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65-518: The PGR series have a system called Kudos points. These are given for performing stunts with the vehicle (such as power sliding, overtaking another driver, two wheels, etc.). The longer the stunt is maintained, the more points the player receives. Colliding with the guard rails and other surroundings will cause the Kudos points from that stunt to be lost. PGR2 , PGR3 and PGR4 supported direct network gameplay via Xbox Live . The cover of each game in

130-565: A house or factory . Buildings come in a variety of sizes , shapes , and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for numerous factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, prestige , and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the concept, see Nonbuilding structure for contrast. Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy , primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as

195-515: A 4-inch (10 cm) sphere may pass. There are three exceptions according to the 2003 International Building Code Section 1012.3 which allow openings to not exceed 8 or 21 inches (20 or 53 cm) depending on occupancy groups or special areas. A major architect imaginatively used handrails representing social stability, Alvar Aalto . The guard rails of an observation tower such as the Space Needle or Eiffel Tower become exaggerated to

260-591: A balustrade, and catwalks (a type of footbridge) and balconies are also lined with them. An example of a common residential guard rail (US) handrail (Brit.) is a wood railing around a deck or patio. In the US this is typically built on-site from pressure treated lumber thus featuring a simplistic design of vertical baluster spaced every 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) demonstrating compliance with Building Codes (Standards). Cable railings typically use stainless steel cables strung horizontally. Glass balusters and glass panels open

325-551: A boundary feature and may be a means to prevent or deter access to dangerous or off-limits areas while allowing light and visibility in a greater way than a fence . Common shapes are flat, rounded edge, and tubular in horizontal railings, whereas tetraform spear-headed or ball- finialled are most common in vertical railings around homes. Park and garden railings commonly in metalworking feature swirls, leaves, plate metal areas and/or motifs particularly on and beside gates . High security railings (particularly if in flat metal then

390-661: A buried end treatment if the slope to which the end anchor is buried is relatively flat (3:1 or flatter), which may negate the purpose of the guardrail, if the vehicle continues beyond the guardrail and strikes the object the guardrail was protecting. Additionally, an airborne vehicle is likely to collide in a manner that the vehicle was not designed for, increasing the risk of failure in the vehicle's collision safety systems. A guardrail will have some give and deflection upon impact. The amount of deflection depends on many factors of which speed and weight of vehicle, type of guardrail installed, height of rail, length of posts, soil conditions and

455-403: A certain general amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute

520-543: A fence. Sturgis' Dictionary included that "[building] differs from architecture in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from construction in the idea of excluding scientific or highly skilful treatment." Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on the building from street level. Spires and masts may or may not be included in this height, depending on how they are classified. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The distinction between

585-399: A few. A guardrail that deflects significantly can causes pocketing, which has the potential to snag a vehicle, which may cause it to flip, roll, or cause the rail to fail entirely, allowing a vehicle to penetrate the guardrail. Modern installations of guardrails are designed to allow the guiderail to deform under the load of the crash, and safely redirecting a vehicle back onto the roadway at

650-409: A group of inter-related (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example a housing complex , educational complex, hospital complex, etc. The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades . Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project,

715-462: A guardrail will reduce the severity of an impact as compared to what may be impacted if the guardrail were not placed. In general, the minimum length of guardrail with an end anchor at the trailing end and an end terminal on the approach end will be 62.5 to 75 feet (19.1 to 22.9 m) in length. An example would be where an overhead roadside sign structure is placed within what is considered the clear recovery zone—an engineer would need to determine that

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780-569: A large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory , approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km ) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world's total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Any building requires

845-663: A low-rise and high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise. There is clear evidence of homebuilding from around 18,000 BC. Buildings became common during the Neolithic period . Single-family residential buildings are most often called houses or homes . Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called duplexes or apartment buildings . Condominiums are apartments that occupants own rather than rent . Houses may be built in pairs ( semi-detached ) or in terraces, where all but two of

910-546: A motorbike might slip under a higher rail. To address these concerns, significant research and development of a system that could contain and redirect vehicles of varying weights and heights was developed and crash tested (both controlled and simulated). As a result, the Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) was developed and successfully crash tested per NCHRP Report 350 TL-3 criteria. The MGS has a higher mounting height, uses larger posts and blockouts as compared to

975-402: A number of other factors can all play a role. Guardrailing must be installed so that it is not so rigid that the rail will fail upon impact or the posts will snap off at the point where they are embedded within the ground. Transportation engineers limit the amount of guardrail placed as much as possible, as guardrails should only be placed when the roadside conditions pose a greater threat than

1040-410: A number of the world's major bridges and around key areas of congregation. Railway trackage has guard rails (aka check rails) to guide wheels through possible catch points on turnouts or diamonds. Similarly, guard rails may be installed inside the innermost running rails on very sharp curves. The other most common usage is to prevent damage to other structures, especially bridges, in a derailment. In

1105-491: A safety barrier preventing lift trucks or other in-plant vehicles from traveling into equipment, building walls, or personnel.    There are different types of "industrial" or "facility safety" guardrail systems, each with its own advantages. The most common industrial or facility safety guardrail systems are constructed of steel, where the upright posts are made of heavy wall steel tubing-either round or square, with heavy gauge ribbed steel rails mechanically attached to

1170-497: A shelter represents a physical separation of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) from the outside (a place that may be harsh and harmful at times). Ever since the first cave paintings , buildings have been objects or canvasses of much artistic expression . In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings and other structures, usually green buildings. A building

1235-414: A similar principle in deflecting heavier vehicles such as trucks. Guard rails are intended to deflect. The amount of deflection is dependent on a number of factors, some of which include the type and weight of impacting vehicle, height the guardrail is placed, type of soil the posts may be embedded within, length of embedment of the posts, and distance of the hinge point to the face of the guardrail are just

1300-401: A single rail safety guardrail located some 15 inches (38 cm) above floor level may be sufficient to control vehicle traffic, it could present a trip hazard to pedestrians since it is not as noticeable as a double or triple guardrail system where the top rail is some 40 inches (100 cm) above the floor level. Manufacturers produce several grades of steel safety guardrail. Each grade

1365-408: A somewhat shallow angle. It is important that the approach grades to a guardrail system be very flat (typically 10:1 or flatter) and that grades and fixed objects behind guardrail be placed at a distance so that it will not affect the performance of the guardrail upon impact and deflection. Absorption is when the force of impact is directly transferred between the vehicle and guardrail, which may cause

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1430-425: A technology context, a guardrail is an artifact that defines the boundaries in which technology change can be executed in a manner that is aligned with organisational strategy, risk, architecture, operational and cyber security requirements. Examples of technology guardrails are: Each of these guardrails constrain what technology teams can do within approved boundaries (the scope of the guardrail). For example,

1495-508: A technology standard may define a certain database as the standard to use within an organisation. The approved standard would have a commercial agreement, operational and delivery capability established, functional and non-functional fit for purpose assessments undertaken, and a cyber security assessment completed. Technology delivery teams are constrained by the Guardrail to use that particular database technology, but can do so confidently for

1560-403: A type of palisade ) may instead feature jagged points and most metals are well-suited to anti-climb paint . A handrail is less restrictive on its own than a guard rail and provides support. Guardrails also apply in a technology context. Many public spaces are fitted with guard rails as a means of protection against accidental falls. Any abrupt change in elevation where the higher portion

1625-421: Is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place'; "there was a three-storey building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice". In the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a building. However, the word structure is used more broadly than building , to include natural and human-made formations and ones that do not have walls; structure is more often used for

1690-622: Is accessible makes a fall possible. Due to this responsibility and liability, rails are placed to protect people using the premises. Guardrails in the US are generally required by code where there is a drop of 30 inches (0.76 m) or more. Examples of this are both architectural and environmental . Environmental guard rails are placed along hiking trails where adjacent terrain is steep. Railings may also be located at scenic overlooks. Guard rails in buildings can be numerous, and are required by building codes in many circumstances. Handrails along stairways may be supported by balusters forming

1755-481: Is one in which at least one business is based and people do not live. Examples include stores , restaurant , and hotels . Industrial buildings are those in which heavy industry is done, such as manufacturing . These edifices include warehouses and factories . Agricultural buildings are the outbuildings , such as barns located on farms . Some buildings incorporate several or multiple different uses, most commonly commercial and residential. Sometimes

1820-410: Is suited to a different application which may be determined by size and type of vehicles used in the facility, the volume of traffic to be controlled, or the value/risk associated with the areas being guarded. In 1992 a yellow polymer cover sleeve for steel guardrails was introduced by a Detroit-based company which enhanced the visibility of steel safety guardrails in industrial environments and removed

1885-473: Is the Blocked-Out W-beam (Strong Post). The strong-post W-beam guardrail consists of wood posts and wood blockouts or steel posts with wood or plastic blockouts. The wood or plastic blockouts reduce or minimize a vehicle snagging on the posts upon impact. In addition, a blockout may be used to increase the offset of guardrail with an obstacle such as a curb. The posts' primary purpose is to maintain

1950-1297: Is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from the desire of many people to live close to their places of employment or similar attractors. Terms for residential buildings reflect such characteristics as function (e.g., holiday cottage (vacation home) or timeshare if occupied seasonally); size ( cottage or great house ); value ( shack or mansion ); manner of construction ( log home or mobile home ); architectural style ( castle or Victorian ); and proximity to geographical features ( earth shelter , stilt house , houseboat , or floating home). For residents in need of special care, or those society considers dangerous enough to deprive of liberty , there are institutions ( nursing homes , orphanages , psychiatric hospitals , and prisons ) and group housing ( barracks and dormitories ). Historically, many people lived in communal buildings called longhouses , smaller dwellings called pit-houses , and houses combined with barns, sometimes called housebarns . Common building materials include brick, concrete, stone, and combinations thereof. Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures. Such forms as yurts and motorhomes are therefore considered dwellings but not buildings . A commercial building

2015-738: The Project Gotham Racing franchise has featured a Ferrari car on it, going from the F50 ( PGR ) to the Enzo ( PGR2 ), the F430 ( PGR3 ), and the 599 GTB Fiorano ( PGR4 ). The car manufacturer was even the main focus of a free mobile entry in the series, PGR: Ferrari Edition for the Zune HD , similar to that of Porsche in Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed . The first Project Gotham Racing

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2080-629: The 1980s, the health and safety rights of workers became of greater importance. This set the governmental procedures in motion that would see a flurry of regulations and legislation around workplace safety being introduced in industrialized countries in the 1990s.  In the US and UK, these introductions, combined with the demonstrable success of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 (US), and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (UK), led to workplace safety being taken more seriously at industrial facilities. Businesses worldwide began to see

2145-647: The Protective Guarding Manufacturers Association (ProGMA) industry group of the Material Handling Industry (MHI) trade association is currently working with ANSI to develop an industry endorsed testing and reporting standard. In traffic engineering, a highway guardrail may prevent an errant vehicle from hitting roadside obstacles, which may be either man-made (sign structures, culvert inlets, utility poles) or natural (trees, rock croppings), running off

2210-495: The United Kingdom have removed their pedestrian railings. This was after London's Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea did so and found that the rate of injury to pedestrians decreased three times faster than elsewhere in the city. The removal of barriers divorcing wheeled traffic from pedestrians is an essential of the shared space paradigm and philosophy in urban design . Security barriers have been introduced on

2275-1001: The United Nations estimate contributed to 33% of overall worldwide emissions. Including the manufacturing of building materials, the global CO 2 emissions were 39%. If new technologies in construction are not adopted during this time of rapid growth, emissions could double by 2050, according to the United Nations Environment Program . Glass buildings, especially all-glass skyscrapers, contribute significantly to climate change due to their energy inefficiency. While these structures are visually appealing and allow abundant natural light, they also trap heat, necessitating increased use of air conditioning systems, which contribute to higher carbon emissions. Experts advocate for design modifications and potential restrictions on all-glass edifices to mitigate their detrimental environmental impact. Buildings account for

2340-787: The current best practice traffic management procedures for a workplace and providing a standard for the safety guardrails within them. In the US, there is no ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Standard for testing guardrails. Steel guardrail system manufacturers test their systems to withstand impacts from a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) load moving at four miles per hour (6.4 km/h), whereas manufacturers of polymer safety guardrail systems rate and test their products at varying impact levels due to variation in guardrail product systems they offer, which can range from simple low impact energy pedestrian guardrail systems to high impact energy industrial traffic guardrail systems. In order to standardize testing for both steel and polymer guardrails,

2405-412: The day. In cities occasionally pedestrian railings (and barriers) are installed at the immediate side of a roads. However, cyclists have died when crushed against them by motor vehicles. Close "safety barriers" to roads have been found to increase the chances of injury to pedestrians for a number of reasons including increasing inattention of drivers and pedestrians. For these reasons some councils in

2470-399: The end to puncture the vehicle. This is most common where a "whale tail" or blunt end treatment exists. To mitigate this a number of guiderail end treatments exist such as "extruder end treatments", "eccentric loaders" and "driveway wrap treatments" which result in blunt ends rarely being left exposed in modern installations. Lastly, a vehicle can become airborne upon striking a guardrail with

2535-404: The force of the vehicle to the rail elements, posts, and end terminals or anchors. A run of guardrail must be anchored at each terminating end either by transitioning the rail into a fixed anchor such as a bridge rail or with an end terminal or end anchor placed in the ground or within an embankment. Newer concrete barriers, while usually strong enough to withstand direct hits by cars, still work on

2600-936: The ground must have personal fall protection systems in place, such as handrails or guardrails. Although the OSHA standard calls for a guardrail or guardrail system to protect workers on elevated work areas, current industry terminology would refer to that type of safety system as a handrail system or safety rail system. The term "guardrail" as used in industry and distribution facilities refers to floor mounted systems consisting of horizontal rails attached to upright posts that resemble outdoor highway guardrail. The facility safety guardrails control in-plant vehicular traffic and protect areas where errant vehicle contact may cause harm to property or personnel. Common uses for guardrail systems may be along an aisle or building wall. Often guardrails are placed around equipment installations to prevent inadvertent contact from lift trucks. The guardrail provides

2665-741: The guardrail itself. In fact, in the hierarchy of five roadside safety treatments, shielding with guardrails ranks fourth. Therefore, while guardrails are often added as a retrofit to existing roads, newer roads are designed to minimize roadside obstacles, whether that may include aligning a road on a smoother curve or filling in a ravine which would eliminate the need for guardrail altogether. In addition to new research into end treatments, public awareness among both drivers and engineers has been gradually reducing injuries and fatalities due to guardrails. Though they have usually prevented far more serious accidents, guardrails are considered roadside obstacles as well and transportation engineers must weigh whether placing

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2730-404: The height of the guardrail during the initial stages of post deflection. Maintaining guardrail height also reduces the potential for a vehicle to vault over the guardrail upon initial impact. The posts also play a role in the amount of resistance and deflection a guardrail may experience during impact. Resistance in a strong post system results from a combination of tensile and flexural stiffness of

2795-585: The houses have others on either side. Apartments may be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by plots of ground. Houses built as single dwellings may later be divided into apartments or bedsitters , or converted to other uses (e.g., offices or shops). Hotels , especially of the extended-stay variety ( apartels ), can be classed as residential. Building types may range from huts to multimillion-dollar high-rise apartment blocks able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings)

2860-476: The impact of a light vehicle, it is inexpensive and quick to repair, so this is frequently used in low-traffic rural areas. On the other hand, concrete barriers can usually withstand direct hits from a larger variety of vehicle types, making them well suited for use on high volume routes such as freeways or ramps with sharp curves. While rarely damaged, they would be considerably more expensive and time-consuming to repair. Concrete barriers are frequently installed in

2925-488: The impacting vehicle, the guardrail itself, and even the floor substrate.   Where the Impact Dispersal Safety Guardrail design allows the guardrail to bend on impact, disperse the energy, and return to its original shape.  Resulting in no damage to the guardrail or the impacting vehicle. Until 2017 there were no accepted standards for how safety guardrail tests were conducted, or how

2990-440: The median, being expected to withstand frequent impacts from both sides, while the shoulders of the road often have cheaper guardrail. Although the use of concrete barriers on the right side of highway is becoming a much more frequent occurrence in areas where guardrail may be sustaining frequent impacts and the ability for maintenance repairs may be restricted by the general area or work windows due to high traffic volumes for most of

3055-442: The need for continual repainting. This polymer cover was the beginning of polymer guardrail in the industrial environment. At the turn of the 21st century, several companies developed safety products constructed with polymer designed specifically for industrial environments and in 2001 a dedicated industrial alternative to steel guardrail was invented by a British-based company, and thus the first fixed flexible polymer safety guardrail

3120-519: The point of becoming a fence or cage . This is also done on bridges and overpasses to prevent accidents and suicides . The majority of safety guardrails used in industrial workplaces are made from fabricated steel. Steel guardrail was originally developed by Armco (The American Rolling Mill Company) in 1933 as highway guardrail but is often used in the factories and warehouses of the industrial sector, despite not being intended for this application. Simultaneously, another version of steel guardrail

3185-506: The production process in order to enhance the natural properties of polymer in different ways. The most common types of polymer used are: polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Using these types of polymer, there are three basic design philosophies for polymer guardrails: The Polymer Impact Dispersal Safety Guardrail design offers an advantage over steel guardrails. Steel guardrails, if impacted with sufficient energy, will permanently deform and require repair or replacement to

3250-558: The project team may include: Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances , building codes and other regulations such as fire codes , life safety codes and related standards. Vehicles—such as trailers , caravans , ships and passenger aircraft —are treated as "buildings" for life safety purposes. Buildings represent a large part of energy, electricity, water and materials consumption. As of 2020, they account for 37% of global energy use and energy-related CO 2 emissions, which

3315-407: The rail and the bending and shearing resistance of the posts. One of the main concerns with strong-post W-beam guardrail has been the ability of the system to contain and redirect modern vehicles that have a higher center of gravity along with the increased weight of those vehicles. For instance the optimum height of the strong-post W-beam for a car might not keep a truck from toppling over it, while

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3380-437: The rail to the posts and to each other, and the end anchors (or terminals) all playing an integral role in how the guardrail will function upon impact. Soil conditions, height of rail, presence of curb or dike, weight of impacting vehicle, distance from back of post to hinge point and depth of post within soil can all determine how well the system will function upon impact. A guardrail is effectively one strong band that transfers

3445-472: The results were communicated. In 2017, the BSI (British Standards Institution) published the publicly available specification, PAS 13:2017 Code of Practice for safety barriers used in traffic management within workplace environments with test methods for safety barrier impact resilience (commonly referred to as PAS13). This outlines test method guidelines for comparing like-for-like guardrail products, as well as being

3510-491: The road and going down a steep embankment, or veering off the roadway into oncoming traffic (commonly referred to as a median barrier). Roadside obstacles are typically referred to as fixed objects. A secondary objective is keeping the vehicle upright while deflected along the guardrail. Variables such as motorist speed and vehicle orientation when striking the guardrail are crucial factors in the effectiveness of guardrail performance. The most common type of guardrail in use today

3575-466: The scenarios in which usage has been defined and approved. If a technology delivery team chose a different database technology that is not defined within the technology standards, they could be introducing commercial, organisational or operational risk as the pre-requisite due diligence has not been undertaken. Building A building or edifice is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls , usually standing permanently in one place, such as

3640-410: The strong-post W-beam guardrail. One other significant difference is that MGS rail splices occur at mid-span compared to at the posts like the strong-post W-beam guardrail. In most cases, a guardrail would not be able to withstand the impact of a vehicle just by the strength of the individual posts in the area hit by the vehicle. Guardrailing functions as a system with the guardrail, posts, connection of

3705-418: The structure has a potential to be impacted and the impact of a vehicle with that structure would be much more severe than impacting the guardrail. There are four general types of guardrail, ranging from weakest and inexpensive to strongest and expensive; cable and wood posts, steel and wood/metal posts, steel box-beam, and concrete barriers. While cheaper guardrail is the weakest, often being destroyed from

3770-590: The uprights by bolts or other fasteners. The uprights may be welded to baseplates and anchored to the floor, or set and concreted into the floor. In industrial and distribution facilities the steel guardrail systems provide solid protection for property and personnel by restricting and controlling where in-plant vehicular traffic may operate. These guardrail systems also serve as a warning for people to be aware of hazardous in facility vehicular traffic. Some facility safety steel guardrail systems utilize one horizontal rail, where others employ two or three rails. While

3835-412: The value of effective workplace safety, in both the direct commercial sense of protecting assets, but also in the improved productivity levels of a protected workforce. Part of this increase in desire for industrial workplace protection, was a growth in demand for safety guardrails. In the US, under OSHA Standard 1910.28(b)(15), employees who work on surfaces that are 4 feet (1.2 m) or higher off of

3900-476: The view while still providing safety, as at the Grand Canyon Skywalk . With the increasing popularity of composite lumber for decking, manufacturers, like TimberTech are providing composite railing components. Wrought iron is another choice that is traditional and sturdy. Decorative examples are considered ironwork . Building codes also require that no opening in a guard be of a size such that

3965-400: Was developed by Kee Clamp Steel for restraining cattle in the agriculture industry, this was released in 1934 and, like Armco guardrail, is still often used in industrial environments.  Box beam steel and I-beam steel are other examples of fabricated steel commonly used to make safety guardrails. As governments around the world courted the voting power of working people and trade unions in

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4030-464: Was introduced to the market. In the early 2000s, an Italian company added a version of a polymer bumper  providing small bumpers for walls and equipment in the food industry. A Belgian company also introduced a flexible barrier in 2010 and in 2014 a US based company introduced a hybrid polymer-steel guardrail for industrial environments. There are many types of polymer used in manufacturing safety guardrail. Polymer grains may be blended as part of

4095-433: Was released as a launch title for Xbox on November 15, 2001. It became a success and led to more sequels, becoming Microsoft's flagship racing game franchise on Xbox. In December 2006, a mobile version was released for J2ME mobile phones. Another mobile version, simply called Project Gotham Racing in 2007, was released for Symbian and Windows Mobile devices. On November 11, 2009, Project Gotham Racing: Ferrari Edition

4160-511: Was released for the Zune HD . The final main title, Project Gotham Racing 4 , was released around the time Bizarre Creations was acquired by Activision . Following this acquisition, in September 2007, Bizarre Creations announced that PGR4 would be the last game produced for Microsoft, effectively leading to Forza Motorsport replacing it as Xbox's flagship racing franchise. Bizarre developed PGR4' s spiritual successor, Blur , which

4225-439: Was released on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . before the studio was shuttered by Activision in 2011. The developers of Forza Horizon originally intended to reboot the franchise; however, this proposal was reportedly turned down by Microsoft. Every main Project Gotham Racing game was a critical success. Guard rail Guard rails , guardrails , railings or protective guarding , in general, are

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