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30-610: The Alianza (also called the Coalition) was a coalition between the pro-independence Union Party led by Antonio R. Barceló and the pro-statehood Republican Party of Puerto Rico led by José Tous Soto . Differences between Barceló, Tous Soto and Félix Córdova Dávila , the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico in Washington, as to the goals of the alliance became apparent. Barceló requested that Herbert Hoover ,

60-576: A group within the party called "Accion Social Puertorriqueño" (Puerto Rican Social Action) who believed in the immediate independence of Puerto Rico. After the Liberal Party was defeated in 1936 elections, an assembly was held in Naranjales on May 31, 1937, in which Muñoz Marín presented his ideas as to how the party should be run; however, the majority of the party members objected and blamed him for their defeat. Muñoz Marín considered this action

90-488: A platform that pushed for the separation of the cabinet and legislature, for Puerto Ricans to have more cabinet positions, for a less powerful governor and the governor's appointments in hopes that Puerto Ricans could have more influence and participation within their own government. From 1913 to 1915 Luis Muñoz Rivera attempted to amend the Jones Act , during its creation, in order to incorporate Puerto Rican autonomy into

120-781: A result. The ELA, and change in platform, drew criticism as being bourgeois especially from more radical factions within the UPR- this faction created the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . In 1924, the Union Party joined with dissident members of the Republican Party to form the Alianza (English: Alliance), a political coalition. In elections, both parties would be on the ballot but their individual votes would be combined as one coalition. Criticism by

150-486: The Popular Democratic Party (PPD), which would end up promoting the "Estado Libre Associado" (Free Associated State) status that Barceló, as president of Union Party, had asked for in 1923 under Campbell Bill and which Muñoz Marín had always opposed, instead of independence. Maria Antonia Josefina Barceló was elected president of the Liberal Party upon the passing of her father in 1938, thus becoming

180-672: The Transparent, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party ) was a political party in Puerto Rico from 1937 to 1948. Luis Muñoz Marín , the son of a former Resident Commissioner , founded the party after being expelled from the Liberal Party on 31 May 1937. The party was the precursor of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). The party formed at Teatro Oliver in Arecibo , Puerto Rico, on 27 June 1937. Its governing board

210-594: The Independence Association merged with Coll y Cuchí's Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico and the Nationalist Youth (Juventud Nacionalista) political organizations to form the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . In 1921 President Harding appointed E. Mont Reily as governor of Puerto Rico . While the UPR had historically been amicable with Puerto Rican Governors, Reily retaliated against

240-587: The Liberal Party. During the elections of 1932, the Liberal Party faced the Alliance, then a coalition of the Republican Party of Puerto Rico and Santiago Iglesias ' Socialist Party. Barceló and Muñoz Marín were both elected senators. The Liberals generally supported the policies of the New Deal and sought to translate the programs to Puerto Rico. It was the single strongest party from 1932 to 1940. It

270-563: The Puerto Rican Republican Party and the Socialist Party for creating new uncertainty regarding the island's status. Fuerza Viva , the farmers association at the time, became especially critical of the UPR as their rhetoric began to emphasis greater foreign economic relations. Fuerza Viva , as a result, began to criticize the UPR and in 1926 began an attack against UPR leader Antonio R. Barcelo . Barcelo

300-530: The UPR as their platform was one of Puerto Rican independence. Facing new political pushback, that included members of the UPR no longer being appointed to government positions, the UPR completely removed Puerto Rican independence from their platform and instead campaigned for an Estado Libre Asociado (English: Free Associated State) on February 11, 1922. The ELA would have effectively allowed Puerto Ricans to be elected as their own governors, by extending U.S. citizenship, and would have removed Reily from office as

330-522: The UPR delegates in Washington opposed Puerto Rican-U.S. Citizenship. Muñoz, in February 1914, introduced his own bill for the continuation of Puerto Rican citizenship - supported by the UPR delegates. However, dejected, the UPR delegates eventually chose to accept the provision "of individual citizenship outlined in the Shafroth bill". Muñoz's patience and diligence regarding the tentative Jones Bill,

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360-502: The act. Rivera attempted to reform the acts incorporation of aspects similar to the older Olmstead Act , especially aspects of United States civil government . Muñoz's campaign for amendments to the eventual Jones act was systemic from the fact he viewed it as "ultra-conservative", and wanted to try and realize Puerto Rican autonomy. The most divisive aspect of the Jones act was United States citizenship for Puerto Ricans. Both Muñoz, and

390-521: The alliance, to disaffiliate themselves from the "Alliance." Because of legal reasons, Barceló was unable to use the name "Union Party" and in 1932 founded the "Liberal Party of Puerto Rico." The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as the original Union Party's agenda and urged independence as a political solution for Puerto Rico. Among those who joined him in the "new" party were Felisa Rincón de Gautier and Ernesto Ramos Antonini . By 1932, Luis Muñoz Rivera's son, Luis Muñoz Marín , had also joined

420-640: The assassination of police colonel Francis Riggs in San Juan as an indirect result of the Río Piedras massacre , which involved the police and students of the University of Puerto Rico , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings presented a legislative proposal in 1936 to grant independence to Puerto Rico. Barceló and the Liberal Party favored the bill, as did other Puerto Rican parties of the time, because it would give Puerto Rico its independence; Muñoz Marín opposed

450-531: The bill because he thought it had unfavorable economic conditions. In 1936, a party assembly was held in San Juan where Muñoz Marín stated that he was not interested in being considered for the position of Resident Commissioner and that Barceló should be the Commissioner. This move would leave the presidency of the party empty and open for Muñoz Marín. Barceló refused to be named Commissioner and to relinquish his presidency. Muñoz Marín and his followers founded

480-471: The early 20th century. The Union of Puerto Rico was known as the dominant political party of the island from 1904 to 1932. UPR founder Luis Muñoz Rivera also founded La Democracia , which effectively acted as the UPR publication. On 19 February 1904, the Union of Puerto Rico party became the first mass party to advocate for independence for Puerto Rico in the form of a sovereign nation. Union of Puerto Rico

510-608: The first woman to preside a political party in Puerto Rico. In the years that followed, the Liberal Party lost its base of support to the PPD. The Liberal Party only survived as an electoral force until 1944. Union of Puerto Rico The Union of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Unión de Puerto Rico , UPR), also known as the Unionist Party (Spanish: Partido Unionista, PU), was a major political party in Puerto Rico in

540-445: The independence plank in its platform simply as an ideal until some future convention shall determine the date on which the said plank shall be considered a party issue… Following the death of Munoz, in 1916, this new platform became permanent, as Munoz's death created poignancy regarding his final public goal for the UPR. The party, thusly, began to take a more conservative platform regarding Puerto Rican autonomy. Eventually, in 1920,

570-548: The legislature. Various members of the party felt that the Union Party was not doing enough for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. In 1919, José Coll y Cuchí quit the party and with his followers founded Asociación Nacionalista de Puerto Rico (English: Nationalist Association) in San Juan . The Nationalist Association had a youth group called the Juventud Nacionalista (English: Nationalist Youth) which

600-434: The more liberal faction of the Puerto Rican Republican Party, and Socialist Party in 1920 regarding Puerto Rico's status lead to the eventual formation of Coalicion . With the growing influence, and organization, of radical parties caused concern within the UPR. The more liberal factions became more popular with the male laboring class. Similar concerns for the UPR arose with female suffrage , achieved in 1924. The response

630-595: The newly elected President of the United States, temporarily retain Horace Mann Towner as governor of the island. Hoover consulted Córdova Dávila instead of Barceló in regard to his intentions of naming Theodore Roosevelt Jr. to the post. Córdova Dávila in turn notified Tous Soto, instead of Barceló, as to Hoover's decision. Barceló was offended and convinced his followers, in the Unionist sector of

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660-532: The party would even work for the expansion of the Jones Act in order to maintain United States relations that they hoped could guarantee eventual Puerto Rican autonomy. In 1913 a small pro-independence faction (known as the independistas ) occurs with José de Diego as a response to the Jones Act. While one of the earliest examples of dissent within the party, de Diego subsequently accepted the Jones Act (in line with his party) in order to retain his position within

690-497: The same as having been expelled from the party. Muñoz Marín and his followers, among which were included Felisa Rincon de Gautier and Ernesto Ramos Antonini, held an assembly in the town of Arecibo, founded the Clear, Net, Authentic, and Complete Liberal Party (Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo), claiming to be the true Liberal Party. The Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo, an independence political party, later became

720-550: Was accused of being a socialist by Fuerza Viva . Throughout the 1920s, while remaining the dominant political party of the island, the UPR experienced a loss of popularity as their image (especially after the formation of the Alianza ) because associated with being bourgeois, and politically conservative. Clear, Net, Authentic, and Complete Liberal Party Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo (roughly, in English,

750-534: Was at that time presided over by José Paniagua. The Nationalist Youth was then composed of students from the University of Puerto Rico and high school students. Other high-ranking members who also felt as Coll y Cuchí and quit the party were Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , José S. Alegría (father of Ricardo Alegría ) and Eugenio Font Suárez, co-founded the Independence Association of Puerto Rico (Asociación Independentista). On September 17, 1922,

780-485: Was challenged by the radical Jose De Diego (another UPR leader) who sought quick resolution for Puerto Rican independence. This division regarding ideology within the party came to be resolved at the UPR convention, in 1915. The party, according to Munoz, came to the conclusion that; The Unionist party . . . by a vote of 106 against 35 resolved to follow a policy entirely along the lines of self-government. The party shall confine its activities to demanding home rule leaving

810-555: Was founded in February 1902 by Luis Muñoz Rivera , Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón , Antonio R. Barceló , José de Diego , Juan Vías Ochoteco and others after the disbanding of the Federal Party following the party's withdrawal in the election of 1900. The party formed under a platform of greater autonomy for Puerto Rico as a result of the group's dissatisfaction, and frustration, with the Foraker Act . The UPR, initially, had

840-470: Was prevented from taking a majority of seats by the Coalición . By 1936, differences between Muñoz Marín and Barceló began to surface. While Barceló dedicated himself to the local political activities of the party in Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín was in Washington, D.C., where, with the help of news reporter Ruby Black, he became known among the politicians of the United States. Among his successes in Washington

870-596: Was the creation of Alianza . In 1932, the Alianza reconstituted itself as the Liberal Party and formally endorsed independence. The Alianza's more conservative, pro-statehood, faction broke off and joined with the Republicans to form the Republican Union. In 1920, after the UPR changed their platform for the expansion of the Jones Act, the UPR experienced criticism by the pro-independence faction of

900-480: Was the implementation of the "Plan Chardon" in the New Deal of the Roosevelt Administration, which he did without consulting Barceló. The successes of Muñoz Marín convinced many in the island that he was the true leader of the Liberal Party, thereby creating a faction within the party between those who considered Muñoz Marín the true leader and those who considered Barceló as their leader. After

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