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39-477: The 2.1 km (0.8 sq mi) Punta Tombo Provincial Reserve has been protected since 1979, according to a provincial decree , and it is one of the main tourist attractions in Chubut. Punta Tombo is part of the new marine national park at Golfo San Jorge . The 3 km (1.9 mi) long, 600 m (1,969 ft) wide peninsula is covered with sand, clay and gravel. A variety of wildlife can be seen in

78-587: A decree is a law of a community or regional parliament , e.g. the Flemish Parliament . Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

117-481: A general sense all documents promulgated by an ecumenical council can be called decrees, in a specific sense some of these documents, as at the Second Vatican Council , were called more precisely constitutions or declarations. Canon 29 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law defines general decrees: General decrees, by which a competent legislator makes common provisions for a community capable of receiving

156-581: A judicious division of administrative matters, he established the permanent organization of these departments of the Curia. Immensa aeterni Dei called for the formation of 15 permanent congregations: While the chief end of the Congregations of Cardinals was to assist the pontiff in the administration of the affairs of the Church, some of these congregations were created to assist in the administration of

195-525: A law, are true laws and are regulated by the provisions of the canons on laws. The Holy See uses decrees from the pope such as papal bull , papal brief or motu proprio as legislative acts. The word décret , literally "decree", is an old legal usage in France and is used to refer to executive orders issued by the French President or Prime Minister . Any such order must not violate

234-544: A letter of the Cardinal-prefect , and major officers, freely selected by the pope, and named by a note of the Cardinal Secretary of State . There is to be henceforth no cumulation of offices in the hands of one individual, not only to satisfy the requirements of distributive justice, but also because the tenure of several offices by the same person often results in detriment to the service. Wherefore, it

273-482: A place in Chubut Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Decree A decree is a legal proclamation , usually issued by a head of state , judge , royal figure , or other relevant authorities , according to certain procedures. These procedures are usually defined by the constitution , Legislative laws , or customary laws of a government . In Belgium ,

312-468: Is a decree inasmuch as these documents are legislative acts of the pope . In this sense, the term is quite ancient. The Roman Congregations were formerly empowered to issue decrees in matters which come under their particular jurisdiction but were forbidden from continuing to do so under Pope Benedict XV in 1917. Each ecclesiastical province and also each diocese may issue decrees in their periodical synods within their sphere of authority. While in

351-520: Is a presidential decree. Such an ukaz has the force of law, but may not alter the Russian constitution or the regulations of existing laws, and may be superseded by laws passed by the Federal Assembly . The Government of Russia can also issue decrees formally called Decisions ( Постановления Postanovleniya or Orders ( Распоряжения Rasporyazheniya ) and may not contradict

390-447: Is forbidden for an officer of one of the congregations to serve in any way as an agent, or as a procurator or advocate, in his own department or in any other ecclesiastical tribunal. The competency of the 'congresso' in each congregation is determined. The congresso consists of the major officers under the presidency of the cardinal who presides over the congregation. It deals with the matters of less importance among those that are before

429-510: The College of Cardinals , commissioned to take care of some field of activity that concerned the Holy See . After the Second Vatican Council , members included diocesan bishops from diverse parts of the world who are not cardinals. Each congregation also had a permanent staff. Each congregation was led by a prefect, who is usually a cardinal. A non-cardinal appointed to head a congregation

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468-550: The French Constitution or Civil Code , and a party has the right to request an order be annulled in the French Council of State . Orders must be ratified by Parliament before they can be modified into legislative Acts. Special orders known as décret-loi , literally "decree-act" or "decree-law", usually considered an illegal practice under the 3rd and 4th Republic, were finally abolished and replaced by

507-728: The French National Assembly , the calling of new legislative elections, and the grant of the title Marshal of France . Decrees are published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française ( French Gazette ). According to clause 77 of the Italian Constitution , The Government may not, without an enabling act from the Houses [of Parliament], issue decrees having the force of ordinary law. When in extraordinary cases of necessity and urgency

546-668: The constitution , the Supreme Leader delineates the general policies of the Islamic Republic. After the Russian Revolution , a government proclamation of wide meaning was called a "decree" ( декрет dekret ); a more specific proclamation was called an указ ukaz . Both terms are usually translated as 'decree'. According to the Russian Federation's 1993 constitution , an ukaz

585-541: The Council of State. There exists a procedure for the Prime Minister to issue ordinances in such areas, but this procedure requires Parliament's express consent (see Art 38 of the 1958 Constitution). Orders issued by the Prime Minister take two forms: Sometimes, people refer to décrets en Conseil d'État improperly as décrets du Conseil d'État . This would imply that it is the Council of State that makes

624-471: The Curia with the norms established by the 1983 Code of Canon Law and the early drafts of what became the 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches . Pastor Bonus also continued Paul's expansion of the membership of congregations, allowing priests, deacons, the religious and the laity to be members of certain congregations and establishing consultors , experts appointed to the dicasteries of

663-569: The Government adopts provisional measures having the force of law, it must on the same day present said measures for confirmation to the Houses which, even if dissolved, shall be extraordinally summoned for this purpose and shall convene within five days. The decrees lose effect from their inception if they are not confirmed within sixty days from their publication. The Houses may however regulate by law legal relationships arising out of unconfirmed decrees. The effectiveness for sixty days produces

702-611: The Propaganda as only one; however, the last-named congregation is divided into two parts: Congregation of the Propaganda for Affairs of the Latin Church, and Congregation of the Propaganda for Affairs of the Oriental Rites, it may well be considered as two congregations, so that the total number of the congregations is fourteen. Sixtus V granted ordinary jurisdiction to each of the congregations which he instituted within

741-871: The Roman Curia to provide opinions, either singly or collectively, for particular issues when required. Sr. Luzia Premoli , superior general of the Combonian Missionary Sisters, was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in 2014, thus becoming the first woman to be appointed a member of a Vatican congregation. On 19 March 2022, Pope Francis issue the apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium , abrogating and replacing Pope John Paul II's Pastor bonus of 1988. The former Congregations are now termed " dicasteries " (i.e., "departments"). Before

780-553: The Sacred Ceremonial Congregation. One of the main changes brought about by Paul VI was the admission of diocesan bishops and archbishops as members of the Congregations, which has previously been restricted to cardinals. As before, the members of a congregation do not intervene in the day-to-day operations of the congregation, which is in the hands of the Prefect and the permanent staff, headed generally by

819-600: The Secretary and the Undersecretary. The permanent staff is to be of international provenance. Membership normally meet to discuss more general problems and to determine guidelines no more than once a year. The most recent reorganization of the Roman Congregations came with Pope John Paul II 's Constitution Pastor Bonus , issued June 28, 1988. This constitution more closely aligned the structure of

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858-566: The area, including a colony of Magellanic penguins, other seabirds (mainly gulls and cormorants ), rheas and guanacos . In the 19th century, British mariners knew Punta Tombo as "Tombas". The Magellanic penguin colony at Punta Tombo is exposed to overfishing of prey species and oil spills , many of which go unreported. One such spill in August 1991 claimed the lives of at least 16,000 Magellanic penguins, some of which made landfall at Punta Tombo in an oiled condition. The spill coincided with

897-450: The better exercise of its functions. On 29 June 1908, with the constitution Sapienti Consilio , Pope Pius X reduced the number of the congregations to 11. They were: All decisions of the sacred congregations require pontifical approval, unless special powers have been given previously by the pope. The officials of the congregations are divided into two classes: minor officers, who are to be chosen by competitive examination and named by

936-508: The case, but were given authority to decide it. However, the ever-growing number of business items and the ever-increasing complexity of the issues necessitated the creation of separate, specialised administrative-legislative bodies (the administrative and legislative functions of ecclesiastical government are not as sharply separated in the Catholic Church as in a secular government with the separation of powers ). Pope Sixtus V

975-449: The congregation, while those of greater moment must be referred to the full congregation. It is also the business of the congresso to prepare for their discussion those matters that are to be considered by the full congregation. On the other hand, the congresso is charged with the execution of the orders of the full congregation that have received the approval of the pope. As examples of matters of greater importance which must be considered by

1014-479: The congregations overshadowed the ecclesiastical tribunals and even the Roman Rota , in fact almost taking their places. In time the transaction of business was impeded by the accumulation of jurisdictions, different congregations exercising jurisdiction rendering decisions and enacting laws in the same matters; Pius X resolved to define the competency of each congregation more precisely and to provide otherwise for

1053-540: The constitution/laws or presidential decrees. Roman Congregations Former dicasteries In the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church , a congregation ( Latin : Sacræ Cardinalium Congregationes ) was a type of department. They were second-highest-ranking departments, ranking below the two Secretariats, and above the pontifical councils, pontifical commissions , tribunals and offices. Originally, congregations were select groups of cardinals drawn from

1092-417: The decree, whereas the power of decreeing is restricted to the president or prime minister; the role of the administrative sections of the council is purely advisory. Decrees may be classified into: Only the prime minister may issue regulatory or application decrees. Presidential decrees are generally nominations or exceptional measures where the law mandates a presidential decree, such as the dissolution of

1131-410: The effects immediately, giving rights or expectations whose legal basis was precarious, especially when the conversion law never intervened. In Portugal there are several types of decree ( Portuguese : decreto ) issued by the various bodies of sovereignty or by the bodies of local government of autonomous regions . As of 2022 , there are the following types of decree: According to article 110 of

1170-487: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life A decree ( Latin : decretum ) in the usage of the canon law of the Catholic Church has various meanings. Any papal bull , brief , or motu proprio

1209-531: The full congregation, the special rules ( normæ peculiares ) mention the solution of doubts or of questions that may arise in regard to the interpretation of ecclesiastical laws, the examination of important administrative controversies and kindred matters. Following the Second Vatican Council , Pope Paul VI implemented many of the changes called for in the Curia with his Constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae of 15 August 1967. The functions of some offices that had already been severely reduced were abolished:

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1248-535: The limits of the cases assigned to it, reserving to himself and to his successors the presidency of some of the more important congregations, such as the Congregation of the Holy Inquisition and that of the Signature of Grace. As time went on, the congregations of cardinals, which at first dealt exclusively with administrative matters, came to pass upon the legal points of the cases submitted to them, until

1287-426: The most important were the Roman Congregations, traditionally comprising cardinals who assist the pope in the administration of the affairs of the Church. The Roman Congregations originated from the necessity, felt from the beginning, of studying the questions submitted for pontifical decision, in order to sift the legal questions arising and to establish matters of fact. Ecclesiastical business used to be handled by

1326-401: The pontifical chancery. This work, at first entrusted to the papal chaplains, was afterwards divided between the penitentiarii and the auditores , according as questions of the internal or the external forum (i.e., jurisdiction) were to be considered. Thereafter, cardinals in greater or less number were associated with them. Often, however, they were not merely entrusted with the preparation of

1365-448: The population's breeding migration. More penguins were expected to have died at sea. The colony's population exceeded 1,000,000 birds in 1982. Between 1994 and 1995, the colony's population dropped 37%. In 1999, the colony was an estimated 400,000 birds. In 2017, over a million birds were present at the colony. 44°02.4′S 65°12′W  /  44.0400°S 65.200°W  / -44.0400; -65.200 This article about

1404-588: The regulations under the 1958 Constitution. Except for the reserve powers of the President (as stated in Art. 16 of the 1958 Constitution, exercised only once so far), the executive can issue decrees in areas that the Constitution grants as the responsibility of Parliament only if a law authorizes it to do so. In other cases, orders are illegal and, should anyone sue for the order's annulment, it would be voided by

1443-457: The temporal States of the Holy See . Immensa Aeterni Dei has since been superseded, most recently by Pope John Paul II's constitution Pastor Bonus . Other congregations were added by different popes, until a complete organization was established by Pope Pius X in his Constitution Sapienti Consilio of 29 June 1908, according to which there were thirteen congregations, counting that of

1482-422: Was styled pro-prefect until made a cardinal. This practice was later abandoned. Under the reforms of Pope Francis , the congregations were each turned into what are now known as dicasteries . Certain curial departments have been organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the transaction of those affairs which canonical discipline and the individual interests of the faithful bring to Rome. Among

1521-401: Was the first to distribute this administrative business among different congregations of cardinals; and in his Apostolic Constitution Immensa Aeterni Dei (22 January 1588) he generalized the idea, already conceived and partly reduced to practice by some of his predecessors, of committing one or another case or a group of cases to the examination, or to the decision, of several cardinals. By

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