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31-542: [REDACTED] Look up ptolemais in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ptolemais may refer to: People [ edit ] Ptolemais of Cyrene , a c. 3rd-century BC mathematician and musical theorist Ptolemais, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and mother of Demetrius the Fair Places [ edit ] Africa [ edit ] Ptolemais, Cyrenaica ,
62-418: A History of Philosophy ( Philosophos Historia ) with vitae of philosophers that included a life of his teacher, Plotinus. His life of Plato from book iv exists only in quotes by Cyril of Alexandria . His book Vita Pythagorae on the life of Pythagoras is not to be confused with the book of the same name by Iamblichus . His commentary on Ptolemy's Harmonics ( Eis ta Harmonika Ptolemaiou hypomnēma )
93-932: A city in modern-day Libya Ptolemais Euergetis, in what is now the Faiyum in Egypt Ptolemais Hermiou or Ptolemais in the Thebaid, modern-day El Mansha in the Sohag Governorate of Egypt Ptolemais Theron , a city on the African coast of the Red Sea Elsewhere [ edit ] Ptolemais or Lebedus , on and around the Kısık Peninsula Ptolemaida in West Macedonia, Greece Ptolemais (Pamphylia) ,
124-465: A coastal town of ancient Pamphylia or of Cilicia Ptolemais, a name that may have been given to Larisa (Troad) , Anatolia Ptolemais in Phoenicia , later Acre, in modern-day Israel See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Ptolemais Ptolemy (disambiguation) Ptolemaic Kingdom Ptolemaiida , a taxon of extinct wolf-like mammals Topics referred to by
155-443: A combination of both [reason and perception]? While some adopted both perception and reason in the same way, as being of equal importance, others took one as the leader and the other as a follower. Aristoxenus of Tarentum adopted them both in the same way. For neither can what is perceived be composed by itself without reason, nor is reason strong enough to establish something if it does not take its starting points from perception, and
186-421: A guide for reason at the beginning, as if to provide a spark for it, but to treat reason, when it has started off from such a beginning, as separating from perception and working by itself. So if the composite whole is found in a study by reason to be no longer in accord with perception, they do not turn back, but make their own accusations, saying that the perception is mistaken, and that reason by itself finds what
217-540: A very short work often considered to be a commentary on Aristotle 's Categories , hence the title. According to Barnes 2003 , however, the correct title is simply Introduction (Εἰσαγωγή Isagoge ), and the book is an introduction not to the Categories in particular, but to logic in general, comprising as it does the theories of predication, definition, and proof. The Introduction describes how qualities attributed to things may be classified, famously breaking down
248-436: Is also known as an opponent of Christianity and defender of Paganism ; his precise contribution to the philosophical approach to traditional religion may be discovered in the fragments of Philosophy from Oracles (Περὶ τῆς ἐκ λογίων φιλοσοφίας; De Philosophia ex Oraculis Haurienda ), which was originally three books in length. There is debate as to whether it was written in his youth (as Eunapius reports ) or closer in time to
279-748: Is an important source for the history of ancient harmonic theory. Porphyry also wrote about Homer . Apart from several lost texts known only from quotations by other authors, two texts survive at least in large parts: the Homeric Questions ( Homēriká zētḗmata , largely a philological comment on the Iliad and Odyssey ) and On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey ( Peri tou en Odysseia tōn nymphōn antrou ). Porphyry's commentary on Euclid 's Elements
310-812: Is correct and refutes perception. In this same passage, Ptolemais criticizes the extreme partisans of both schools, "the Pythagoreans who enjoyed disputing with the musici" for dismissing perception entirely (despite their contradictory "adoption of something perceivable in the beginning"), and "some of the musici who follow Aristoxenus" for adopting their master's "theory based upon thought" but proceeding "through expertise on musical instruments" and "regard[ing] perception as authoritative, and reason as accompanying it, and for necessity only." Porphyry (philosopher) Porphyry of Tyre ( / ˈ p ɔːr f ɪr i / ; Koinē Greek : Πορφύριος , romanized: Porphýrios ; c. 234 – c. AD 305 )
341-427: Is dedicated to the defense of mystic theurgic divine possession against the critiques of Porphyry. French philosopher Pierre Hadot maintains that for Porphyry, spiritual exercises are an essential part of spiritual development. Porphyry was, like Pythagoras , an advocate of vegetarianism on spiritual and ethical grounds. These two philosophers are perhaps the most famous vegetarians of classical antiquity. He wrote
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#1732766271912372-470: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ptolemais of Cyrene Ptolemais of Cyrene ( Ancient Greek : Πτολεμαῒς ἡ Κυρηναία ) was a music theorist , author of Pythagorean Principles of Music (Πυθαγορικὴ τῆς μουσικῆς στοιχείωσις). She lived perhaps in the 3rd century BC, and "certainly not after the first century AD." She is the only known female music theorist of antiquity . Almost nothing
403-566: Is known about her life; her work is known only from references in Porphyry 's commentary on Ptolemy's Harmonics . She shares the same place of origin ( Cyrene, Libya ) as Arete of Cyrene (a female philosopher of the Cyrenaic school, whose doctrines included Pythagorean elements) and Eratosthenes (whose many interests included music theory). She is one of several women writers associated with Pythagoreanism. In her work, written in
434-761: Is known of his life, and the date of his death is uncertain. Porphyry is best known for his contributions to philosophy. Apart from writing the Aids to the Study of the Intelligibles (Ἀφορμαὶ πρὸς τὰ νοητά; Sententiae ad Intelligibilia Ducentes ), a basic summary of Neoplatonism, he is especially appreciated for his Introduction to Categories ( Introductio in Praedicamenta or Isagoge et in Aristotelis Categorias Commentarium ),
465-514: The On Abstinence from Animal Food (Περὶ ἀποχῆς ἐμψύχων; De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ), advocating against the consumption of animals, and he is cited with approval in vegetarian literature up to the present day. He believed that everything was created for mutual advantage, and vegetarianism was a way to preserve universal harmony of nature. Porphyry also wrote widely on music theory , astrology , religion, and philosophy. He produced
496-646: The "Porphyrian Tree" is noted as the first proper commentary made on Aristotle's work. The Introduction was translated into Arabic by Abd-Allāh ibn al-Muqaffaʿ from a Syriac version. With the Arabicized name Isāghūjī (إيساغوجي) it long remained the standard introductory logic text in the Muslim world and influenced the study of theology, philosophy, grammar, and jurisprudence. Besides the adaptations and epitomes of this work, many independent works on logic by Muslim philosophers have been entitled Isāghūjī. Porphyry
527-505: The 5th-century ecclesiastical historian Socrates of Constantinople assert that Porphyry was once a Christian. It is said, however, that while Porphyry did engage with Christianity, he did not believe it. Augustine made comments to Porphyry as he said he was the "most learned of the philosophers, as the most bitter enemy of the Christians". Porphyry was opposed to the theurgy of his disciple Iamblichus . Much of Iamblichus' mysteries
558-471: The Christians (Κατὰ Χριστιανῶν; Adversus Christianos ) which consisted of fifteen books. Some thirty Christian apologists, such as Methodius , Eusebius , Apollinaris , Augustine , Jerome , etc., responded to his challenge. In fact, everything known about Porphyry's arguments is found in these refutations, largely because Theodosius II ordered every copy burned in AD 435 and again in 448. Augustine and
589-400: The conclusion of the theorising does not agree again with the perception. In what way does he want perception to be in advance of theory? In order, but not in importance. For he says when what is perceptible whatever it is, is grasped, then we must promote reason for the theoretical study of it. Who treats both together? Pythagoras and his successors. For they want to adopt perception as
620-762: The doctrine of the categories of being interpreted in terms of entities (in later philosophy, " universal "). Boethius ' Isagoge , a Latin translation of Porphyry's Introduction , became a standard medieval textbook in European schools and universities, which set the stage for medieval philosophical-theological developments of logic and the problem of universals . In medieval textbooks, the all-important Arbor porphyriana ("Porphyrian Tree") illustrates his logical classification of substance. To this day, taxonomy benefits from concepts in Porphyry's Tree, in classifying living organisms (see cladistics ). Porphyry's invention of
651-426: The form of a catechism , she commented on the music-theoretical debate concerning the proper roles of reason and sensory experience in the study of music . Despite her apparent adherence to Pythagoreanism, a school whose theorists (the canonici ) put music on a rational and mathematical basis, there is no apparent hostility in her citations of the empiricist followers of Aristoxenus (the musici ); perhaps
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#1732766271912682-583: The meantime) together with a biography of his teacher. Iamblichus is mentioned in ancient Neoplatonic writings as his disciple, but this is most likely only meant to indicate that he was the dominant figure in the next generation of philosophers succeeding him. The two men differed publicly on the issue of theurgy . In his later years, he married Marcella, a widow with seven children and a student of philosophy. There are around sixty works connected to Porphyry's name, some in fragments or lost. Some pieces of his work are still being reconstructed today. Little more
713-482: The methodological division was not a stark absolute during her period or from her point of view . Ptolemais also makes reference to musicologists who gave equal importance to perception and reason, preferring to see Aristoxenus himself (as opposed to his followers) in this light, and even stressing the compatible role of perception in the Pythagorean theory: What is the distinction between those who preferred
744-487: The nature of astrological fate, and other topics relevant to Greek and Roman religion in the third century. Whether this work contradicts his treatise defending vegetarianism , which also warned the philosopher to avoid animal sacrifice, is disputed among scholars. Due to Porphyry’s work being incomplete or lost, the understanding of the piece could be misconstrued. During his retirement in Sicily , Porphyry wrote Against
775-571: The persecutions of Christians under Diocletian and Galerius . Whether or not Porphyry was the pagan philosopher's opponent in Lactantius ' Divine Institutes , written at the time of the persecutions, has long been discussed. The fragments of the Philosophy from Oracles are only quoted by Christians, especially Eusebius , Theodoret , Augustine , and John Philoponus . The fragments contain oracles identifying proper sacrificial procedure,
806-462: The philosophical concept of substance into the five components genus , species , difference , property , and accident . Porphyry's discussion of accident sparked a long-running debate on the application of accident and essence . As Porphyry's most influential contribution to philosophy, the Introduction to Categories incorporated Aristotle's logic into Neoplatonism, in particular
837-399: The reputation of Plotinus , and for six years devoted himself to the practice of Neoplatonism , during which time he severely modified his diet, at one point becoming suicidal. On the advice of Plotinus he went to live in Sicily for five years to recover his mental health. On returning to Rome, he lectured on philosophy and completed an edition of the writings of Plotinus (who had died in
868-509: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ptolemais . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemais&oldid=1209684998 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
899-560: Was a Neoplatonic philosopher born in Tyre , Roman Phoenicia during Roman rule . He edited and published the Enneads , the only collection of the work of Plotinus , his teacher. He wrote original works in the Greek language on a wide variety of topics, ranging from music theory to Homer to vegetarianism . His Isagoge or Introduction , an introduction to logic and philosophy,
930-660: Was born in Tyre , however, other sources report that he was born in Batanaea, present-day Syria . His parents named him Malkos or Malchus (cf. Aramaic malkā 'king'). However, he changed it to " Basileus " "King", and into his nickname "Porphyrius" "[clad] in purple" later in his life. In his work The Life of Plotinus, he refers to Aramaic as his "native tongue." Under Cassius Longinus , in Athens, he studied grammar and rhetoric, and became acquainted with Middle Platonism . In 262 he went to Rome , attracted by
961-593: Was the standard textbook on logic throughout the Middle Ages in its Latin and Arabic translations. Porphyry was, and still is, also well-known for his anti-Christian polemics. Through works such as Philosophy from Oracles and Against the Christians (which was banned by Constantine the Great ), he was involved in a controversy with early Christians . The Suda (a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia based on many sources now lost) reports that Porphyry