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29-787: Pueblo Bonito (Spanish for beautiful town ) is the largest and best-known great house in Chaco Culture National Historical Park , northern New Mexico . It was built by the Ancestral Puebloans who occupied the structure between AD 828 and 1126. According to the National Park Service , "Pueblo Bonito is the most thoroughly investigated and celebrated cultural site in Chaco Canyon. Planned and constructed in stages between AD 850 to AD 1150 by ancestral Puebloan peoples, this

58-401: A building technique where two parallel walls are constructed and the core between them is filled with rubble or other infill, creating one thick wall. Originally, and in later poorly constructed walls, the rubble was not consolidated. Later, mortar and cement were used to consolidate the core rubble and produce sturdier construction. Modern masonry still uses core and veneer walls; however,

87-474: A large population. Excavations at the site have not revealed significant trash middens indicating residential areas. A common suggestion is that Pueblo Bonito was a ritual center. This is evident in not only the existence of the kivas (which are more often than not attributed to ritual function) but also the construction of the site and its relation to other Chaco Canyon sites. Although there were many occupants, only 50-60 burials were found here. The site indicates

116-448: A large wall to provide shelter from wind. At the center of the structure was a plaza, meant to serve as a community center. Great house complexes are also characterized by earthen berms and formal road segments Structures utilized thick walls, small entrances, and small windows to help protect inhabitants in an arid environment. Walls were constructed with stone and adobe plaster. Roofs were made from timber and have decayed faster than

145-444: A series of interior doorways, some of them in a T-shape. A family may have inhabited 3 to 4 rooms, with many small interior spaces being used for storage. There was generally no outside access to the room blocks other than from the central courtyard. It is possible that Pueblo Bonito is actually neither a village nor city. While its size has the capacity for a significant population, the environment may not have been ideal for sustaining

174-437: A stylistic element also found in other Ancient Pueblo rock art. These images date to the late 10th or early 11th centuries. Great house (pueblo) Great house construction flourished during the late 11th and early 12th centuries, and may have begun as early as 800. Mesa Verdeans usually built their great houses on the site of older villages. The earliest examples of structures similar to great houses have been found along

203-549: The Mimbres River in New Mexico. Archeologists differ as to their purpose, but they might have been residences for large numbers of people, or ceremonial centers that only priests occupied. Archeologist Stephen H. Lekson has proposed that they might have been the palaces of Puebloan royalty, particularly those found at Chaco Canyon. Additionally, Chaco Canyon area was a regional trading center and approximately half of

232-595: The Great Kivas, over thirty other kivas or ceremonial structures have been found, many also associated with the large central courtyard. Interior living spaces were quite large by the standards of the Ancient Pueblo. The site covers 3 acres (1.2 ha) and incorporates approximately 800 rooms. In parts of the village, the tiered structure was four and five stories high. During later construction, some lower level rooms were filled with debris to better support

261-463: The Puebloans' comprehension of solar and lunar cycles; both of which are marked in the petroglyphs of the surrounding cliff area as well as in the architecture of Pueblo Bonito itself. Examination of pack rat middens revealed that at the time that Pueblo Bonito was built, Chaco Canyon and the surrounding areas were wooded by trees such as ponderosa pines . Evidence of such trees can be seen within

290-578: The construction technique as well. The Romans started with basic emplekton masonry walls, but developed the technique further using temporary walls (forms) that were removed after the cemented rubble (concrete) had cured. This technique was called opus caementicium , and eventually led to modern ferroconcrete construction. The buildings of the Taj Mahal are constructed with walls of brick and rubble inner cores faced with either marble or sandstone locked together with iron dowels and clamps. Some of

319-444: The core is now generally concrete block instead of rubble, and moisture barriers are included. Often such walls end up as cavity walls by the inclusion of space between the external veneer and the core in order to provide for moisture and thermal control. Both the early Phoenicians and Greeks used rubble-filled masonry walls. The word emplekton was borrowed from Greek ἔμπλεκτον and originally meant "rubble" but came to apply to

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348-410: The estimated population to less than 800, primarily due to the small number of usable hearths in the ruins. An analysis based on architecture estimated the resident population at 12 households, or about 70 people at its peak. These tend to be located on the ground floor, near the central plaza, and are associated with entrances to a series of rooms going deeper into the structure. Rooms were connected by

377-420: The first archaeological evidence of matrilineal descent among the Ancestral Puebloans , which is a further link to their modern Pueblo descendants, many of whom practice matrilineal succession. The archeologist Mary Metcalf estimates that 805,000 man-hours were required to build Pueblo Bonito's main structure. On the rock wall directly behind Pueblo Bonito is a series of petroglyphs depicting six-toed feet,

406-518: The first description of Chaco Canyon in his military report, with drawings by expedition artist R. H. Kern. Rancher Richard Wetherill and natural history student George H. Pepper from the American Museum of Natural History , began excavations at Pueblo Bonito in 1896 and ended in 1900. These excavations were financed by B. Talbot Hyde and Frederick E. Hyde, Jr. of New York City, who were philanthropists and collectors. During this time,

435-497: The great houses. The oldest burial was of a man who died violently, and archaeologists believe that room 33 was built as a crypt for him and his descendants. He was buried with thousands of turquoise and shell beads and pendants, which originally formed necklaces, anklets and bracelets, making his the richest burial ever excavated in the Southwest . Over the next 330 years, thirteen other individuals (both men and women) were buried in

464-554: The resulting large collection of artifacts to the American Museum of Natural History. After the excavation, Wetherill sought to gain personal control of parts of Chaco Canyon, including Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl , and Pueblo Del Arroyo . He filed a homestead entry on these ruins, which was invalidated by the General Land Office in 1904 when the federal government took formal possession of these lands. Wetherill

493-459: The same crypt with many elite grave goods suggesting important ritual functions in the community. Archaeogenomic analysis found that nine of these individuals shared mitochondrial DNA , meaning they were all related through the female line. Archaeologists have concluded that Pueblo Bonito was associated with an elite matriline , a powerful family who inherited their status from their mothers, for approximately 330 years. The room 33 excavations are

522-407: The structure of Pueblo Bonito, such as the first-floor support beams. Scientists hypothesized that during the time when the pueblo was inhabited, the valley was cleared of almost all of the trees, to provide timber for construction and fuel. This tree removal, combined with a period of drought, led the water table in the valley to drop severely, making the land infertile. This explains why Pueblo Bonito

551-479: The structure's rear wall and a number of rooms. The builders of Pueblo Bonito appear to have been well aware of this threat, but chose to build beneath the fractured stone anyway. The wall stood 97 feet (30 m) high and weighed approximately 30,000 tons; the Puebloans compensated by building structural reinforcements for the slab. In 2009, traces of Mexican cacao from at least 1,200 miles (1,900 km) away were detected in pottery sherds at Pueblo Bonito. This

580-436: The total area of the structures were storage rooms. Spaces were generally divided into four sections aligned with the cardinal directions, which held religious significance. The great houses at Pueblo Alto were aligned along a north–south axis. Entrances to structures were generally south or southeast facing. This provided shade from summer sun and warmth from winter sun. The back of the buildings were joined together with

609-633: The two men uncovered 190 rooms and photographed and mapped all major structures in the canyon. Among the artifacts recovered by Pepper, eight wood flutes were found in a room in the northwestern part of Pueblo Bonito that Pepper designated as "Room 33". These flutes are in the style of the Anasazi flutes that are considered a predecessor to the Native American flute . The rituals at Pueblo Bonito were performed with cylindrical vessels, human effigy vessels, and ceramic incense burners. The Hydes donated

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638-605: The veneer and to consolidate the core. This core and veneer technique was also used at other Ancestral Puebloans sites outside of Chaco Canyon. Later pueblos used mud bricks (adobe) for the veneer. In the Puuc region , and as far south as at least Tikal , the Mayans developed core-and-veneer walls to the point where, by the classic period, they were filled with concrete. Traditional core-and-veneer walls suffered from moisture migration and thermal expansion and contraction. They had

667-498: The walls of the mausoleum are several metres thick. Koch, Ebba (2006). The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra . London: Thames & Hudson. p.  97 . ISBN   978-0-500-34209-1 . In the large complexes at Chaco Canyon , the Ancestral Puebloans used the wall and rubble technique, with walls of carefully shaped sandstone. The Ancestral Puebloans used mud as their mortar, both with

696-623: The walls that supported them. Mary Colter designed buildings in the Southwest, including Hopi House which was modeled after Puebloan great houses and built to provide shelter for visitors and a reference for scale. Hopi House was her first work in the Grand Canyon area, completed in 1904, and was constructed before the area was dedicated as a national park. Core-and-veneer Core-and-veneer , brick and rubble , wall and rubble , ashlar and rubble , and emplekton all refer to

725-470: The weight of the upper levels. The builder's use of core-and-veneer architecture and multi-story construction produced massive masonry walls as much as 3 feet (0.91 m) thick. Population estimates for the village vary. During the early 20th century, the structures were viewed as small cities, with people residing in every room. From this perspective, Pueblo Bonito could have accommodated several thousand inhabitants at its peak. Recent analysis has lowered

754-529: Was inhabited for only about 300 years and is a good example of the effect that deforestation can have on the local environment. The Ancestral Puebloans, no longer able to grow crops to sustain their population, had to move on. Room 33 is one of the most well-excavated areas of Pueblo Bonito and belongs to the earliest construction phase of the site in the 9th century . A concentration of elite burials occurred in room 33, which are differentiated from other burials in Chaco Canyon since most people were buried outside

783-470: Was required to stop his ongoing excavations on federal property, but continued to run a trading post at Chaco Canyon until his death in 1910. Pueblo Bonito is divided into two sections by a precisely aligned wall which runs north to south through the central plaza. A Great Kiva is situated on either side of the wall, creating a symmetrical pattern common to many of the Great Houses. In addition to

812-507: Was the center of the Chacoan world." Anthropologist Brian Fagan has said that "Pueblo Bonito is an archeological icon, as famous as England's Stonehenge , Mexico's Teotihuacan , or Peru's Machu Picchu ." In January 1941, a section of the canyon wall known as Threatening Rock , or tse biyaa anii'ahi (leaning rock gap) in Navajo , collapsed as a result of a rock fall, destroying some of

841-994: Was the first demonstration that the substance, important in rituals, had been brought into the area that became the United States at any time before the Spanish arrived around 1500. Cylindrical pottery jars, common in Central America, had previously been found there, but are rare. 111 jars have been found in Pueblo Bonito's 800 or so rooms. United States army Lt. James H. Simpson and his guide, Carravahal, from San Ysidro, New Mexico , discovered Chaco Canyon during an 1849 military expedition. They briefly examined eight large ruins in Chaco Canyon , and Carravahal gave them their Spanish names, including Pueblo Bonito, meaning beautiful village . Simpson later published

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