached these standards and others were unsatisfied with

1320-453: The story. (ii) Particular regard should be paid to the potentially vulnerable position of children who witness, or are victims of, crime. This should not restrict the right to report legal proceedings. 10) Clandestine devices and subterfuge * i) The press must not seek to obtain or publish material acquired by using hidden cameras or clandestine listening devices; or by intercepting private or mobile telephone calls, messages or emails; or by

1360-528: The tenor of the columnist's remarks", it would not uphold the complaints made. As of 12 January 2011, the Northern and Shell group (often referred to as the Express Group) of publications withdrew its subscription to the PCC. According to the PCC, "a refusal to support the self-regulatory system financially means that a newspaper publisher effectively withdraws from the PCC's formal jurisdiction, which

1400-506: The tenor of the columnist's remarks", it would not uphold the complaints made. The Crown Prosecution Service also concluded that there was insufficient evidence that the article had breached the law. In an interview on the BBC Radio's Today programme, PCC chairwoman Baroness Buscombe said the commission found the article "in many areas extremely distasteful" but that the Daily Mail had escaped censure because it "just failed to cross

1440-500: The unauthorised removal of documents or photographs; or by accessing digitally-held private information without consent. ii) Engaging in misrepresentation or subterfuge, including by agents or intermediaries, can generally be justified only in the public interest and then only when the material cannot be obtained by other means. 11) Victims of sexual assault The press must not identify victims of sexual assault or publish material likely to contribute to such identification unless there

1480-612: The unified Christian identity and a sense of honor regarding contracts . Modern industrial regulation can be traced to the Railway Regulation Act 1844 in the United Kingdom, and succeeding Acts. Beginning in the late 19th and 20th centuries, much of regulation in the United States was administered and enforced by regulatory agencies which produced their own administrative law and procedures under

1520-529: The use of regulatory impact assessments and the access to enacted laws on a scale from 0 to 5. The V-Dem Democracy indices include the regulatory quality indicator. The QuantGov project at the Mercatus Center tracks the count of regulations by topic for United States, Canada, and Australia. Regulation of businesses existed in the ancient early Egyptian, Indian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Standardized weights and measures existed to an extent in

1560-565: Was Lord McGregor of Durris . He was succeeded by Lord Wakeham in 1995. He resigned in January 2002 after concerns over a conflict of interest when the Enron Corporation collapsed. He had been a member of the company's audit committee. Sir Christopher Meyer was appointed in 2002 following a brief period of interim chairmanship by Professor Robert Pinker , leaving in 2008. In 2006, the PCC received 3,325 complaints from members of

1600-445: Was not of natural causes, despite this being the conclusion of the coroner's report, and linking his death to his sexuality and same-sex civil partnership. The article was published in the Daily Mail six days after the singer's death, before his funeral. The article provoked much criticism, with Guardian columnist Charlie Brooker , for example, describing her article as "a gratuitous piece of gay-bashing" and urging readers to contact

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