172-541: The xenomorph (also known as a Xenomorph XX121 , Internecivus raptus , or simply the alien or the creature ) is a fictional endoparasitoid extraterrestrial species that serves as the titular main antagonist of the Alien and Alien vs. Predator franchises. The species made its debut in the film Alien (1979) and reappeared in the sequels Aliens (1986), Alien 3 (1992), Alien Resurrection (1997), and Alien: Romulus (2024). The species returns in
344-403: A 2002 study of undetected rapists, says that compared with non-rapists, both undetected and convicted rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, anti-social, hypermasculine , and less empathic. Sexual aggression is often considered a masculine identity characteristic of manhood in some male groups and
516-492: A London pub. Badejo went to tai chi and mime classes to learn how to slow down his movements. Giger's design for the Alien evoked many contradictory sexual images. As critic Ximena Gallardo notes, the creature's combination of sexually evocative physical and behavioral characteristics creates "a nightmare vision of sex and death. It subdues and opens the male body to make it pregnant, and then explodes it in birth. In its adult form,
688-445: A crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The updated definition still excluded from the definition of rape men forced to penetrate women, which
860-441: A definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive ." Marital rape, or spousal rape, is non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse. It is a form of partner rape , domestic violence , and sexual abuse. Once widely accepted or ignored by law, marital rape is now denounced by international conventions and
1032-537: A dishonest woman. Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions. Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals. This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries. Dissociation can occur during
1204-503: A dragon, a monster, a nasty, or simply, a thing. The term xenomorph (lit. "alien form" from the Greek xeno- , which translates as either "other" or "strange", and -morph , which denotes shape) was first used by the character Lieutenant Gorman in Aliens with reference to generic extraterrestrial life. The term was erroneously assumed by some fans to refer specifically to this creature, and
1376-539: A few species are parasitic. The larvae of Epipyropidae feed on Homoptera such as leafhoppers and cicadas, and sometimes on other Lepidoptera. The larvae of Cyclotornidae parasitise first Homoptera and later ant brood. The pyralid moth Chalcoela has been used in biological control of the wasp Polistes in the Galapagos Islands . Parasitism is rare in the Trichoptera (caddisflies), but it
1548-401: A form of sexual violence . The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault , acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after
1720-401: A host that continues to grow larger and avoid predators. Primary parasitoids have the simplest parasitic relationship, involving two organisms, the host and the parasitoid. Hyperparasitoids are parasitoids of parasitoids; secondary parasitoids have a primary parasitoid as their host, so there are three organisms involved. Hyperparasitoids are either facultative (can be a primary parasitoid or
1892-469: A hyperparasitoid depending on the situation) or obligate (always develop as a hyperparasitoid). Levels of parasitoids beyond secondary also occur, especially among facultative parasitoids. In oak gall systems, there can be up to five levels of parasitism. Cases in which two or more species of parasitoids simultaneously attack the same host without parasitizing each other are called multi- or multiple parasitism. In many cases, multiple parasitism still leads to
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#17327877024722064-520: A large stalk, growing from the back of the ant's head which subsequently releases ascospores. These spores are too large to be wind dispersed and instead fall directly to the ground where they produce secondary spores that infect ants as they walk over them. O. sinesis , is a parasitoid as well, parasitising ghost moth larvae, killing them within 15-25 days, a similar process to that of O. unilateralis . Host location has been studied in Ormia ochracea ,
2236-409: A living host which they eventually kill, typically before it can produce offspring, whereas conventional parasites usually do not kill their hosts, and predators typically kill their prey immediately. Parasitoids can be classified as either endo- or ectoparasitoids with idiobiont or koinobiont developmental strategies. Endoparasitoids live within their host's body, while ectoparasitoids feed on
2408-454: A means of male bonding. This is particularly evident among soldiers, as gang rape accounts for about three quarters or more of war rape , while gang rape accounts for less than a quarter of rapes during peacetime. Commanders sometimes push recruits to rape, as committing rape can be taboo and illegal and so builds loyalty among those involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it
2580-411: A means of quickly building an army of Aliens before the young queen evolves into its sedentary, egg-laying state. Adult xenomorphs are capable of creating their own reproductive egg ('ovamorph') by embedding their prey into an organic substance that (in theory) metabolically reacts to merge host-parasite genetic material . The entire process is xeno-dominant, resulting in a facehugger. The eggs laid by
2752-599: A new embryo or acting as a food source for the facehugger inside the egg. According to the novelization for Resurrection , the Egg, in and of itself, could be considered a living organism in its own right. A facehugger is the second stage in the Alien's metamorphosis. It has eight long, finger-like legs, which allow it to crawl rapidly, and a long tail adapted for making great leaps. These particular appendages give it an appearance somewhat comparable to chelicerate arthropods such as arachnids and horseshoe crabs . The facehugger
2924-609: A noun and it's an adjective." The word alien subsequently became the title of the film and, by extension, the name of the creature itself. Prior to writing the script to Alien , O'Bannon had been working in France for Chilean cult director Alejandro Jodorowsky 's planned adaptation of Frank Herbert 's classic science-fiction novel Dune . Also hired for the project was Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger . Giger showed O'Bannon his nightmarish, monochromatic artwork, which left O'Bannon deeply disturbed. "I had never seen anything that
3096-422: A number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include date rape , gang rape , marital rape , incestual rape , child sexual abuse , prison rape , acquaintance rape , war rape and statutory rape . Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury. Lack of consent
3268-534: A parasitoid tachinid fly that locates their field cricket host acoustically ( phonotaxis ). Preference for the dominant local host species was not explained by DNA analysis. In fact, populations across the southern U.S. were inexplicably closely related, considering rate of range expansion from a presumed Central American origin. A captive population of lab-reared flies were raised on two different host songs ( Gryllus integer or G. lineaticeps ). Responsive adult females overwhelmingly chose their familiar song, indicating
3440-506: A perpetrator against a victim without their consent . The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. It has varied historically and culturally. Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. In Roman law , it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis , "crime of assault". Raptus referred to
3612-665: A person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" ( MST ) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422). Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of
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#17327877024723784-410: A person under circumstances which are coercive". In other cases, the term rape has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as sexual assault or criminal sexual conduct . Some countries criminalize non-consensual condom removal ( "stealthing" ), where one partner removes (or intentionally damages) their condom during sex without telling the other partner; the rationale is that consent
3956-532: A person without their consent . The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion , abuse of authority , or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious , incapacitated, has an intellectual disability , or is below the legal age of consent ( statutory rape ). The term rape is sometimes casually inaccurately used interchangeably with the term sexual assault . The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally,
4128-462: A plantigrade posture in Alien vs. Predator . Alien blood contains concentrated hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid and is capable of corroding almost any substance on contact with alarming speed. It is dull yellow in color and appears to be pressurized inside the body so that it spurts out with great force when the creature is wounded. Ron Cobb suggested the idea of the Alien having acidic blood as
4300-452: A plausible means to make the creature "unkillable"; if one were to use traditional firearms or explosives to attack it, its blood would eat through the hull of the ship. The Alien novelization suggests that, at least at the "facehugger" stage, the acid is not blood but a fluid maintained under pressure between a double layer of skin. In the Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem documentary "Science of
4472-410: A protagonist (named 6 ) in the video game Aliens vs. Predator (2010), and will return in the upcoming FX television series Alien: Earth (2025). In addition, the xenomorph appears in various literature and video game spin-offs from the franchises. The xenomorph's design is credited to Swiss surrealist and artist H. R. Giger , originating in a lithograph titled Necronom IV and refined for
4644-424: A queen termite's. Like some insect queens , there appears to be no need for an Alien queen's eggs to be fertilized. When attached to her ovipositor, the queen is supported by a "biomechanical throne " that consists of a lattice of struts resembling massive insect legs. In the original cut of Alien , the Alien possessed a complete lifecycle, with the still-living bodies of its victims converted into eggs. However,
4816-399: A range of obstacles to oviposition, including behavioural, morphological, physiological and immunological defences of their hosts. To thwart this, some wasps inundate their host with their eggs so as to overload its immune system's ability to encapsulate foreign bodies; others introduce a virus which interferes with the host's immune system. Some parasitoid wasps locate hosts by detecting
4988-415: A rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence. Staff are also trained to explain the examinations in detail, the documentation and the rights associated with the requirement for informed consent . Emphasis
5160-493: A risk of injecting drugs. Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV. The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women. The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and Helen Epstein. Society's treatment of victims has
5332-405: A role in rationalization of rape. These include the idea that power is reserved to men whereas women are meant for sex and objectified, that women want forced sex and to be pushed around, and that male sexual impulses and behaviors are uncontrollable and must be satisfied. For females, victim-blaming correlates with fear. Many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors might look at the woman on
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5504-525: A sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor. Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped. HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people at increased risk for psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to behaviors that create
5676-416: A short period of near-symptomless recovery during which the embryo is in gestation , followed by the sudden and painful eruption of the chestburster from the host's chest, resulting in their death. The chestburster then matures to an adult phase, shedding its skin and replacing its cells with polarized silicon . Due to horizontal gene transfer during the gestation period, the Alien also takes on some of
5848-419: A single fertile queen breeding a caste of warriors, workers, or other specialist strains. The xenomorphs' biological life cycle involves traumatic implantation of endoparasitoid larvae inside living hosts; these "chestburster" larvae erupt from the host's body after a short incubation period, mature into adulthood within hours, and seek out more hosts for implantation. The script for the 1979 film Alien
6020-841: A split lifestyle, with parasitoid larvae and free-living adults. Most are in the Hymenoptera , where the ichneumons and many other parasitoid wasps are highly specialised for a parasitoidal way of life. There are parasitoids, too, in the Diptera , Coleoptera and other orders of endopterygote insects . Some of these, usually but not only wasps, are used in biological pest control . The 17th-century zoological artist Maria Sibylla Merian closely observed parasitoids and their hosts in her paintings. The biology of parasitoidism influenced Charles Darwin 's beliefs and has inspired science fiction authors and scriptwriters to create numerous parasitoidal aliens that kill their human hosts, such as
6192-560: A thick, strong resin that they use to build their hives and to cocoon their victims, and they can use the walls of their hives as camouflage . Aliens also salivate heavily in the form of a sticky, clear slime; while not a toxic substance in and of itself, it is common for the Alien films to use it as a suspense-building device, wherein a character will notice the falling saliva before noticing its source lying in wait above them. During various events in Alien Resurrection on
6364-454: A wide range of insects including caterpillars, adult and larval beetles , and true bugs . Commercially, there are two types of rearing systems: short-term seasonal daily output with high production of parasitoids per day, and long-term year-round low daily output with a range in production of 4–1000 million female parasitoids per week, to meet demand for suitable biological control agents for different crops. Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717)
6536-543: A younger form of the full-grown queen, albeit with traits inherited from its Predator host. Recalling the facehugger's method of embryo implantation, the Predalien uses its inner mouth to directly deposit multiple chestburster embryos into pregnant female hosts, also using its mandibles to latch on the faces of said hosts, completely bypassing the need for facehuggers. This is explained by the Brothers Strause as
6708-410: Is a parasitoid ; its only purpose is to make contact with the host's mouth for the implantation process by gripping its legs around the victim's head and wrapping its tail around the host's neck. Upon making contact, the facehugger administers a cynose-based paralytic to the host in order to render it unconscious and immobile. During a successful attachment, the facehugger will insert an ovipositor down
6880-409: Is a hostile parasitic pathogen (Chemical A0-3959X.91) whose mutable mechanisms are signaled by perturbances to its chemistry. It evolves to assume biological and physiological traits of its host, thereby enabling it to adapt to its environment. As the film series has progressed, the creature's design has been modified in many ways, including differing numbers of fingers and limb joints and variations in
7052-764: Is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor. Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares. In addition, rape survivors may have long-term generalised anxiety disorder , may develop one or more specific phobias , major depressive disorder , and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life and with sexual functioning. People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide. Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling. Another effect of rape and sexual assault
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7224-453: Is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent. Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment. Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as bites , broken teeth, swelling , bruising , lacerations and scratches. In more violent cases,
7396-533: Is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group. In Papua New Guinea , urban gangs such as Raskol gangs often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation. Perpetrators of sex trafficking and cybersex trafficking allow or carry out rape for financial gain and/or sexual gratification. Rape pornography , including child pornography , is created for profit and other reasons. There have been instances of child sexual abuse and child rape videos on Pornhub . One metric used by
7568-413: Is depicted as an unending combat between humanity and insect-like extraterrestrial species that tend to parasitise human beings in order to reproduce." The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction lists many instances of "parasitism", often causing the host's death. Rape Rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , carried out against
7740-418: Is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum , and anus . Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then forensic examination proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document
7912-720: Is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings . In the US, victims' rights include the right to have a victims advocate preside over every step of the medical/legal exam to ensure sensitivity towards victims, provide emotional support, and minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Victims are to be informed of this immediately by law enforcement or medical service providers. Emergency rooms of many hospitals employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced
8084-437: Is forcibly removed. Once the Alien embryo is implanted, the facehugger will remain attached until the implant is secure, which can take anywhere from less than a minute to 16 hours. Once this happens, the parasite detaches, crawls away, and dies. The victim awakens with no awareness of the implantation, believing themselves to have been asleep, and appears to have a normal, healthy bodily function. According to AVPR: Science of
8256-696: Is found among the Hydroptilidae (purse-case caddisflies), probably including all 10 species in the Orthotrichia aberrans group; they parasitise the pupae of other trichopterans. Mites of the family Acarophenacidae are ectoparasitoids of insect eggs. Unlike the insect parasitoids, it is the adult stage in Acarophenacidae that acts as a parasitoid. Specifically, adult female mites feed on insect eggs and their body swells up with offspring, which eventually emerge as adults. All known fungi in
8428-521: Is generally recognized as the academic definition of rape. However, it recognized any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when the victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on
8600-564: Is increased to four, with two long middle fingers and a pair of thumbs. This design is kept in the Alien vs. Predator films, though the hands were made bulkier in order to make the Aliens seem more formidable against the Predators. Aliens have been alternatively portrayed as both plantigrade and digitigrade organisms, usually relative to their hosts. Human-spawned Aliens were usually portrayed as having humanoid hind limbs, while in Alien 3
8772-478: Is increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains legal or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women stated that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 states. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offense, while
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#17327877024728944-405: Is key to the definition of rape. Consent is affirmative "informed approval, indicating a freely given agreement" to sexual activity. It is not necessarily expressed verbally, and may instead be overtly implied from actions, but the absence of objection does not constitute consent. Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an inability to consent on the part of
9116-399: Is more likely to be valid. The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance. During
9288-737: Is parasitoidal on cicadas, locating its host by sound. The Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) consist entirely of parasitoids; they usually sterilise their hosts. Two beetle families, Ripiphoridae (450 species ) and Rhipiceridae , are largely parasitoids, as are Aleochara Staphylinidae ; in all, some 400 staphylinids are parasitoidal. Some 1,600 species of the large and mainly freeliving family Carabidae are parasitoids. A few Neuroptera are parasitoidal; they have larvae that actively search for hosts. The larvae of some Mantispidae , subfamily Symphrasinae, are parasitoids of other arthropods including bees and wasps. Although nearly all Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are herbivorous,
9460-592: Is placed on performing the examinations at a pace that is appropriate for the person, their family, their age, and their level of understanding. Privacy is recommended to prevent self-harm . Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury. The first medical response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent
9632-537: Is protected by a large, flat crest, like a crown, which varies from queen to queen. Unlike other aliens, the queen's external mouth is separately segmented from the rest of her head, allowing her to turn her mouth left and right almost to the point where it is facing perpendicular to the direction of the rest of her head. In the second film, Aliens , unlike other adults and queens, the queen had high-heel protrusions from her feet. Egg-laying Alien queens possess an immense ovipositor attached to their lower torso, similar to
9804-415: Is shown exhibiting numerous xenomorph characteristics, physical and behavioural; this is touched more upon in the novelization (chapter 4), where it is described that when a host is infested with an xenomorph embryo, it does not just infest the host like a parasite, but also like a virus, "a major breakthrough in adaptive evolution ... a way to guarantee that any host, any host at all, would provide whatever it
9976-669: Is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers. Gang rape is often perceived by male perpetrators as a justified method of discouraging or punishing what they consider as immoral behavior among women – for example, wearing short skirts or visiting bars. In some areas in Papua New Guinea , women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders. Gang rape and mass rape are often used as
10148-411: Is similarly far higher than for screening chemicals: 1:30 against 1:5 respectively, since the search for suitable natural enemies can be guided accurately with ecological knowledge. Natural enemies are more difficult to produce and to distribute than chemicals, as they have a shelf life of weeks at most; and they face a commercial obstacle, namely that they cannot be patented. From the point of view of
10320-412: Is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization . The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred. Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care. While penetrative rape generally does not involve
10492-399: Is uncertain; in Alien 3 , a spherical lens was used to illustrate the Alien's point of view , so, when the film was projected anamorphically, the image exhibited severe distortion. In the novelization of the movie Alien , the creature is held mesmerized by a spinning green light for several minutes. In Aliens , the adult creatures have a more textured head rather than a smooth carapace. In
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#173278770247210664-530: The Alien 3 novelization, Ripley commented that this parasitoid would probably be able to use any host from as small as a cat , to as large as an Asian elephant . The facehugger then "impregnates" the host with an embryo , known as a " chestburster ". During this time, the host is kept in an unconscious state with normal vital functions. After depositing the embryo inside the host, the facehugger dies and releases its hold on its victim's face and head, as shown in Alien and Aliens . The host will then experience
10836-459: The Global Forum for Health Research shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women. "Rape victims are blamed more when they resist the attack later in
11008-573: The Klingons and Borg in Star Trek ), the xenomorphs are not sapient toolmakers — they lack a technological civilization of any kind, and are instead primal, predatory creatures with no higher goal than the preservation and propagation of their own species by any means necessary, up to and including the elimination of other lifeforms that may pose a threat to their existence. Like wasps or termites , xenomorphs are eusocial , with
11180-577: The USM Auriga , the crossover film Alien vs. Predator , Aliens on the LV-426 colony Hadley's Hope, and Alien 3 when they are trying to trap the Alien, the species displayed observational learning and problem-solving skills. It's also shown the ability to operate machinery at a very basic level, with the Queen in Aliens depicted operating an elevator. On the USM Auriga in Alien Resurrection ,
11352-549: The alien species in Ridley Scott 's 1979 film Alien . The term "parasitoid" was coined in 1913 by the Swedo-Finnish writer Odo Reuter , and adopted in English by his reviewer, the entomologist William Morton Wheeler . Reuter used it to describe the strategy where the parasite develops in or on the body of a single host individual, eventually killing that host, while the adult is free-living. Since that time,
11524-474: The ambient temperature of the environment in which they are found, so they do not radiate heat, making them indistinguishable from their surroundings through thermal imaging . In most of the films, adult Aliens are capable of running and crawling along ceilings, walls, and other hard surfaces. They have great physical strength, having been shown to be capable of breaking through welded steel doors over time. Aliens have segmented, blade-tipped tails. The sharp tip
11696-1035: The phylogenetic tree ; groups containing parasitoids are shown in boldface, e.g. Coleoptera , with the number of times parasitoidism evolved in the group in parentheses, e.g. (10 clades) . The approximate number (estimates can vary widely) of parasitoid species out of the total is shown in square brackets, e.g. [2,500 of 400,000]. Raphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera (net-winged insects) (1 clade) [c. 15 of 6,000] Coleoptera (beetles) (10 clades) [c. 2,500 of 400,000] [REDACTED] Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) [600 of 600] [REDACTED] Symphyta Orussoidea (parasitic wood wasps) [75 of 75] [REDACTED] Apocrita (wasp-waisted insects) [c. 50,000 of 100,000] [REDACTED] Diptera (true flies) (21 clades) [c. 17,000 of 125,000] [REDACTED] Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera (caddis flies) (1 clade) [c. 10 of 14,500] Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) (2 clades) [c. 40 of 180,000] [REDACTED] Within
11868-460: The vertebrae from a snake, molded with plasticine. The Alien's animatronic head, which contained 900 moving parts, was designed and constructed by special effects designer Carlo Rambaldi . Giger and Rambaldi together would win the 1980 Academy Award for Visual Effects for their design of the Alien. Scott decided on the man-in-suit approach for creating the creature onscreen. Initially circus performers were tried, then multiple actors together in
12040-459: The "visor". In the novelization of Alien , the character Ash speculates that the xenomorphs "see" by way of electrical impulse, similar to some fish's Ampullae of Lorenzini . This method is illustrated in the original Alien vs Predator PC game and reused for the Predalien 28 years later. The Alien's inner set of jaws is powerful enough to smash through bone and metal. How the creatures see
12212-412: The 'death bite'. This approach is so fine-tuned it causes the ant to bite down on the part of the leaf most optimal for the fungus to fruit; the adaxial leaf midrib. In fact, it has been found that in specific circumstances, the time of the death bite is synchronised to solar noon. As much as 40% of the ant's biomass is fungal hyphae at the moment of the death bite. After the ant dies, the fungus produces
12384-465: The Alien organism's protection system against its own acidic blood is a bio-organically produced Teflon -like insulation. In the original Alien , the facehugger is shown to be able to "spit" acid, dissolving the faceplate of Kane's helmet and allowing the creature immediate access inside. This ability is also exhibited by adult Aliens in Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection ; much like a spitting cobra , they use it to blind their victims. Aliens can produce
12556-464: The Alien", it is hypothesized that the Aliens' acid blood could contain sulfuric acid due to its corrosiveness and the conspicuously toxic effects on living human tissue. The documentary also speculates that Aliens are immune to their own acidic and toxic liquids due to an endobiological build-up, similar to the human stomach's ability to protect itself from its own digestive fluids. The documentary takes this hypothesis one step further and speculates that
12728-403: The Alien's mouth a second inner set of pharyngeal jaws located at the tip of a long, tongue-like proboscis which could extend rapidly for use as a weapon. His design for the creature was heavily influenced by an aesthetic he had created and termed biomechanical , a fusion of the organic and the mechanic. His mock-up of the Alien was created using parts from an old Rolls-Royce car, rib bones and
12900-417: The Aliens kill one of their own, using its blood to melt through their enclosure and escape (according to the novelization, it was inspired to do so from genetic memories inherited from the original Ripley); in Alien vs. Predator , they use a similar strategy to free the queen from her chains. An Alien also uses acid spurting from its severed tail as an improvised weapon by flicking it, indicating awareness of
13072-760: The Hymenoptera, parasitoidism evolved just once, and the many described species of parasitoid wasps represent the great majority of species in the order, barring those like the ants , bees , and Vespidae wasps that have secondarily lost the parasitoid habit. The parasitoid wasps include some 25,000 Ichneumonoidea , 22,000 Chalcidoidea , 5,500 Vespoidea , 4,000 Platygastroidea , 3,000 Chrysidoidea , 2,300 Cynipoidea , and many smaller families. These often have remarkable life cycles. They can be classified as either endoparasitic or ectoparasitic according to where they lay their eggs. Endoparasitic wasps insert their eggs inside their host, usually as koinobionts, allowing
13244-601: The Lepidoptera, 10 times or more in Coleoptera, and no less than 21 times among the Diptera. These are all holometabolous insects ( Endopterygota , which form a single clade ), and it is always the larvae that are parasitoidal. The metamorphosis from active larva to an adult with a different body structure permits the dual lifestyle of parasitic larva, freeliving adult in this group. These relationships are shown on
13416-411: The US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through
13588-472: The WHO to determine the severity of global rates of coercive, forced sexual activity was the question "Have you ever been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will?" Asking this question produced higher positive response rates than being asked, whether they had ever been abused or raped. The WHO report describes the consequences of sexual abuse: Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them
13760-471: The Xenomorph , a behind-the-scenes documentary on Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem , it is theorized that facehuggers may implant a viral agent that "commands" the host's cells to grow the chestburster , as opposed to an implanted embryo. This is an alternate explanation to horizontal gene transfer as to how the resulting xenomorph is able to adopt the characteristics of its host. Giger's original design for
13932-503: The abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as a crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person. Until 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered rape
14104-590: The absence of an objection to sexual activity. This can lead to the presumption of consent. Duress may be actual or threatened force or violence against the victim or someone close to the victim. Even blackmail may constitute duress. Abuse of power may constitute duress. For instance, in the Philippines, a man commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman "By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority" . The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used
14276-467: The adult, egg, and chestburster forms, but ultimately also designed the alien planetoid LV-426 and the Space Jockey alien vessel. Giger conceived the Alien as being vaguely human but a human in full armor, protected from all outside forces. He mandated that the creature have no eyes because he felt that it made them much more frightening if you could not tell they were looking at you. Giger also gave
14448-403: The alien strikes its victims with a rigid phallic tongue that breaks through skin and bone. More than a phallus, however, the retractable tongue has its own set of snapping, metallic teeth that connects it to the castrating vagina dentata ." This creature has no specific name; it was called an alien and an organism in the first film. It has also been referred to as a creature, a serpent, a beast,
14620-427: The assault. Memories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep. A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them. Trauma symptoms may not show until years after
14792-469: The basic physical attributes of the host from which it was born (something noticed by Ripley in Alien 3 , when the xenomorph plaguing the complex moved on four limbs , having gestated within a Quadruped; a dog in the theatrical release , and an ox in the director's cut ; whereas all the others she had previously seen had gestated within Humans/ Bipeds ), allowing the individual alien to adapt to
14964-530: The best-known is the Xenomorph in Ridley Scott 's 1979 film Alien , which runs rapidly through its lifecycle from violently entering a human host's mouth to bursting fatally from the host's chest. The molecular biologist Alex Sercel, writing in Signal to Noise Magazine , compares "the biology of the [ Alien ] Xenomorphs to parasitoid wasps and nematomorph worms from Earth to illustrate how close to reality
15136-462: The biology of these aliens is and to discuss this exceptional instance of science inspiring artists". Sercel notes that the way the Xenomorph grasps a human's face to implant its embryo is comparable to the way a parasitoid wasp lays its eggs in a living host. He further compares the Xenomorph life cycle to that of the nematomorph Paragordius tricuspidatus which grows to fill its host's body cavity before bursting out and killing it. Alistair Dove, on
15308-776: The chemicals that plants release to defend against insect herbivores. The true flies ( Diptera ) include several families of parasitoids, the largest of which is the Tachinidae (some 9,200 species ), followed by the Bombyliidae (some 4,500 species ), along with the Pipunculidae and the Conopidae , which includes parasitoidal genera such as Stylogaster . Other families of flies include some protelean species. Some Phoridae are parasitoids of ants. Some flesh flies are parasitoids: for instance Emblemasoma auditrix
15480-498: The climax of Alien vs. Predator , the queen's basic design was altered to make her more "streamlined" in appearance and her overall size was increased to six meters (20 feet) tall. Other changes include the removal of the "high-heel" protrusions on her legs, including additional spines on her head and making her waist thinner because there was no need for puppeteers inside her chest. The animatronic queen had 47 points of hydraulic motion. Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007) introduced
15652-542: The commentary for Aliens , it was speculated that this was part of the maturation of the creatures, as they had been alive far longer than the original Alien, although James Cameron stated that he simply left the carapace off because he liked them better that way. The smooth design of the carapace would be used again in Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection , although made narrower with a longer muzzle and more prominent chin. This design would be kept in Alien versus Predator , and abandoned in Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem in favor of
15824-440: The concept has been generalised and widely applied. A perspective on the evolutionary options can be gained by considering four questions: the effect on the reproductive fitness of a parasite's hosts; the number of hosts they have per life stage; whether the host is prevented from reproducing; and whether the effect depends on intensity (number of parasites per host). From this analysis, proposed by K. D. Lafferty and A. M. Kunis,
15996-403: The death of one or more of the parasitoids involved. If multiple parasitoids of the same species coexist in a single host, it is called superparasitism . Gregarious species lay multiple eggs or polyembryonic eggs which lead to multiple larvae in a single host. The end result of gregarious superparasitism can be a single surviving parasitoid individual or multiple surviving individuals, depending on
16168-512: The design of the Alien's head. When standing upright, the Aliens are bipedal in form, though, depending on their host species, they will adopt either a hunched stance or remain fully erect when walking, sprinting, or in hotter environments. Their overall stance and general behavior seem to result from the mixture of the respective DNA of the embryo and its host. They have a skeletal, biomechanical appearance and are usually colored in muted shades of black, gray, blue or bronze. Their body heat matches
16340-580: The effects of their acid blood. In the original film, it is implied that the Alien cut the lights on board the Nostromo. On LV-426, the xenomorphs cut power in a section of the complex to gain access to the humans. The novel for the film Aliens includes a scene where Bishop speculates on the reason why the Queen established her "nest" at the base's main power plant. His reasons range from an animalistic drive for warmth to an intentional strategic selection (any attacker could not destroy her without destroying
16512-456: The eggs or larvae of their host, but some attack adults. Oviposition depends on finding the host and on evading host defences; the ovipositor is a tube-like organ used to inject eggs into hosts, sometimes much longer than the wasp's body. Hosts such as ants often behave as if aware of the wasps' presence, making violent movements to prevent oviposition. Wasps may wait for the host to stop moving, and then attack suddenly. Parasitoid wasps face
16684-517: The embryo of the queen Alien. This super-facehugger is briefly glimpsed in the Assembly cut of Alien 3 but not identified as such. It made a brief appearance in the canonical Alien book called Alien: Sea of Sorrows , set after the events of Alien Resurrection , about the grandson of Ripley Clone 8, Ellen Ripley's clone. Parasitoid In evolutionary ecology , a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at
16856-422: The entire facility). In the director's commentary for Aliens , James Cameron noted that the creatures in Aliens had been alive for far longer than the Alien in the original, and had more time to learn about their environment. In Alien 3 , Ripley and the inmates try luring the Alien into the lead works. It becomes obvious that the Alien recognized the trap and the danger it held. At one point, it hesitates to enter
17028-530: The extraordinarily fast range expansion of O. ochracea, as well as the presence and power of learning in parasitoids. Parasitoids are among the most widely used biological control agents. Classic biological pest control using natural enemies of pests (parasitoids or predators) is extremely cost effective, the cost/benefit ratio for classic control being 1:250, but the technique is more variable in its effects than pesticides; it reduces rather than eliminates pests. The cost/benefit ratio for screening natural enemies
17200-400: The facehugger is now capable of scuttling across the floor and leaping at its prey, wrapping its tail around the victim's throat. The facehugger is also shown to be capable of independently surviving outside of its egg. Due to the film's budget, only two fully working facehuggers were built. In Alien 3 , another addition was planned but ultimately dropped, a "super-facehugger" that would carry
17372-443: The facehugger should burn through the helmet's faceplate with its acid blood; subsequent redesigns of the space helmet included a far larger faceplate to allow for this. Dan O'Bannon initially conceived the facehugger as somewhat resembling an octopus, possessing tentacles. However, when he received H. R. Giger 's designs, which substituted finger-like digits for tentacles, he found Giger's design concept to be superior. Since no one
17544-422: The facehugger was a much larger creature with eyes and a spring-loaded tail. Later, in response to comments from the filmmakers, Giger reduced the creature's size substantially. At first, Giger assumed that the facehugger would wrap around the outside of the astronaut's helmet, but Scott decided that it would have far more impact if the facehugger was revealed once the helmet was removed. Scott and Giger realized that
17716-414: The farmer or horticulturalist, the most important groups are the ichneumonid wasps , which prey mainly on caterpillars of butterflies and moths ; braconid wasps , which attack caterpillars and a wide range of other insects including greenfly ; chalcidoid wasps , which parasitise eggs and larvae of greenfly, whitefly , cabbage caterpillars , and scale insects ; and tachinid flies , which parasitise
17888-498: The featured Alien sported double-jointed legs due to its quadrupedal host. This characteristic would be continued in Alien Resurrection for the human-spawned Aliens. Tom Woodruff, who had previously played the "dog-alien" in Alien 3 , described the human-spawned Aliens in Resurrection as feeling more like a dog than the previous creature, despite having been born from human hosts. The human-spawned Alien warriors would revert to
18060-467: The federal, state, or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide. Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault , while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape
18232-518: The film from a Predator's razor net. Alien: Covenant actually credits the Alien as Xenomorph, while also listing a different variety of the creature as the Neomorph . In The Weyland-Yutani Report , the Alien encountered by the Nostromo was specifically referred to as "Xenomorph XX121", and this name is spoken out loud by the android Rook in Alien: Romulus . At its core, the xenomorph
18404-443: The film. In that vein, some critics have compared it to Grendel's mother . The queen was designed by Cameron in collaboration with special effects artist Stan Winston , based upon an initial painting Cameron had done at the start of the project. The Winston Studio created a test foamcore queen before constructing the full hydraulic puppet which was used for most of the scenes involving the large Alien. Two people were inside working
18576-440: The films, but only in the commentaries by the team who created the films. No official name has been given to the adult stage of the Alien in the films themselves. Queen Aliens are significantly larger and stronger than the normal adults, being approximately 4.5 metres (15 ft) tall. Their body structure also differs, having two pairs of arms, one large and one small. The queen's head is larger than those of other adult Aliens and
18748-428: The genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps are endoparasitic. One of the most notable fungal parasitoids is O. unilateralis which infects carpenter ants by breaching the ant's exoskeletons via their spores and growing in the ant's hemocoel as free living yeast cells. Eventually the yeast cells progress to producing nerve toxins to alter the behaviour of the ant causing it to climb and bite onto vegetation, known as
18920-399: The hive. About 10% of described insects are parasitoids, in the orders Hymenoptera , Diptera , Coleoptera , Neuroptera , Lepidoptera , Strepsiptera , and Trichoptera . The majority are wasps within the Hymenoptera; most of the others are Dipteran flies. Parasitoidism has evolved independently many times: once each in Hymenoptera, Strepsiptera, Neuroptera, and Trichoptera, twice in
19092-458: The host and living outside it ( ectoparasitism ). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism ; in the case of oak galls , up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota , whose complete metamorphosis may have pre-adapted them for
19264-410: The host from outside. Idiobiont parasitoids prevent further development of the host after initially immobilising it, whereas koinobiont parasitoids allow the host to continue its development while feeding upon it. Most ectoparasitoids are idiobiont, as the host could damage or dislodge the external parasitoid if allowed to move and moult . Most endoparasitoids are koinobionts, giving them the advantage of
19436-406: The host to continue to grow (thus providing more food to the wasp larvae), moult, and evade predators. Ectoparasitic wasps deposit theirs outside the host's body, usually as idiobionts, immediately paralysing the host to prevent it from escaping or throwing off the parasite. They often carry the host to a nest where it will remain undisturbed for the wasp larva to feed on. Most species of wasps attack
19608-435: The host's behaviour. Among the parasitic wasps, Glyptapanteles modifies the behaviour of its host caterpillar to defend the pupae of the wasps after they emerge from the caterpillar's body. The phorid fly Apocephalus borealis oviposits into the abdomen of its hosts, including honey bees , causing them to abandon their nest, flying from it at night and soon dying, allowing the next generation of flies to emerge outside
19780-558: The host's environment (breathe the air, etc.). This is also shown in the two live-action crossover films, Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), where an embryo, having gestated within a Predator/Yautja, displayed Predator/Yautja physical traits (arthropod-like mandibles ) from eruption onwards. This process of horizontal gene transfer is also shown to be two-way; in Alien Resurrection (film & novelization), Ellen Ripley's clone, Ripley-8,
19952-409: The host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism , distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation . Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host ( endoparasitism ), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing
20124-414: The host's throat while simultaneously implanting an embryo. The host is kept alive, and the creature breathes for the host. Attempts to remove facehuggers generally prove fatal to the host, as the parasitoid will respond by tightening its tail around the host's neck, and its acidic blood prevents it from being cut away. In addition, its grip on the host's head is strong enough to tear the host's face off if it
20296-597: The incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median . Worldwide, reported instances of sexual violence , including rape, are primarily committed by males against females. Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male prison rapes are common and may be
20468-417: The injuries. Such evidence -gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the caregivers of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff. At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced social support staff are made available to the patient and family. If the patient or the caregivers (typically parents) agree,
20640-432: The lead works. Later, it hunts down most of the prisoners just before going into the lead works. Aliens are eusocial life-forms with a caste system ruled over by a queen . Their life cycle comprises several distinct stages: they begin their lives as an egg , which hatches a parasitoid larval form known as a facehugger , which then attaches itself to a living host by, as its name suggests, latching onto its face. In
20812-504: The least reported forms of rape. Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape ) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes . Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop post-traumatic stress disorder . Serious injuries can result along with
20984-413: The legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the chain of evidence . Maintaining the chain of evidence from
21156-480: The living bodies of Caterpillars." The palaeontologist Donald Prothero notes that religiously minded people of the Victorian era , including Darwin, were horrified by this instance of evident cruelty in nature, particularly noticeable in the ichneumonid wasps. Parasitoids have inspired science fiction authors and screenwriters to create terrifying parasitic alien species that kill their human hosts. One of
21328-543: The major evolutionary strategies of parasitism emerge, alongside predation. Parasitoidism, in the view of R. Poulin and H. S. Randhawa, is one of six main evolutionary strategies within parasitism , the others being parasitic castrator , directly transmitted parasite, trophically transmitted parasite, vector -transmitted parasite, and micropredator. These are adaptive peaks , with many possible intermediate strategies, but organisms in many different groups have consistently converged on these six. Parasitoids feed on
21500-407: The medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag, and are marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Though technically, medical staff are not part of
21672-853: The medical examination, testing, and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence. Photography is often used for documentation. Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for tension headaches , fatigue , sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain. The World Health Organization recommends offering prompt access to emergency contraceptive medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape; it
21844-400: The medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to as a forensic evidence kit or " rape kit ". The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering to obtain samples from their hair. Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours
22016-411: The monster screws one of them", planting its egg in his body, and then bursting out of his chest. Both realized the idea had never been done before, and it subsequently became the core of the film. "This is a movie about alien interspecies rape ", O'Bannon said in the documentary Alien Evolution . "That's scary because it hits all of our buttons." O'Bannon felt that the symbolism of "homosexual oral rape"
22188-422: The more disconcerting." 20th Century Fox was initially wary of allowing Giger onto the project, saying that his works would be too disturbing for audiences, but eventually relented. Giger initially offered to completely design the Alien from scratch, but Scott mandated that he base his work on Necronom IV , saying that to start over from the beginning would be too time-consuming. Giger initially signed on to design
22360-422: The movie won an Oscar for Visual Effects . An adult queen was to reappear in Alien Resurrection . The original mechanical head previously used in Aliens was provided by Bob Burns and was an altered design. It was repainted with a blend of green and brown, giving it a shimmering, insect-like quality. This color concept would be abandoned in Alien vs. Predator in favour of the original black color scheme. In
22532-413: The novelization both featured a scene in which Lieutenant Gorman is "stung" by the barb tail and rendered unconscious; in the final cut of the movie, Gorman is knocked out by falling crates. As a weapon, the strength of the tail is very effective, having been shown to be strong enough to impale and lift a Predator with seemingly little effort. They have elongated, cylindrical skulls with eyes underneath
22704-581: The original egg was composed of "Nottingham lace" ( caul fat ), which is the lining of a cow's stomach. In the first film, the quick shot of the facehugger erupting from the egg was done with sheep's intestine. Initially, the egg remained totally stationary except for the hydraulic movement of the lobes; however, by Alien Resurrection , the entire egg was made to ripple as it opened. In the Director's Cut of Alien , an additional scene shows still living crew members being cocooned into new eggs, either morphing into
22876-419: The parasitoidal fluke's life cycle in its definitive host . Similarly, as strepsipteran parasitoids of ants mature, they cause the hosts to climb high on grass stalks, positions that are risky, but favour the emergence of the strepsipterans. Among pathogens of mammals, the rabies virus affects the host's central nervous system , eventually killing it, but perhaps helping to disseminate the virus by modifying
23048-402: The potential for Giger's designs, and chose Necronom IV , a print Giger completed in 1976, as the basis for the Alien's design, citing its beauty and strong sexual overtones. That the creature could just as easily have been male or female was also a strong factor in the decision to use it. "It could just as easily fuck you before it killed you," said line producer Ivor Powell, "[which] made it all
23220-480: The potential host. Giger initially designed the eggs with a much more obvious vaginal appearance, complete with an "inner and outer vulva". The producers complained that Catholic countries would ban the film if the allusion was too strong, so Giger doubled the lobes to four so that, in his words, "seen from above, they would form the cross that people in Catholic countries are so fond of looking at". The interior of
23392-549: The potential to exacerbate their trauma. People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime. This refers to the just world fallacy and rape myth acceptance that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, flirting or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by
23564-732: The prequel series, first with a predecessor in Prometheus (2012) and a further evolved form in Alien: Covenant (2017), and the 2019 short films Alien: Containment , Specimen , Night Shift , Ore , Harvest , and Alone . It also featured in the crossover films Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), with the skull and tail of one of the creatures respectively appearing briefly in Predator 2 (1990), Predator: Concrete Jungle (2005), Predators (2010), and The Predator (2018), as
23736-400: The queen are ellipsoidal, leathery objects between one-half and one meter (two and three feet) high with a four-lobed opening at the top. The eggs can remain in a stasis mode for years, possibly indefinitely, until nearby movement is detected. As a potential host approaches, the egg's lobes unfold like flower petals, and the parasitic facehugger extracts itself from the egg and attaches itself to
23908-660: The rape encounter rather than earlier (Kopper, 1996), which seems to suggest the stereotype that these women are engaging in token resistance (Malamuth & Brown, 1994; Muehlenhard & Rogers, 1998) or leading the man on because they have gone along with the sexual experience thus far. Finally, rape victims are blamed more when they are raped by an acquaintance or a date rather than by a stranger (e.g., Bell, Kuriloff, & Lottes, 1994; Bridges, 1991; Bridges & McGr ail, 1989; Check & Malamuth, 1983; Kanekar, Shaherwalla, Franco, Kunju, & Pinto, 1991; L'Armand & Pepitone, 1982; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987), which seems to evoke
24080-413: The rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and startle response . The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms
24252-423: The rape. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. The intent can be to prevent the victim from reporting the rape. Other reasons for threats against those assaulted is to punish them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint. The relatives of the person who has been raped may wish to prevent "bringing shame" to the family and may also threaten them. This
24424-414: The remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offense in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted." Since 2006, several other states have outlawed marital rape (for example Thailand in 2007 ). In
24596-399: The ribbed design. Throughout their appearances, human-spawned Aliens have been shown to have different numbers of fingers. In Alien , the creature has webbed , six-fingered hands. In Aliens , the number of fingers is reduced to three, with two "paired" and a single, opposable thumb. The fingers are also shown to be much longer and more skeletal. In Alien Resurrection , the number of digits
24768-482: The risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections . A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives. The term rape originates from the Latin rapere (supine stem raptum ), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off". In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus". In Medieval English law
24940-453: The rubber, which resembled human skin, was more plausible. There has been some debate about the sexual appearance of the facehugger, some saying it unmistakably resembles female genitalia. In Aliens , the facehuggers were redesigned by Stan Winston so that they would be capable of movement. Unlike the creatures in the first film, the creatures would take a much more active role in impregnating their victims. When Ripley throws one off her,
25112-404: The same costume, but neither proved scary. Deciding that the creature would be scarier the closer it appeared to a human, Scott decided that a single, very tall, very thin man be used. Scott was inspired by a photograph of Leni Riefenstahl standing next to a 6-foot-4-inch (1.93 m) Nuba man. The casting director found 6-foot-10-inch (2.08 m), rail-thin graphic designer Bolaji Badejo in
25284-659: The same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation". The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as the stories of the Rape of the Sabine Women and The Rape of Europa or the poem The Rape of the Lock , which is about the theft of a lock of hair. Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , committed by
25456-437: The scene showing the crew converted into eggs was cut for reasons of pacing, leaving the ultimate origin of the eggs obscure. This allowed Aliens director James Cameron to introduce a concept he had initially conceived for a spec script called Mother , a massive mother Alien queen which laid eggs and formed the basis for the Aliens' life cycle. Cameron conceived the queen as a monstrous analogue to Ripley's own maternal role in
25628-701: The science website Deep Sea News , writes that there are multiple parallels with parasitoids, though there are in his view more disturbing life cycles in real biology. In his view, the parallels include the placing of an embryo in the host; its growth in the host; the resulting death of the host; and alternating generations , as in the Digenea (trematodes). The social anthropologist Marika Moisseeff argues that "The parasitical and swarming aspects of insect reproduction make these animals favoured villains in Hollywood science fiction. The battle of culture against nature
25800-527: The series's first film, Alien . The practical effects for the xenomorph's head were designed and constructed by Italian special effects designer Carlo Rambaldi . Species design and life cycle have been extensively augmented, sometimes inconsistently, throughout each film. Unlike many other extraterrestrial races in film and television science fiction (such as the Daleks and Cybermen in Doctor Who , or
25972-467: The sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guilt. Denial is not uncommon. In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome and may develop a wide array of psychosomatic complaints. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of
26144-483: The species. If superparasitism occurs accidentally in normally solitary species the larvae often fight among themselves until only one is left. In another strategy, some parasitoids influence the host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid, often at the cost of the host's life. A spectacular example is the lancet liver fluke , which causes host ants to die clinging to grass stalks, where grazers or birds may be expected to eat them and complete
26316-454: The stereotype that victims really want to have sex because they know their attacker and perhaps even went out on a date with him. The underlying message of this research seems to be that when certain stereotypical elements of rape are in place, rape victims are prone to being blamed." Commentators state: "individuals may endorse rape myths and at the same time recognize the negative effects of rape." A number of gender role stereotypes can play
26488-411: The twin sets of arms, and puppeteers off-screen worked its jaws and head. Although at the end of the film, the queen was presented full-body fighting the power-loader, the audience never sees the legs of the queen, save those of the small-scale puppet that appears only briefly. In Aliens , Cameron used very selective camera-angles on the queen, using the ' less is more ' style of photography. Subsequently,
26660-480: The use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. The use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease transmission , both to the victim and the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving
26832-468: The use of a learned, auditory search image. This phenotypic plasticity allows such a highly specialized parasitoid to avoid overspecialization disasters. Interestingly, when receptive females only heard silence the night before testing for preference, they chose the host songs equally, 50/50. This capacity for learning and use of search images paired with a highly specialized morphology and lifestyle (eg. tympana tuned to host sound cues, larviparous) supports
27004-489: The use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission. Consent may be complicated by law, language, context, culture and sexual orientation. Studies have shown that men consistently perceive women's actions as more sexual than they intend. In addition, verbalized "no" to sex may be interpreted as "keep trying", or even "yes" by offenders. Some may believe that when injuries are not visible,
27176-411: The vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assault. Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape. The 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on
27348-423: The victim (such as people who are asleep, intoxicated or otherwise mentally compromised). Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent , i.e., the age at which legal competence is established, is referred to as statutory rape. In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes rape. Duress is the situation when the person is threatened by force or violence and may result in
27520-480: The victim may need to have gunshot wounds or stab wounds treated. The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history. If abrasions are found, immunization against tetanus is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as x-rays , CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence of infection
27692-456: The witness stand and believe she had done something to entice the defendant. In Chinese culture, victim-blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault, and her virtue is called into question. In many cultures, those who are raped have a high risk of suffering additional violence or threats of violence after
27864-603: The woman must have consented. If a man solicits sex from another man, the pursuer may be regarded as virile. The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are: No single facet explains the motivation for rape; the underlying motives of rapists can be multi-faceted. Several factors have been proposed: anger , power , sadism , sexual gratification, or evolutionary proclivities . However, some factors have significant causal evidence supporting them. American clinical psychologist David Lisak , co-author of
28036-489: The word was used by the producers of some merchandise. The species' binomial names are given in Latin as either Internecivus raptus (meant as "murderous thief") in the Alien Quadrilogy DVD or Lingua foeda acheronsis (meant as "foul tongue from Acheron ") in some comic books. The main Alien from Alien vs. Predator is listed in the credits as "Grid", after a grid-like wound received during
28208-408: Was an effective means of discomforting male viewers. The title of the film was decided late in the script's development. O'Bannon had quickly dropped the film's original title, Star Beast , but could not think of a name to replace it. "I was running through titles, and they all stank", O'Bannon said in an interview, "when suddenly, that word alien just came out of the typewriter at me. Alien . It's
28380-418: Was available at the time, O'Bannon decided to design the facehugger prop himself. The technical elements of the musculature and bone were added by Ron Cobb . Giger's initial design for the smaller facehugger had the fingers facing forward, but O'Bannon's redesign shifted the legs to the side. When the foam rubber sculpture of the facehugger was produced, O'Bannon asked that it should remain unpainted, believing
28552-556: Was given to protected sex and not to unprotected sex, making the subsequent act non-consensual and therefore illicit; for such cases, United Kingdom, Switzerland, New Zealand have enacted rape convictions, while Australia, Canada, Germany saw convictions for sexual assault; California considers it sexual battery . Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders , ages, sexual orientations , ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into
28724-420: Was initially a small, scorpion-like barb, but from Aliens onwards the blade design increased in size and changed in appearance to more closely resemble a slashing weapon. From Alien Resurrection onwards, the tails have a flat ridge of spines at the base of the blade. This was introduced to help them swim convincingly, and was left intact in the subsequent crossovers. The original shooting script for Aliens and
28896-403: Was initially drafted by Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett . Dan O'Bannon drafted an opening in which the crew of a mining ship are sent to investigate a mysterious message on an alien planet. He eventually settled on the threat being an alien creature; however, he could not conceive of an interesting way for it to get onto the ship. Inspired after waking from a dream, Shusett said, "I have an idea:
29068-476: Was one of the first naturalists to study and depict parasitoids and their insect hosts in her closely-observed paintings. Parasitoids influenced the religious thinking of Charles Darwin , who wrote in an 1860 letter to the American naturalist Asa Gray : "I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created parasitic wasps with the express intention of their feeding within
29240-424: Was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work" he remembered later. The Dune film collapsed, but O'Bannon would remember Giger when Alien was greenlit, and suggested to director Ridley Scott that he be brought on to design the Alien, saying that if he were to design a monster, it would be truly original. After O'Bannon handed him a copy of Giger's book Necronomicon , Scott immediately saw
29412-542: Was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwards. Confusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes. The public often perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and, therefore, as evidence of
29584-464: Was the developing embryo needed, even if/when the host's body was inadequate." The adult phase of the Alien is known by various different names. The adult Aliens have been referred to as "drones", "warriors", "workers", and sometimes "soldiers", similar to the way ants have been defined. The names of the adult phase have also been used to name different types of adult phases of the Alien in numerous sources, including video games, comic books, novels, and
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