22-485: Psittacidae Psittrichasiidae Psittaculidae The true parrots are about 350 species of hook-billed, mostly herbivorous birds forming the superfamily Psittacoidea , one of the three superfamilies in the biological order Psittaciformes (parrots). True parrots are widespread, with species in Mexico , Central and South America , sub-Saharan Africa , India , Southeast Asia , Australia , and eastwards across
44-490: A new monotypic superfamily Cacatuoidea created containing family Cacatuidae. The following classification is based on the most recent proposal, which in turn is based on all the relevant recent findings. Family Psittacidae , New World and African parrots Family Psittrichasiidae , Indian Ocean island parrots Family Psittaculidae , Asian and Australasian parrots, and lovebirds Psittacidae See text for genera. The family Psittacidae or holotropical parrots
66-641: Is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the glaucous macaw , the Carolina parakeet , the Cuban macaw and the Puerto Rican parakeet . The following cladogram is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera Nannopsittaca , Bolborhynchus and Psilopsiagon were found not to be monophyletic . The number of species in each genus
88-518: Is one of three families of true parrots . It comprises the 12 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Afrotropical parrots) and 167 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or Neotropical parrots ) including several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries. Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as the blue-and-yellow macaw among the New World parrots and
110-1761: Is taken from the IOC list. Psittacus – African grey parrots (2 species) Poicephalus – Poicephalus parrots (10 species) Touit – parrotlets (8 species) Nannopsittaca , Bolborhynchus , Psilopsiagon – parrotlets, parakeets (7 species) Forpus – parrotlets (9 species) Myiopsitta – Quaker parakeets (2 species) Brotogeris – parakeets (8 species) Pionopsitta – pileated parrot Triclaria – blue-bellied parrot Hapalopsittaca – parrots (4 species) Pyrilia – parrots (7 species) Amazona – Amazon parrots (31 species) Pionus – Pionus parrots (8 species) Graydidascalus – short-tailed parrot Alipiopsitta - yellow-faced parrot Deroptyus – red-fan/hawk-headed parrot Pionites – caiques (2 species) Rhynchopsitta – thick-billed parrots (2 species) Pyrrhura – parakeets (24 species) Cyanoliseus – burrowing parrot/Patagonian conure Enicognathus – parakeets (2 species) Anodorhynchus – blue macaws (3 species) Conuropsis – † Carolina parakeet Aratinga – parakeets, sun conure (6 species) Cyanopsitta – Spix's macaw Orthopsittaca – red-bellied macaw Primolius – mini-macaws (3 species) Ara – macaws (9 species) Eupsittula – parakeets (5 species) Psittacara – parakeets (13 species) Ognorhynchus – yellow-eared parrot Leptosittaca – golden-plumed parakeet Thectocercus – blue-crowned parakeet Guaruba – golden parakeet/Queen of Bavaria's conure Diopsittaca – red-shouldered/Hahn's/noble macaw List of extinct birds#Psittaciformes About 129 species of birds have become extinct since 1500, and
132-797: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (see IUCN Red List of birds), as well as national and nongovernmental organizations. Trade in birds and other wild animals is governed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Nearly all parrots are listed on CITES appendices, trade limited or prohibited. Trapping wild parrots for the pet trade , hunting , habitat loss , and competition from invasive species have diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds. Of
154-478: The Pacific Ocean as far as Polynesia . The true parrots include many of the familiar parrots including macaws , conures , lorikeets , eclectus , Amazon parrots , grey parrot , and budgerigar . Most true parrots are colourful and flighted, with a few notable exceptions. True parrots have a beak with a characteristic curved shape, the jaw with a mobility slightly higher than where it connects with
176-522: The United States . This family probably had its origin early in the Paleogene period, 66–23 million years ago (Mya), after the western half of Gondwana had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages around 30–35 Mya. The New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with
198-588: The grey parrot among the Afrotropical parrots. All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit Mexico , Central and South America , the Caribbean islands , sub-Saharan Africa , the island of Madagascar , the Arabian Peninsula , Southeast Asia , Australia and Oceania . Three parrots, one extinct and another extirpated , once inhabited
220-641: The Australian cockatoos in the family the Cacatuidae approximately 33 Mya. The data place most of the diversification of psittaciformes around 40 Mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America. Divergence of the Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America, then Africa, via late Cretaceous land bridges that survived through
242-581: The Paleogene. The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World Psittacini and New World Arini tribes of subfamily Psittacinae, which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily Loriinae and
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#1732765629385264-421: The Psittacidae are primarily seed eaters. Some variation is seen in the diet of individual species, with fruits, nuts, leaves, and even insects and other animal prey being taken on occasion by some species. The lorikeets are predominantly nectar feeders; many other parrots drink nectar, as well. Most Psittacidae are cavity-nesting birds which form monogamous pair bonds. The true parrots are distributed throughout
286-725: The animals removed from the wild to be sold, very few survive during capture and transport, and those that do often die from poor conditions of captivity, poor diet, and stress. Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile charismatic species have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same ecosystems . About 18 species of parrots have gone extinct since 1500 (see List of extinct birds#Psittaciformes ), nearly all in superfamily Psittacoidea. Agapornithinae Loriinae Platycercinae Psittacellinae Psittaculinae Psittrichasinae Coracopsinae Arinae Psittacinae Cacatuoidea Strigopoidea The parrot family Psittacidae (along with
308-543: The date of extinction to a specific year or even day (the San Benedicto rock wren is possibly the most extreme example – its extinction could be timed with an accuracy of maybe half an hour). Extinction dates in the literature are usually the dates of the last verified record (credible observation or specimen taken); for many Pacific birds that became extinct shortly after European contact, however, this leaves an uncertainty period of over 100 years, because
330-567: The family Cacatuidae comprising the order Psittaciformes) was traditionally considered to contain two subfamilies , the Psittacinae (typical parrots and allies) and the Loriinae ( lories and lorikeets ). However, the tree of the parrot family now has been reorganized under the superfamily Psittacoidea: family Psittacidae has been split into three families, tribes Strigopini and Nestorini split out and placed under superfamily Strigopoidea and
352-516: The islands on which they lived were only rarely visited by scientists. The moa of New Zealand The elephant birds of Madagascar Ducks , geese and swans Quails and relatives See also Bokaak "bustard" under Gruiformes below Shorebirds , gulls and auks Rails and allies - probably paraphyletic Grebes Petrels , storm petrels , shearwaters and albatrosses Penguins Boobies and related birds Pelicans and related birds Pigeons , doves and dodos For
374-605: The list maintained by Frank Gill , Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the International Ornithologists' Union . Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots (4 species) Cacatuidae – Cockatoos (22 species) Psittacidae – African and New World parrots (179 species) Psittaculidae – Old World parrots (203 species) The family contains 179 species and
396-435: The other tribes of subfamily Psittacinae are now placed in superfamily Psittacoidea of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae. The following phylogeny shows how the family Psittacidae relates to the three other families in the order Psittaciformes . The tree is based on the work by Leo Joseph and collaborators published in 2012 but with the choice of families and the number of species in each family taken from
418-652: The rate of extinction seems to be increasing. The situation is exemplified by Hawaii , where 30% of all known recently extinct bird taxa originally lived. Other areas, such as Guam , have also been hit hard; Guam has lost over 60% of its native bird taxa in the last 30 years, many of them due to the introduced brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ). Currently there are approximately 10,000 living species of birds, with over 1,480 at risk of extinction and 223 critically endangered. Island species in general, and flightless island species in particular, are most at risk. The disproportionate number of rails in this list reflects
440-412: The skull, and a generally upright position. They also have a large cranial capacity and are one of the most intelligent bird groups. They are good fliers and skillful climbers on branches of trees. Some species can imitate the human voice and other sounds, although they do not have vocal cords — instead possessing a vocal organ at the base of the trachea known as the syrinx . Like most parrots,
462-466: The tendency of that family to lose the ability to fly when geographically isolated. Even more rails became extinct before they could be described by scientists; these taxa are listed in List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species . The extinction dates given below are usually approximations of the actual date of extinction. In some cases, more exact dates are given as it is sometimes possible to pinpoint
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#1732765629385484-692: The tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere , covering many different habitats , from the humid tropical forests to deserts in Australia , India , Southeast Asia , sub-Saharan Africa , Central and South America , and two species, one extinct (the Carolina parakeet ), formerly in the United States. However, the larger populations are native to Australasia , South America , and Central America . Many species are classified as threatened by
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