The Quebec Winter Carnival ( French : Carnaval de Québec ), commonly known in both English and French as Carnaval , is a pre-Lenten festival held in Quebec City . After being held intermittently since 1894, the Carnaval de Québec has been celebrated annually since 1955. That year, Bonhomme Carnaval , the mascot of the festival, made his first appearance. Up to one million people attended the Carnaval de Québec in 2006 making it, at the time, the largest winter festival in the world (since overtaken by the Harbin Festival ). It is, however, the largest winter festival in the Western Hemisphere.
5-522: The most famous attractions of this winter festival are the night-time and daytime parades led by mascot Bonhomme Carnaval. The parades wind through the upper city, decorated for the occasion with lights and ice sculptures. Numerous public and private parties, shows and balls are held across the city, some of them outside in the bitter cold, testimony to the Québécois' fabled joie de vivre . Other major events include: Outdoor dance parties are held at
10-532: A joy of everything, a comprehensive joy, a philosophy of life, a Weltanschauung . Robert's Dictionnaire says "joie" is sentiment exaltant ressenti par toute la conscience , that is, involves one's whole being." Casual use of the phrase in French can be dated back at least as far as Fénelon in the late 17th century, but it was only brought into literary prominence in the 19th century, first by Michelet (1857) in his pantheistic work Insecte , to contrast
15-466: A time when its emphasis on enthusiasm, energy and spontaneity gave it a global prominence with the rise of hippie culture. 20th-century proponents of self-actualization such as Abraham Maslow or Carl Rogers saw, as one of the by-products, the rediscovery of what the latter called "the quiet joy in being one's self...a spontaneous relaxed enjoyment, a primitive joie de vivre ". Joie de vivre has also been linked to D. W. Winnicott 's concept of
20-586: The Ice Palaces. Joie de vivre Joie de vivre ( / ˌ ʒ w ɑː d ə ˈ v iː v ( r ə )/ ZHWAH də VEEV (-rə) , French: [ʒwa d(ə) vivʁ] ; " joy of living ") is a French phrase often used in English to express a cheerful enjoyment of life, an exultation of spirit, and general happiness . It "can be a joy of conversation, joy of eating, joy of anything one might do… And joie de vivre may be seen as
25-402: The passive life of plants with animal joie de vivre , and then by Émile Zola in his book of that name from 1883–84. Thereafter, it took on increasing weight as a mode of life, evolving at times almost into a secular religion in the early 20th century; and subsequently fed into Lacanian emphasis on "a jouissance beyond the pleasure principle" in the latter half of the century –
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