71-499: Punggol East Single Member Constituency was a single member constituency (SMC) located in the north-eastern area of Singapore. It was managed by Pasir Ris–Punggol Town Council in 2011, Aljuined–Hougang–Punggol East Town Council in 2013 and again by Pasir Ris–Punggol Town Council in 2015. Following the release of the Electoral Boundaries Review committee report for the 2020 general elections , Punggol East SMC
142-512: A parallel voting system at parliamentary and district levels, most of strategic voting takes place in single-member constituencies (or districts in mayoral elections). These constituencies have two-round system when no candidate wins more than 50 per cent of the votes in the first round. A notable example of strategic voting at the parliamentary level could be the 10th Naujoji Vilnia constituency in 2016 Lithuanian parliamentary election . To prevent independent candidate Algirdas Paleckis ' victory,
213-529: A candidate i is defined as: The gain in expected utility for a given vote is given by: The gain in expected utility can be maximized by choosing a vote with suitable values of v i , depending on the voting method and the voter's prospective ratings for each candidate. For specific voting methods, the gain can be maximized using the following rules: Pivot probabilities are rarely estimated in political forecasting , but can be estimated from predicted winning probabilities. An important special case occurs when
284-551: A candidate because they are endorsed by a particular political party or because they are in favor of who would become or remain the leader of the government, more than their feelings for or against the actual candidate standing. Sometimes voters are in favor of a political party but do not like specific candidates. For example, voters in Canada re-elected the Alberta government in 1989 but, because of dissatisfaction with its leadership,
355-532: A consideration in British politics as is reflected in by-elections and by the growth in sites such as tacticalvote.co.uk, who encourage strategic voting as a way of defusing the two party system and empowering the individual voter. For the 2015 UK general election , voteswap.org attempted to prevent the Conservative Party staying in government by encouraging Green Party supporters to tactically vote for
426-524: A historical record. In Hungary , during the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election , several websites, such as taktikaiszavazas.hu (meaning "strategic voting"), promoted the idea to vote for opposition candidates with the highest probability of winning a given seat. About a quarter of opposition voters adopted this behavior, resulting in a total of 498,000 extra votes gained by opposition parties. A total of 14 extra single seats were taken by several parties and independent candidates. In Lithuania , which has
497-590: A method that is highly manipulable to one that is more resistant would help discourage widespread strategic voting, all else equal. From a voting method, it's possible to design another voting method that attempts to strategize on behalf of the voter. Such methods are called declared strategy voting methods, and seek to improve a method's strategy resistance by moving the strategy into the method itself. DSV methods have been proposed for plurality voting , approval voting , and score voting . Tactical voting may occur in isolation or as part of an organized campaign. In
568-698: A party which it perceives as more likely to defeat a common opponent, is less common. An example is the 1906 United Kingdom general election , where the Liberals (incidentally, the predecessors of the Liberal Democrats from the previous example) and the then-insurgent Labour Party (founded in 1900) agreed on the Gladstone-MacDonald pact , under which certain Liberal candidates would stand aside in favor of Labour ones, again to ensure that
639-504: A plurality or majority of voters, depending on the electoral system, support a particular candidate or party so strongly that the candidate's election is practically guaranteed in advance of the vote. This means votes for other candidates effectively make no difference to the result. This results in feelings of disenfranchisement, as well as increased nonparticipation , by both supporters of the dominant candidate (who can confidently abstain from voting because their preferred candidate's victory
710-606: A poll of the 2007 French presidential election which they had carried out using rated ballots. Comparing range voting , Borda count , plurality voting , approval voting with two different absolute approval thresholds, Condorcet voting , and majority judgment , they found that range voting had the highest (worst) strategic vulnerability, while their own method majority judgment had the lowest (best). Further investigation would be needed to be sure that this result remained true with different sets of candidates. Party-list proportional methods show typically less strategic voting, with
781-420: A rational voter strategy is described by Myerson and Weber. The strategy is broadly applicable to a number of single-winner voting methods that are additive point methods, such as Plurality , Borda , Approval , and Range . The strategy is optimal in the sense that the strategy will maximize the voter's expected utility when the number of voters is sufficiently large. This rational voter model assumes that
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#1732797165400852-466: A stronger connection between the representative and constituents and increases accountability and is a check on incompetence and corruption. In countries that have multi-member constituencies, it is argued that the constituency link is lost. For example, in Israel the whole country is a single constituency and representatives are selected by party-lists. On the other hand, today most voters tend to vote for
923-416: A time (not, say, to build the political party for next election); voters have a set of sincere preferences, or utility rankings, by which to rate candidates; voters have some knowledge of each other's preferences; and voters understand how best to use strategic voting to their advantage. The extent to which this model resembles real-life elections is the subject of considerable academic debate. An example of
994-472: A two-party system, where the observed effect of Duverger's law is stronger than in most countries. In 2000, 2016, and 2024, a significant number of voters in the Presidential elections opted to use vote swapping to increase Democratic turnout in swing states and third-party turnout in safe states. One high-profile example of strategic voting was the 2002 California gubernatorial election . During
1065-654: Is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district , which is represented by multiple officeholders. In some countries, such as Australia and India , members of the lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of the upper house are elected from multi-member districts. In some other countries, such as Singapore , members of parliament can be elected from either single-member or multi-member districts. The United States Constitution , ratified in 1789, states: "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by
1136-441: Is nearly assured) as well as supporters of other candidates (who know their preferred candidate is essentially guaranteed to lose). Single-member districts enable gerrymandering, the practice of manipulating district boundaries to favor one political party. Whereas proportional multi-member districts ensure that political parties are represented roughly in proportion to the share of the vote they receive, in single-member districts
1207-532: Is voting in consideration of possible ballots cast by other voters in order to maximize one's satisfaction with the election's results. Gibbard's theorem shows that no voting system has a single "always-best" strategy, i.e. one that always maximizes a voter's satisfaction with the result, regardless of other voters' ballots. This implies all voting systems can sometimes encourage voters to strategize. However, weaker guarantees can be shown under stronger conditions. Examples include one-dimensional preferences (where
1278-573: The 1995 Legislative Yuan election , strategic voting was implemented by the opposition parties, such as the Democratic Progressive Party and the New Party . As the members were elected in multi-member districts, the parties urged their supporters to vote for a party-nominated candidate according to criteria, such as the last digit of the voter's National Identification Card Number or the voter's birth month. This maximized
1349-499: The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections , the Republican Party won 51.2% of the popular vote but 56.7% of the seats. Supporters view this effect as beneficial, claiming that two-party systems are more stable, and that the minority opposition does not have undue power to break a coalition. First-past-the-post minimizes the influence of third parties and thus arguably keeps out forms of opposition outside of
1420-497: The 2015 general election , Lee went to defend her seat but lost to PAP's Charles Chong with 48.24% of the votes. During the 2020 general election , the ward was absorbed into a new Sengkang GRC for the 2020 general election , after the Electoral Boundaries Review Committee (EBRC) released its report on 13 March 2020. Sengkang GRC was won by WP, putting the area back in the hands of WP. After
1491-481: The 2018 Wisconsin State Assembly election , for example, the Republican Party won 45% of the popular vote but 64% of the seats, due in part to gerrymandering ). Contrary to conventional wisdom, a 2023 study found that single-member district systems do not have more geographically representative parliaments than systems with multi-member districts. Strategic voting Strategic or tactical voting
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#17327971654001562-610: The Epsom electorate which has been won solely by the ACT party since 2005. In the 2023 Polish parliamentary election , websites like pogonimypis.pl (meaning "We'll chase the PiS") gave information for which voters should vote for in their constituency in order to maximize the chance of the opposition winning the extra seat. The campaign was a success, with PiS losing the majority in the Sejm . At
1633-754: The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem prove that any useful single-winner voting method based on preference ranking is prone to some kind of manipulation. Game theory has been used to search for some kind of "minimally manipulable" ( incentive compatibility ) voting schemes. Game theory can also be used to analyze the pros and cons of different methods. For instance, when electors vote for their own preferences rather than tactically, Condorcet method -like methods tend to settle on compromise candidates, while instant-runoff voting favors those candidates with strong core support but otherwise narrower appeal due to holding more uncompromising positions. Moreover, although by
1704-695: The Liberal Movement's , the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union 's and the Social Democratic Party 's candidates endorsed their supporters to vote for the Homeland Union 's candidate Monika Navickienė (who came in second place). Monika Navickienė eventually won the constituency by around 900 votes. At a district level, an example could be Kėdainiai district's mayoral election in the 2015 municipal elections. In
1775-636: The New Progressive Party 's candidate of that year, was unpopular across much of the territory due to large corruption schemes and the privatization of public corporations. To prevent Rossell from winning, other factions supported the Partido Popular Democratico 's candidate. The elections were close; statehood advocates won a seat in the U.S. house of representatives and majorities in both legislative branches, but lost governance to Aníbal Acevedo Vilá . (Puerto Ricans have
1846-563: The Ontario New Democratic Party vote to a historic low. In the 2004 federal election , and to a lesser extent in the 2006 election , strategic voting was a concern for the federal New Democratic Party (NDP). In the 2004 election, the governing Liberal Party was able to convince many New Democratic voters to vote Liberal to avoid a Conservative government. In the 2006 elections, the Liberal Party attempted
1917-683: The Smart Voting campaign organized by Russia's Anti-Corruption Foundation with the goal of opposing and weakening the United Russia party in the 2021 Russian legislative election . The observed effect of Duverger's law in Canada is weaker than in other countries. In the 1999 Ontario provincial election , strategic voting was encouraged by opponents of the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris . This failed to unseat Harris but succeeded in suppressing
1988-492: The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) to prevent Sinn Féin from capturing such seats. This conclusion was reached by comparing results to the demographics of constituencies and polling districts. In the 2017 general election , it is estimated that 6.5 million people (more than 20% of voters) voted tactically either as a way of preventing a "hard Brexit" or preventing another Conservative government led by
2059-613: The Uniform Congressional District Act ( 2 U.S. Code §2c ), under the justification that they served as bulwarks against southern Democrats diluting the electoral power of African Americans by using strategically drawn at-large multi-member districts. For instance, Southern Democrats could create a single statewide multi-member district elected by plurality vote, all but guaranteeing the white majority would elect only Democrats. It has been argued by proponents of single-member constituencies that it encourages
2130-650: The electoral system of New Zealand has seen strategic voting regularly occur in several elections, including one party explicitly or implicitly encouraging voters to vote for a candidate other than theirs. This happened first in 1996 in the Wellington Central , and then in 1999 in the Coromandel . From 1996 until 2005, it was a regular feature in the Ohariu-Belmont electorate, which was won by Peter Dunne throughout its existence and from 2005 in
2201-408: The median rule is strategyproof) and dichotomous preferences (where approval or score voting are strategyproof). With large electoral districts, party list methods tend to be difficult to manipulate in the absence of an electoral threshold . However, biased apportionment methods can create opportunities for strategic voting, as can small electoral districts (e.g. those used most often with
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2272-436: The single transferable vote ). Proportional representation systems with small districts often involve large-scale vote management operations, which are common in countries using STV-PR such as Ireland . Some types of strategic voting described in the literature are: Although Gibbard's theorem shows that no voting method can be completely immune to strategy, some methods are more manipulable than others. Switching from
2343-533: The 5% electoral threshold in Germany. In Germany the share of strategic voters was found around 30%, which decreased to 9% if only non-allied party candidates were contenders for the electoral district winner. In a contentious election year the share of strategic voters increased to around 45%. Due to electoral threshold in party-list proportional representation one party asked in several elections their voters to vote for another allied party to help this party cross
2414-627: The Conservative candidates would not win on the basis of a split anti-Tory vote. An intermediate case also exists, where a non-party campaign attempts to coordinate tactical voting, typically with the goal of defeating a certain party. Cases of this include the Canadian Anything But Conservative campaign, which opposed the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2008 and 2015 federal elections , or
2485-472: The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem no deterministic single-winner voting method is immune to strategic voting in all cases, some methods' results are more resistant to strategic voting than others'. Michel Balinski and Rida Laraki, the inventors of the majority judgment method, performed an initial investigation of this question using a set of Monte Carlo simulated elections based on the results from
2556-629: The Labour Party in listed marginal seats. In 2017 swapmyvote.uk was formed to help supporters of all parties swap their votes with people in other constituencies. In the 2006 local elections in London, strategic voting was promoted by sites such as London Strategic Voter in a response to national and international issues. In Northern Ireland, it is believed that (predominantly Protestant) Unionist voters in Nationalist strongholds have voted for
2627-557: The Liberals at the expense of the NDP and Green Party was partially due to strategic voting for Liberal candidates. In three weeks, 1.4 million voters switched from NDP to Liberal. In at least two closely-contested ridings, strategic voting websites obtained enough pledges to account for the victory margin of the Liberal candidate. The two-round system in France shows strategic voting in
2698-603: The People of the several States...Representatives...shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers." In other words, the Constitution specifies that each state will be apportioned a number of representatives in the House of Representatives proportional to its population. It does not, however, specify how those representatives should be apportioned. In
2769-584: The Podemos and Ciudadanos and following the economic crisis and election in 2015. The strategic voters successfully influenced the outcome of the election, despite a record low turnout of 66.5%. In a natural experiment in Andalusia 9% voted strategically when having opportunity, strategic behavior did not increase with time, and did not affect surrounding electoral areas, under the assumption that strategic voting happens only for district magnitude above 5. In
2840-598: The Republican primaries, Republicans Richard Riordan (former mayor of Los Angeles ) and Bill Simon (a self-financed businessman) vied for a chance to compete against the unpopular incumbent Democratic Governor of California , Gray Davis . Polls predicted that Riordan would defeat Davis, while Simon would not. At that time, the Republican primaries were partially closed primaries in which non-partisans and registered Republicans could vote regardless of their party affiliation. Davis supporters (those were eligible to vote in
2911-452: The Republican primary) were rumored to have voted for Simon because Riordan was perceived as a greater threat to Davis; this, combined with a negative advertising campaign by Davis describing Riordan as a "big-city liberal", allowed Simon to win the primary despite a last-minute business scandal . The strategy to nominate Simon (if in fact it was a reality), was successful, as he lost in the general election against Davis. However, it resulted in
Punggol East Single Member Constituency - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-532: The Tactical2017 campaign. Many Green Party candidates withdrew from the race in order to help the Labour Party secure closely fought seats against the Conservatives. This ultimately led to the Conservatives losing seats in the election even though they increased their overall vote share. In the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election to determine the final two candidates for the party vote, it
3053-491: The United States), candidates put disproportionate resources into competing strongly in the first few stages, because those stages affect the reaction of later stages. Strategic voting is highly dependent on the voting method being used. A strategic vote which improves a voter's satisfaction under one method could make no change or lead to a less-satisfying result under another method. Arrow's impossibility theorem and
3124-482: The by-election, Dr Koh Poh Koon , while both WP's Lee and SDA's Lim had returned to contest the by-election. The election also featured a fourth candidate, the Secretary-general of Reform Party , Kenneth Jeyaretnam . There were two rounds of rallies in this by-election, Workers' Party 's rally drew the most audiences amounting ranging 5,000 to 12,000 audiences, while Singapore Democratic Alliance using
3195-535: The candidate of the Slovenian Democratic Party ; however, his opponent Zoran Janković , the candidate of Positive Slovenia , won. Prominent Slovenian public opinion researchers claimed that such proportions of strategic voting had not been recorded anywhere else before. In the 2016 General Election in Spain, the incentives for voting tactically were much larger than usual, following the rise of
3266-520: The chance to vote by party or by candidate. Separatists voted under their ideology but for the center party's candidate, which caused major turmoil.) After a recount and a trial, Acevedo Vilá was certified as governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Analysis of strategic voting is commonly based on a model of behavior where voters are short-term instrumentally rational . That is, voters are only voting in order to make an impact on one election at
3337-535: The defeat of the Conservatives . This resulted in the Liberal Democrats winning what had previously been a Conservative safe seat . In 2024, tactical voting is again being advocated for the 2024 general election , as a means to defeat Conservative candidates in seats with traditional large Conservative majorities. Strategic voting in the US's first-past-the-post voting and presidential system contributes to
3408-401: The dominant rival party. Critics of two-party systems believe that two-party systems offer less choice to voters, create an exaggerated emphasis on issues that dominate more marginal seats, and does not completely remove the possibility of a balanced chamber (or hung parliament ), which can also give undue power to independents and lead to more, not less, stability. A safe seat is one in which
3479-583: The early years of the United States, a form of multi-member districts called plural districts were the norm. In contrast with modern proportional multi-member districts (which had not yet been invented), plural districts were elected at-large in plurality votes. By 1842, single-member House districts had become the norm, with twenty-two states using single-member districts and only six using at-large multi-member districts. On 14 December 1967, single-member House districts were mandated by law pursuant to
3550-580: The election, although they did not win a majority of seats. During the 2015 federal election , strategic voting was used extensively against the Conservative government of Stephen Harper , which had benefited from vote splitting among centrist and left-leaning parties in the 2011 election . Following the landslide victory of the Liberals led by Justin Trudeau over Harper's Conservatives, experts argued that this dramatic increase in support for
3621-499: The election, the area division was renamed "Rivervale" by WP and "Sengkang East" by PAP. Single Member Constituency Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results A single-member district or constituency
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#17327971654003692-558: The electoral threshold. In Hong Kong , with its party-list proportional representation using largest remainder method with the Hare quota , voters supporting candidates of the pro-democracy camp often organize to divide their votes across different tickets, avoiding the concentration of votes on one or a few candidates. In 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Election , the practices of strategic voting were expanded by Benny Tai 's Project ThunderGo. The anti-establishment camp gained 29 seats,
3763-400: The entire district is represented by a single politician, even if a sizeable minority (or even a majority, in the case of plurality voting) of the electorate votes for candidates from other parties. This enables political parties to rig elections in their favor by drawing districts in such a way that more districts are won by their party than their proportion of the overall vote would dictate (in
3834-405: The first round, due to considerations which candidate will reach the second round. The mixed-member proportional representation allows to estimate the share of strategic voters in first-past-the-post voting due to the separate votes for party-lists and local single-winner electoral district candidates. The vote for party-lists is considered sincere if the party vote share is significantly above
3905-635: The first round, the Labour Party won 13 seats of 26 seats in district council and was just one seat short of absolute majority. Nijolė Naujokienė (candidate to the district's mayoral seat from the Labour Party) came short by 0.68 per cent in the mayoral election. Her opponent, Saulius Grinkevičius, had a 22 per cent gap to overcome. In the second round, Saulius Grinkevičius won by around 8 per cent (and 1,600 votes). Since New Zealand moved to mixed-member proportional representation voting in 1996,
3976-446: The former situation, electors make their own judgement as to the most effective way to (typically) prevent the election of a specific candidate or party. In the latter, one or more parties or groups encourage their supporters to vote tactically in an effort to influence the outcome. Organized tactical voting in which a political party mounts a campaign calling on its supporters not to vote for their own favored candidates, but for those of
4047-525: The hope of stopping a party whose views they opposed. According to a 2020 study, older voters in the UK vote strategically more than younger voters, and richer voters vote more strategically than poorer voters. In an example of individuals voting tactically, Labour voters in the 2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election in the UK tactically supported the Liberal Democrat candidate in order to ensure
4118-603: The lowest gubernatorial general election turnout in modern California political history, thus requiring fewer signatures to qualify a recall that ultimately ousted Davis . Similarly, in 2012, Claire McCaskill boosted Todd Akin in the 2012 US Senate election in Missouri . In addition to running ads highlighting Akin's conservative stances, McCaskill also directed messages to surrogates to tell Akin to run ads which would increase his primary polling. Puerto Rico 's 2004 elections were affected by strategic voting. Pedro Rosselló,
4189-552: The main opposition parties, and many who were not aligned with any party. While it is hard to prove that GROT swung the election itself, it did attract significant media attention and brought strategic voting into the mainstream for the first time in UK politics. In 2001, the Democratic Left's successor organisation, the New Politics Network , organised a similar campaign. Since then strategic voting has become
4260-413: The opposition's seat gains and resulted in the ruling Kuomintang losing 10 seats, receiving the lowest share of seats in history at the time. In the 1997 UK general election , Democratic Left helped Bruce Kent set up GROT (Get Rid Of Them) a strategic voter campaign whose aim was to help prevent the Conservative Party from gaining a 5th term in office. This coalition was drawn from individuals in all
4331-569: The percentage of valid votes cast were 54.50%, or 16,045 votes), marking the second by-election where an opposition had won a parliament seat from the ruling party. She was sworn in at the Parliament on 4 February 2013, and held her Meet-The-People session on the same day. After Lee's victory of the SMC, Aljunied-Hougang Town Council went for a merger with Punggol East to achieve economics of scale named Aljunied-Hougang-Punggol East Town Council. During
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#17327971654004402-426: The premier and leader of the governing party, Don Getty , lost his seat. It has been argued that single-member districts tend to promote two-party systems (with some regional parties). Called Duverger's law , this principle has also been empirically supported by the cube rule , which shows how the winning party in a first-past-the-post system is mathematically over-represented in the legislature. For example, in
4473-406: The same strategy, with Prime Minister Paul Martin asking New Democrats and Greens to vote for the Liberal Party to prevent a Conservative win. The New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton responded by asking voters to "lend" their votes to his party, suggesting that the Liberal Party was bound to lose the election regardless of strategic voting. This failed to prevent the Conservatives from winning
4544-437: The same time, a referendum with the questions asked in a persuasive way took place, with the oppositing recommending to not take the referendal card. The voter turnout of the referendum is 40%, making it non-binding and merely a suggestion for all the future governments. According to some media, in the 2011 Slovenian parliamentary election , 30% of voters voted tactically. Public polls predicted an easy win for Janez Janša ,
4615-460: The social media and technology to draw audiences via a series of videos posted to YouTube . During the vote counting, SDA's Desmond Lim officially conceded defeat. Jeyaretnam and Lim both lost their election deposit in this by-election. At 0.57%, Lim also set a record for the lowest percentage garnered in an election since post-independence Singapore. WP's Lee won the by-election for the party with 16,038 votes, or 54.52% (Including overseas votes,
4686-637: The strategies. Because strategic voting relies heavily on voters' perception of how other voters intend to vote, campaigns in electoral methods that promote compromise frequently focus on affecting voters' perception of campaign viability. Most campaigns craft refined media strategies to shape the way voters see their candidacy. During this phase, there can be an analogous effect where campaign donors and activists may decide whether or not to support candidates tactically with their money and time. In rolling elections , where some voters have information about previous voters' preferences (e.g. presidential primaries in
4757-526: The voter has no information about how other voters will vote. This is sometimes referred to as the zero information strategy . In this special case, the p ij pivot probabilities are all equal and the rules for the specific voting methods become: Myerson and Weber also describe voting equilibria that require all voters use the optimal strategy and all voters share a common set of p ij pivot probabilities. Because of these additional requirements, such equilibria may in practice be less widely applicable than
4828-404: The voter's utility of the election result is dependent only on which candidate wins and not on any other aspect of the election, for example showing support for a losing candidate in the vote tallies. The model also assumes the voter chooses how to vote individually and not in collaboration with other voters. Given a set of k candidates and a voter let: Then the voter's prospective rating for
4899-475: The votes, respectively in the 2011 general election . As Lim has garnered less than the 12.5% vote threshold, his election deposit was forfeited by the election department. Following Palmer's resignation in December 2012, the ward was placed in the care of Teo Ser Luck . On 9 January 2013, a By-Election 2013 for the ward was announced to be held on 26 January. On 10 January, PAP unveiled their candidate for
4970-421: Was merged into Sengkang GRC . Punggol East SMC was the sole constituency to feature a three-cornered contest for the 2011 election. The election was won by People's Action Party's Michael Palmer , who was the incumbent MP of the ward with 54.54% of the votes, beating Workers' Party's newcomer Lee Li Lian and Singapore Democratic Alliance 's secretary-general Desmond Lim , who garnered 41.01% and 4.45% of
5041-463: Was suggested that front-runner Boris Johnson's campaign encouraged some of its MPs to back Jeremy Hunt instead of Johnson, so that Hunt—seen as "a lower-energy challenger"—would finish in second place, allowing an easier defeat in the party vote. Strategic voting was expected to play a major role in the 2019 General Election , with a YouGov poll suggesting that 19% of voters would be doing so tactically. 49% of strategic voters said they would do so in
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