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26-442: ʻUlīʻulī are made from Calabash gourds filled with sand, aliʻi poe seeds, or pebbles. The handle is made of strips of rattan . The top of the instrument is made of kapa. Assorted feathers are gathered to be applied to the top as a cap. The ʻulīʻulī are made of various materials and take time to assemble properly. To make the base where the rattling sound is made, a calabash gourd is hollowed out and dried until hardened. Once

52-514: A xylophone that has gourds attached to the bottom of each note for resonance . Gourds have maintained a prominent role in the mythology of numerous cultures. In regard to Christianity , several artists such as Frans Floris and Carlo Crivelli have depicted the gourd as a symbol of the Resurrection of Christ, juxtaposed with the Fruit of Good and Evil that was consumed by Adam and Eve. In

78-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called

104-489: A multitude of uses including food storage , cooking tools, toys, musical instruments and decoration. Today, gourds are commonly used for a wide variety of crafts, including jewelry, furniture, dishes, utensils and a wide variety of decorations using carving, burning and other techniques such as lamps and containers for storing objects. Just one example of a musical instrument is the West African Balafon ,

130-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to

156-420: Is occasionally used to describe crop plants in the family Cucurbitaceae, like pumpkins , cucumbers , squash , luffa , and melons . More specifically, gourd refers to the fruits of plants in the two Cucurbitaceae genera Lagenaria and Cucurbita , or also to their hollow, dried-out shell. There are many different gourds worldwide. The main plants referred to as gourds include several species from

182-567: Is often depicted carrying a staff with a gourd attached to its end. Li Tieguai , one of the Eight Immortals is also often depicted with a bottle gourd that contains a special medicine that he uses to aid the sick, poor, or needy. These depictions denote the fruit's significance as a symbol of longevity and the power of medicine within Chinese culture. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )

208-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family

234-457: Is the primary instrument used by the kumu hula also known as the instructors. The pahu guides the dancers, dictating the pace of the dance with the rhythm of the drum. Dancers place the drum on the ground or strap it to their thigh and play it during the hula. Another drum used is the small, light-weight knee drum called a kilu , also known as a pūniu , which is made out of a half coconut and covered with animal skin. The drum usually accompanies

260-452: The ipu and pūʻili . Hula ʻauana , a more modern style of hula, are performed for a larger, global audience and have broadened meanings to incorporate narratives about love and Hawaiian identity. Ipu is a percussion instrument made from gourds that is often used to provide a beat for hula dancing. Pūʻili are wooden rhythm sticks used in pairs by dancers. Pūʻili are made from bamboo and are about 20 inches in length. Slits are cut in

286-758: The Old Testament of the Christian bible, a gourd tree was used to shield Jonah from intense weather conditions while he was surveying Nineveh. This terminology is contested by the New King James Version which calls which simply uses the term plant. In Catholicism , the calabash and rod that pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago adorn have become synonymous with the image of Raphael (archangel) . The gourd also makes frequent appearances in Chinese mythology. The Chinese god of longevity Shouxing

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312-400: The pahu . In the past, pahu drums were usually made of breadfruit trees, the use of coconut wood is becoming more prevalent. The drums range from one to four feet in height. In pre-contact Hawaii the covering of the pahu drum was made with shark skin, but now the shark skin has been substituted with cow hide. Gourds Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in

338-412: The bamboo lengthwise with strands removed so that the bamboo rattles when moved. ʻIliʻili are water-worn lava stones used by dancers in a staccato rhythm during a dance. Depending on the hula performed, dancers hold two stones in each hand, similar to how chopsticks are held, and make clicking noises by striking the stones together. The pahu , or hula drum, is considered to be a sacred instrument and

364-472: The cap covering the top of the instrument. Some ʻulīʻulī are made with kapa material attached to the center of the feather cap. Patterns stamped on the kapa material using ʻohe kāpala , flat carved bamboo sticks. Several plants like achiote , ʻōlena turmeric , ʻukiʻuki ( Dianella sandwicensis ), noni Indian mulberry , kukui candlenut tree , and ʻākala raspberry can be ground up and mixed with water to make natural ink dyes for stamping designs onto

390-569: The company of prophets' stew according to a story of Elisha in the Hebrew Bible . Elisha added flour to the stew in order to purify it. This interpretation of the verse is disputed by Rashi's interpretation, who translates it as poisonous mushrooms, not poisonous gourds. Gourds continued to be used throughout history in almost every culture throughout the world. European contact in North America found extensive gourd use, including

416-627: The family Cucurbitaceae , particularly Cucurbita and Lagenaria . The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without. Many gourds have large, bulbous bodies and long necks, such as Dipper Gourds, many variations of Bottle Gourd and caveman club gourds. One of the earliest domesticated types of plants, subspecies of the bottle gourd , Lagenaria siceraria , have been discovered in archaeological sites dating from as early as 13,000 BC. Gourds have had numerous uses throughout history, including as tools, musical instruments, objects of art, film, and food. Gourd

442-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

468-725: The genus Luffa , as well as the wax gourd , snake gourd , teasel gourd , hedgehog gourd , buffalo gourd /coyote gourd. The bitter melon /balsam apple/balsam pear is also sometimes referred to as a gourd. L. siceraria or bottle gourd, are native to the Americas, being found in Peruvian archaeological sites dating from 13,000 to 11,000 BC and Thailand sites from 11,000 to 6,000 BC. A study of bottle gourd DNA published in 2005 suggests that there are two distinct subspecies of bottle gourds, domesticated independently in Africa and Asia,

494-591: The genus Cucurbita (mostly native to North America, including the Malabar gourd and turban squash ), Crescentia cujete (the tree gourd or calabash tree, native to the American tropics) and Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd, thought to be originally from Africa but present worldwide). Other plants with gourd in their name include the luffa gourd (likely domesticated in Asia), which includes several species from

520-441: The gourd is dried, it is filled with aliʻi poe ( Canna ) seeds. The base filled with the aliʻi poe seeds, is then attached to a stick wrapped with rattan for the handle by making holes at the top of the gourd and looping the strips of rattan through the holes. Kapa material is used for the cap and attached to the top end of the handle. Assorted feathers, commonly red and yellow feathers or hackle feathers, are attached to make

546-466: The kapa. ʻUlīʻulī are used in traditional Hawaiian hula dances. Hula dancers make rattling sounds with the ʻulīʻulī by shaking or tapping the base against the body. Hula kahiko are performed to honor the gods and entertain the royal court while preserving orally transmitted narratives and genealogies. ʻUlīʻulī are used in kahiko performances to maintain timing and to enhance sounds created simultaneously through chanting and other instruments like

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572-593: The latter approximately 4,000 years earlier. The gourds found in the Americas appear to have come from the Asian subspecies very early in history, although a new study now indicates Africa. The archaeological and DNA records show it is likely that the gourd was among the first domesticated species, in Asia between 12,000 and 13,000 years before present , and possibly the first domesticated plant species. Wild, poisonous gourds ( Citrullus colocynthis ) were unknowingly added to

598-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted

624-453: The unpleasant taste while retaining the nutritional and medicinal values of the plants. These include Teasle gourd ( Momordica dioica ) , Spine gourd ( Momordica subangulata ), Sweet gourd ( Momordica cochinchinensis ), balsam apple ( Momordica balsamina ) and Momordica sahyadrica . Cultures from arid regions often associate gourds with water , and they appear in many creation myths . Since before human written history, they have had

650-593: The use of bottle gourds as birdhouses to attract purple martins , which provided bug control for agriculture. Almost every culture had musical instruments made of gourds, including drums, stringed instruments common to Africa and wind instruments, including the nose flutes of the Pacific. Scientists in India have been working on crossbreeding six members of the Momordica (bitter gourd) genus found in India to reduce

676-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

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