16-536: See text for genera. The family Psittacidae or holotropical parrots is one of three families of true parrots . It comprises the 12 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Afrotropical parrots) and 167 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or Neotropical parrots ) including several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries. Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as
32-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
48-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
64-640: Is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the glaucous macaw , the Carolina parakeet , the Cuban macaw and the Puerto Rican parakeet . The following cladogram is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera Nannopsittaca , Bolborhynchus and Psilopsiagon were found not to be monophyletic . The number of species in each genus
80-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
96-1731: Is taken from the IOC list. Psittacus – African grey parrots (2 species) Poicephalus – Poicephalus parrots (10 species) Touit – parrotlets (8 species) Nannopsittaca , Bolborhynchus , Psilopsiagon – parrotlets, parakeets (7 species) Forpus – parrotlets (9 species) Myiopsitta – Quaker parakeets (2 species) Brotogeris – parakeets (8 species) Pionopsitta – pileated parrot Triclaria – blue-bellied parrot Hapalopsittaca – parrots (4 species) Pyrilia – parrots (7 species) Amazona – Amazon parrots (31 species) Pionus – Pionus parrots (8 species) Graydidascalus – short-tailed parrot Alipiopsitta - yellow-faced parrot Deroptyus – red-fan/hawk-headed parrot Pionites – caiques (2 species) Rhynchopsitta – thick-billed parrots (2 species) Pyrrhura – parakeets (24 species) Cyanoliseus – burrowing parrot/Patagonian conure Enicognathus – parakeets (2 species) Anodorhynchus – blue macaws (3 species) Conuropsis – † Carolina parakeet Aratinga – parakeets, sun conure (6 species) Cyanopsitta – Spix's macaw Orthopsittaca – red-bellied macaw Primolius – mini-macaws (3 species) Ara – macaws (9 species) Eupsittula – parakeets (5 species) Psittacara – parakeets (13 species) Ognorhynchus – yellow-eared parrot Leptosittaca – golden-plumed parakeet Thectocercus – blue-crowned parakeet Guaruba – golden parakeet/Queen of Bavaria's conure Diopsittaca – red-shouldered/Hahn's/noble macaw Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
112-462: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Bolborhynchus see text Bolborhynchus is
128-520: The United States . This family probably had its origin early in the Paleogene period, 66–23 million years ago (Mya), after the western half of Gondwana had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages around 30–35 Mya. The New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with
144-648: The blue-and-yellow macaw among the New World parrots and the grey parrot among the Afrotropical parrots. All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit Mexico , Central and South America , the Caribbean islands , sub-Saharan Africa , the island of Madagascar , the Arabian Peninsula , Southeast Asia , Australia and Oceania . Three parrots, one extinct and another extirpated , once inhabited
160-638: The Australian cockatoos in the family the Cacatuidae approximately 33 Mya. The data place most of the diversification of psittaciformes around 40 Mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America. Divergence of the Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America, then Africa, via late Cretaceous land bridges that survived through
176-577: The Paleogene. The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World Psittacini and New World Arini tribes of subfamily Psittacinae, which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily Loriinae and
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#1732772100596192-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
208-603: The list maintained by Frank Gill , Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the International Ornithologists' Union . Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots (4 species) Cacatuidae – Cockatoos (22 species) Psittacidae – African and New World parrots (179 species) Psittaculidae – Old World parrots (203 species) The family contains 179 species and
224-434: The other tribes of subfamily Psittacinae are now placed in superfamily Psittacoidea of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae. The following phylogeny shows how the family Psittacidae relates to the three other families in the order Psittaciformes . The tree is based on the work by Leo Joseph and collaborators published in 2012 but with the choice of families and the number of species in each family taken from
240-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
256-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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