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84-692: Quibi ( / ˈ k w ɪ b i / KWIB -ee ) was an American short-form streaming platform that generated content for viewing on mobile devices. It was founded in Los Angeles in August 2018 as NewTV by Jeffrey Katzenberg and was led by Meg Whitman as CEO . The service raised $ 1.75 billion from investors. It launched in April 2020, but shut down in December 2020 after falling short of its subscriber projections. In January 2021, Quibi's content library

168-514: A bandwidth of 1.4   Mbit/s for uncompressed CD audio , while raw digital video requires a bandwidth of 168   Mbit/s for SD video and over 1000   Mbit/s for FHD video. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, users had increased access to computer networks, especially the Internet. During the early 2000s, users had access to increased network bandwidth , especially in the last mile . These technological improvements facilitated

252-498: A football game). Streaming media is increasingly being coupled with the use of social media. For example, sites such as YouTube encourage social interaction in webcasts through features such as live chat , online surveys , user posting of comments online, and more. Furthermore, streaming media is increasingly being used for social business and e-learning . The Horowitz Research State of Pay TV, OTT, and SVOD 2017 report said that 70 percent of those viewing content did so through

336-422: A long antireflective hood to attach between the screen and camera lens, as well as a closeup lens for the camera. Polaroid film was popular for capturing screenshots, because of the instant results and close-focusing capability of Polaroid cameras. Notable software for capturing screenshots include: Some web browsers, for example Firefox and Microsoft Edge , have a screenshot tool which can be used to capture

420-553: A media player known as ActiveMovie in 1995 that supported streaming media and included a proprietary streaming format, which was the precursor to the streaming feature later in Windows Media Player 6.4 in 1999. In June 1999, Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later also widely adopted on websites, along with RealPlayer and Windows Media streaming formats. The competing formats on websites required each user to download

504-464: A method called true streaming . True streaming sends the information straight to the computer or device without saving it to a local file. On-demand streaming is provided by a method called progressive download . Progressive download saves the received information to a local file and then plays it from that location. On-demand streams are often saved to files for extended period of time, while live streams are only available at one time only (e.g., during

588-472: A music streaming platform offering subscription-based services to over 4.5 million users as of January 2017 . The music industry's response to music streaming was initially negative. Along with music piracy, streaming services disrupted the market and contributed to the fall in US revenue from $ 14.6 billion in 1999 to $ 6.3 billion in 2009. CDs and single-track downloads were not selling because content

672-495: A non-technical option for listening to audio streams. These audio-streaming services became increasingly popular; music streaming reached 4 trillion streams globally in 2023 -- a significant increase from 2022 -- jumping 34% over the year. In general, multimedia content is data-intensive, so media storage and transmission costs are still significant. Media is generally compressed for transport and storage. Increasing consumer demand for streaming high-definition (HD) content has led

756-465: A partnership with Canadian telecommunications company BCE , whereby its Bell Media division would produce Canadian news and sports content for the service (via CTV News and TSN respectively), and Bell Mobility would be Quibi's exclusive Canadian telecom marketing partner. Quibi launched on April 6, 2020. It was available in the United States and Canada. An ad-free U.S. version of the app

840-635: A seismic shift in the film & TV industry in terms of how films are made, distributed, and screened. Many industries have been hit by the economic effects of the pandemic" (Totaro Donato). In August 2022, a CNN headline declared that "The streaming wars are over" as pandemic-era restrictions had largely ended and audience growth had stalled. This led services to focus on profit over market share by cutting production budgets, cracking down on password sharing, and introducing ad-supported tiers. A December 2022 article in The Verge echoed this, declaring an end to

924-563: A setting to avoid it or have dedicated screenshot functions. The screen recording capability of some screen capture programs is a time-saving way to create instructions and presentations, but the resulting files are often large. A common problem with video recordings is the action jumps, instead of flowing smoothly, due to low frame rate . Though getting faster all the time, ordinary PCs are not yet fast enough to play videos and simultaneously capture them at professional frame rates, i.e. 30 frame/s. For many cases, high frame rates are needed for

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1008-485: A song, it did not diminish another user from doing the same. Napster, like most other providers of public goods, faced the free-rider problem . Every user benefits when an individual uploads an mp3 file, but there is no requirement or mechanism that forces all users to share their music. Generally, the platform encouraged sharing; users who downloaded files from others often had their own files available for upload as well. However, not everyone chose to share their files. There

1092-455: A streaming service and that 40 percent of TV viewing was done this way, twice the number from five years earlier. Millennials , the report said, streamed 60 percent of the content. One of the movie streaming industry's largest impacts was on the DVD industry, which drastically dropped in popularity and profitability with the mass popularization of online content. The rise of media streaming caused

1176-521: A whole web page or part of it. On Windows systems, screenshots of games and media players sometimes fail, resulting in a blank rectangle. The reason for this is that the graphics are bypassing the normal screen and going to a high-speed graphics processor on the graphics card by using a method called hardware overlay . Generally, there is no way to extract a computed image back out of the graphics card, though software may exist for special cases or specific video cards. One way these images can be captured

1260-500: Is intrinsic to how it works. It dematerializes music, denies it a crucial measure of autonomy, reality, and power. It makes music seem disposable, impermanent. Hence it intensifies the ebb and flow of pop fashion, the way musical 'memes' rise up for a week or a month and are then forgotten. And it renders our experience of individual artists/groups shallower." — Robert Christgau , 2018 A media stream can be streamed either live or on demand . Live streams are generally provided by

1344-486: Is presently most prevalent in video-on-demand , streaming television , and music streaming services over the Internet. While streaming is most commonly associated with multimedia from a remote server over the Internet, it also includes offline multimedia between devices on a local area network , for example using DLNA and a home server , or in a personal area network between two devices using Bluetooth (which uses radio waves rather than IP ). Online streaming

1428-572: Is to turn off the hardware overlay. Because many computers have no hardware overlay, most programs are built to work without it, just a little slower. In Windows XP, this is disabled by opening the Display Properties menu, clicking on the "Settings" tab, clicking, "Advanced", "Troubleshoot", and moving the Hardware Acceleration Slider to "None." Free software media players may also use the overlay but often have

1512-587: The International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers (CISAC) indicated that remuneration from digital streaming of music increased with a strong rise in digital royalty collection (up 16.6% to EUR 2.4 billion), but it would not compensate the overall loss of income of authors from concerts, public performance and broadcast.  The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) recompiled

1596-670: The Netscape IPO in 1995 (and the release of Windows 95 with built-in TCP/IP support), usage of the Internet expanded, and many companies "went public" , including Progressive Networks (which was renamed " RealNetworks ", and listed on Nasdaq as "RNWK"). As the web became even more popular in the late 90s, streaming video on the internet blossomed from startups such as Vivo Software (later acquired by RealNetworks), VDOnet (acquired by RealNetworks), Precept (acquired by Cisco ), and Xing (acquired by RealNetworks). Microsoft developed

1680-689: The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) also filed a lawsuit against Napster on the grounds of unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, which ultimately led Napster to shut down in 2001. In an interview with the New York Times , Gary Stiffelman, who represents Eminem , Aerosmith , and TLC , explained, "I'm not an opponent of artists' music being included in these services, I'm just an opponent of their revenue not being shared." The lawsuit A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. fundamentally changed

1764-585: The United States District Court for the Central District of California . Eko filed its own separate but related countersuit, JBF Interlude 2009 Ltd - Israel v. Quibi Holdings, LLC , a day later on March 10, alleging that Quibi stole proprietary technology after Eko demonstrated it to Quibi's employees, including Katzenberg. On May 3, 2020, Elliott Management announced that it would fund Eko's lawsuit in exchange for equity in

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1848-558: The YouTuber MrBeast , said that the company he is CEO of, Night Media , had attempted to bring MrBeast's content to the platform, but Quibi rejected the proposal. Additionally, Rad Sechrist, creator of Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts , said that he and his production team talked to Quibi, but that they passed on the series. Reactions to Quibi were mixed. While most of the service's original programming received positive reviews,

1932-708: The "golden age of the streaming wars". In September 2023, several streaming services formed a trade association named the Streaming Innovation Alliance (SIA), spearheaded by Charles Rivkin of the Motion Picture Association (MPA). Former U.S. representative Fred Upton and former Federal Communications Commission (FCC) acting chair Mignon Clyburn serve as senior advisors. Founding members include AfroLandTV, America Nu Network, BET+ , Discovery+ , Disney+ , Disney+ Hotstar , ESPN+ , For Us By Us Network, Hulu , Max ,

2016-544: The 'streaming' terminology was often a confusion factor. In 1969 Grumman acquired one of the first telemetry ground stations [Automated Telemetry Station, 'ATS'] which had the capability for reconstructing serial telemetered data which had been recorded on digital computer peripheral tapes. Computer peripheral tapes were inherently recorded in blocks. Reconstruction was required for continuous display purposes without time-base distortion. The Navy implemented similar capability in DoD for

2100-467: The MPA, MotorTrend+, Netflix , Paramount+ , Peacock , Pluto TV , Star+ , Telemundo , TelevisaUnivision , Vault TV, and Vix . Notably absent were Apple , Amazon , Roku , and Tubi . Advances in computer networking , combined with powerful home computers and operating systems, have made streaming media affordable and easy for the public. Stand-alone Internet radio devices emerged to offer listeners

2184-426: The area of memory where screen data was stored, but this required access to a BASIC prompt. Systems with composite video output could be connected to a VCR , and entire screencasts preserved this way. Most screenshots are raster images , but some vector-based GUI environments like Cairo are capable of generating vector screenshots. Screenshot kits were available for standard (film) cameras that included

2268-518: The band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC , while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology (the Mbone ) for broadcasting on the Internet using multicasting . As proof of PARC's technology, the band's performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. In a March 2017 interview, band member Russ Haines stated that the band had used approximately "half of

2352-772: The broadcast of a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet—a collaboration between the Seattle Symphony and guest musicians Slash , Matt Cameron , and Barrett Martin —took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle , Washington, on 10 November 1995. In 1996, Marc Scarpa produced

2436-399: The company. Streaming media Streaming media refers to multimedia delivered through a network for playback using a media player . Media is transferred in a stream of packets from a server to a client and is rendered in real-time; this contrasts with file downloading , a process in which the end-user obtains an entire media file before consuming the content. Streaming

2520-450: The content from Quibi for an amount less than $ 100 million, with the condition that the content would remain in their short-form format. The shows would be rebranded as "Roku Originals", with 30 of them relaunched on the service on May 20, 2021. Quibi spent over $ 1 billion on commissioning original content in its first year, totalling 8,500 short-form episodes and including over 175 shows. Unlike many streaming video platforms, Quibi's content

2604-472: The creation of numerous other P2P sites, including LimeWire (2000), BitTorrent (2001), and the Pirate Bay (2003). The reign of P2P networks was short-lived. The first to fall was Napster in 2001. Numerous lawsuits were filed against Napster by various record labels, all of which were subsidiaries of Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group , or EMI . In addition to this,

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2688-525: The creators of their original programming allowed them to retain the copyright to their content and distribute it in traditional forms after a few years. The next day, on October 22, it was announced that Quibi would officially shut down "on or around" December 1. On January 3, 2021, it was announced that Roku was in advanced talks to acquire rights to Quibi's library. On January 8, 2021, Roku officially announced that all of Quibi's 75 programs would be streamed on their platform, The Roku Channel . Roku acquired

2772-403: The downfall of many DVD rental companies, such as Blockbuster . In July 2015, The New York Times published an article about Netflix 's DVD services. It stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD services with 5.3 million subscribers, which was a significant drop from the previous year. On the other hand, their streaming service had 65 million members. Music streaming is one of

2856-499: The files available on Napster may be copyrighted and more than seventy percent may be owned or administered by plaintiffs." The injunction ordered against Napster ended the brief period in which music streaming was a public good – non-rival and non-excludable in nature. Other P2P networks had some success at sharing MP3s, though they all met a similar fate in court. The ruling set the precedent that copyrighted digital content cannot be freely replicated and shared unless given consent by

2940-434: The first commercial Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana , which enabled the more powerful computer networks that led to the first streaming video solutions used by schools and corporations. Practical streaming media was only made possible with advances in data compression due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Raw digital audio encoded with pulse-code modulation (PCM) requires

3024-437: The first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales. The term streaming wars was coined to describe the new era (starting in the late 2010s) of competition between video streaming services such as Netflix , Amazon Prime Video , Hulu , Max , Disney+ , Paramount+ , Apple TV+ , Peacock , and many more. The competition among online platforms has driven them to find ways to differentiate themselves from

3108-422: The first interactive computers around 1960. Through the 1980s, computer operating systems did not universally have built-in functionality for capturing screenshots. Sometimes text-only screens could be dumped to a text file , but the result would only capture the content of the screen, not the appearance, nor were graphics screens preservable this way. Some systems had a BSAVE command that could be used to capture

3192-473: The first large-scale, online, live broadcast, the Adam Yauch –led Tibetan Freedom Concert , an event that would define the format of social change broadcasts. Scarpa continued to pioneer in the streaming media world with projects such as Woodstock '99 , Townhall with President Clinton , and more recently Covered CA's campaign "Tell a Friend Get Covered", which was livestreamed on YouTube. Xing Technology

3276-413: The first time in 1973. These implementations are the only known examples of true 'streaming' in the sense of reconstructing distortion-free serial data from packetized or blocked recordings. 'Real-time' terminology has also been confusing in streaming context. The most accepted definition of 'real-time' requires that all associated processing or formatting of the data must take place prior to availability of

3360-413: The industry to develop technologies such as WirelessHD and G.hn , which are optimized for streaming HD content. Many developers have introduced HD streaming apps that work on smaller devices, such as tablets and smartphones, for everyday purposes. "Streaming creates the illusion—greatly magnified by headphone use, which is another matter—that music is a utility you can turn on and off; the water metaphor

3444-558: The interactivity of the Web. The ability to collect data and feedback from potential customers caused this technology to gain momentum quickly. Around 2002, the interest in a single, unified, streaming format and the widespread adoption of Adobe Flash prompted the development of a video streaming format through Flash, which was the format used in Flash-based players on video hosting sites. The first popular video streaming site, YouTube,

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3528-414: The interview, Katzenberg also cited the unfortunate timing of the launch during the pandemic as a contributing factor. At the time of the announcement, Quibi had approximately 500,000 subscribers. The announcement of the shutdown left the fate of existing, upcoming, and planned original programming in " development hell ", as Quibi does not own the rights to any of their programming, since their deals with

3612-575: The judge for this case, noted that Napster claimed that its services fit "three specific alleged fair uses: sampling , where users make temporary copies of a work before purchasing; space-shifting, where users access a sound recording through the Napster system that they already own in audio CD format; and permissive distribution of recordings by both new and established artists." Judge Beezer found that Napster did not fit these criteria, instead enabling their users to repeatedly copy music, which would affect

3696-523: The jukebox, and ask the operator to play a song. The operator would find the record in the studio library of more than 100,000 records, put it on a turntable, and the music would be piped over the telephone line to play in the tavern. The music media began as 78s, 33s and 45s, played on the six turntables they monitored. CDs and tapes were incorporated in later years. The business had a succession of owners, notably Bill Purse, his daughter Helen Reutzel, and finally Dotti White. The revenue stream for each quarter

3780-432: The late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to display various media. The primary technical issues related to streaming were having enough CPU and bus bandwidth to support the required data rates and achieving the real-time computing performance required to prevent buffer underruns and enable smooth streaming of the content. However, computer networks were still limited in

3864-423: The list of the 50 most-downloaded free iPhone apps in the United States a week after it was released. According to the analytics firm Sensor Tower, by early May the app was ranked 125th. Sensor Tower also said the app had been installed by 2.9 million customers, although Quibi said the figure was closer to 3.5 million. Of those who had installed the app, Quibi says 1.3 million were active users. Katzenberg acknowledged

3948-457: The market value of the copyrighted good. The second claim by the plaintiffs was that Napster was actively contributing to copyright infringement since it had knowledge of widespread file sharing on its platform. Since Napster took no action to reduce infringement and financially benefited from repeated use, the court ruled against the P2P site. The court found that "as much as eighty-seven percent of

4032-427: The media applies specifically to, as most of the traditional media delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, videotapes , audio CDs ). The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio, such as live closed captioning , ticker tape , and real-time text , which are all considered "streaming text". The term "streaming"

4116-430: The mid-1990s, and audio and video media were usually delivered over non-streaming channels, such as playback from a local hard disk drive or CD-ROMs on the end user's computer. Terminology in the 1970's was at best confusing for applications such as telemetered aircraft or missile test data. By then PCM [Pulse Code Modulation] was the dominant transmission type. This PCM transmission was bit-serial and not packetized so

4200-403: The misnomer "store and forward video." Beginning in 1881, Théâtrophone enabled subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over telephone lines. This operated until 1932. The concept of media streaming eventually came to America. In the early 1920s, George Owen Squier was granted patents for a system for the transmission and distribution of signals over electrical lines, which

4284-493: The most popular ways in which consumers interact with streaming media. In the age of digitization, the private consumption of music has transformed into a public good , largely due to one player in the market: Napster. Napster , a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing network where users could upload and download MP3 files freely, broke all music industry conventions when it launched in early 1999 in Hull, Massachusetts. The platform

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4368-479: The music industry by making songs that previously required payment to be freely accessible to any Napster user, but it also demonstrated the power of P2P networks in turning any digital file into a public, shareable good. For the brief period of time that Napster existed, mp3 files fundamentally changed as a type of good. Songs were no longer financially excludable, barring access to a computer with internet access, and they were not rivals, meaning if one person downloaded

4452-698: The music industry initiatives around the world related to the COVID-19. In its State of the Industry report, it recorded that the global recorded music market grew by 7.4% in 2022, the 6th consecutive year of growth. This growth was driven by streaming, mostly from paid subscription streaming revenues which increased by 18.5%, fueled by 443 million users of subscription accounts by the end of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has also driven an increase in misinformation and disinformation, particularly on streaming platforms like YouTube and podcasts . Streaming also refers to

4536-403: The news shows attracted minimal interest. In July 2020, Quibi was nominated for 10 Emmy Awards across three categories: Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series, Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series, and Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series. Its series, #FreeRayshawn , won two Emmy Awards on September 20, 2020. Reed Duchscher , the manager of

4620-571: The next sample of each measurement. In the 1970s the most powerful mainframe computers were not fast enough for this task at significant overall data rates in the range of 50,000 samples per second. For that reason both the Grumman ATS and the Navy Real-time Telemetry Processing System [RTPS] employed unique special purpose digital computers dedicated to real-time processing of raw data samples. In 1990,

4704-425: The offline streaming of multimedia at home. This is made possible by technologies such as DLNA , which allow devices on the same local network to connect to each other and share media. Such capabilities are heightened using network-attached storage (NAS) devices at home, or using specialized software like Plex Media Server , Jellyfin or TwonkyMedia . Screenshot The first screenshots were created with

4788-431: The owner, thereby strengthening the property rights of artists and record labels alike. Although music streaming is no longer a freely replicable public good, streaming platforms such as Spotify , Deezer , Apple Music , SoundCloud , YouTube Music , and Amazon Music have shifted music streaming to a club-type good . While some platforms, most notably Spotify, give customers access to a freemium service that enables

4872-502: The performance was "not close to what we wanted," stating, "I attribute everything that has gone wrong to coronavirus"—a reference to the COVID-19 pandemic that was disrupting daily routines at the time of the launch. Whitman was more positive in her assessment of the launch. Moves were made to adjust the service by allowing users to share content on social media platforms and to watch shows on televisions in addition to phones. A feature

4956-433: The pilot episode of the sitcom Royal Crackers ). Quibi filed a lawsuit against interactive video developer Eko on March 9, 2020 seeking a declaration that Quibi did not infringe on Eko's patented technology, as well as an order that Eko withdraw a complaint filed with Apple's App Store and unspecified monetary damages. Quibi pre-emptively filed its lawsuit, Quibi Holdings, LLC v. Interlude US, Inc. ( d/b/a Eko), in

5040-424: The platform was looking for a potential acquirer with other possibilities, such as raising more funds, or becoming a public company by backing into a shell corporation . The report stated Quibi had $ 200 million in funds available. In October, Quibi was made available on Apple TV , Amazon Fire TV , and Google TV . On October 21, 2020, just six months after Quibi's launch, The Wall Street Journal reported that

5124-413: The respective applications for streaming, which resulted in many users having to have all three applications on their computer for general compatibility. In 2000, Industryview.com launched its "world's largest streaming video archive" website to help businesses promote themselves. Webcasting became an emerging tool for business marketing and advertising that combined the immersive nature of television with

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5208-414: The rest. A key differentiator is offering exclusive content, often self-produced and created for a specific market segment . Research suggests that this approach to streaming competition can be disadvantageous for consumers by increasing spending across platforms, and for the industry as a whole by dilution of subscriber base. Once specific content is made available on a streaming service, piracy searches for

5292-480: The same content decrease; competition or legal availability across multiple platforms appears to deter online piracy. Exclusive content produced for subscription services such as Netflix tends to have a higher production budget than content produced exclusively for pay-per-view services, such as Amazon Prime Video. This competition increased during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic as more people stayed home and watched TV. "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to

5376-626: The service itself was criticized for its paid, mobile-only focus that limited its accessibility and reach compared to established, free services, such as YouTube and TikTok . In a November 2020 article for the Wall Street Journal , other reasons suggested for the service's shutdown include a misjudgment on which programming and technology features would appeal to young consumers, and a high spend on advertising. The platform's flawed concepts and rapid failure inspired widespread mockery (for example, an extended gag referencing its downfall in

5460-405: The streaming of audio and video content to computer users in their homes and workplaces. There was also an increasing use of standard protocols and formats, such as TCP/IP , HTTP , and HTML , as the Internet became increasingly commercialized, which led to an infusion of investment into the sector. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to perform live on the Internet. On 24 June 1993,

5544-487: The streaming service was shutting down. Later, that same day, this news was confirmed by both Katzenberg and Whitman. Katzenberg told Deadline Hollywood , "There was no question that keeping us going was not going to have a different outcome, it was just going to spend a whole lot more money without any value to show for it. So, out of respect for these people that put up this extraordinary amount of capital to do it, that's irresponsible and we both felt we shouldn't do it." In

5628-547: The subscription analytics firm Antenna reported that 27% of "Quibi day 1, 90-day trial users converted their trials," though Quibi stated that these numbers were inaccurate. In early August, a free, ad-supported version of the service was released in Australia and New Zealand, and the price of the ad-free version was reduced. According to reports in The Wall Street Journal and Recode in September 2020,

5712-617: The total bandwidth of the internet" to stream the performance, which was a 152 × 76 pixel video, updated eight to twelve times per second, with audio quality that was, "at best, a bad telephone connection." In October 1994, a school music festival was webcast from the Michael Fowler Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. The technician who arranged the webcast, local council employee Richard Naylor, later commented: "We had 16 viewers in 12 countries." RealNetworks pioneered

5796-845: The use of limited features for exposure to advertisements, most companies operate under a premium subscription model. Under such circumstances, music streaming is financially excludable, requiring that customers pay a monthly fee for access to a music library, but non-rival, since one customer's use does not impair another's. There is competition between services similar but lesser to the streaming wars for video media. As of 2019 , Spotify has over 207 million users in 78 countries, As of 2018 , Apple Music has about 60 million, and SoundCloud has 175 million. All platforms provide varying degrees of accessibility. Apple Music and Prime Music only offer their services for paid subscribers, whereas Spotify and SoundCloud offer freemium and premium services. Napster, owned by Rhapsody since 2011, has resurfaced as

5880-401: The user. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) revealed through its 2015, earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's total music industry 's revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $ 2.4 billion. US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $ 1.6 billion in

5964-716: The way consumers interact with music streaming. It was argued on 2 October 2000, and was decided on 12 February 2001. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a P2P file-sharing service could be held liable for contributory and vicarious infringement of copyright, serving as a landmark decision for Intellectual property law. The first issue that the Court addressed was fair use , which says that otherwise infringing activities are permissible so long as they are for purposes "such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching [...] scholarship, or research." Judge Beezer,

6048-623: Was added to allow shows to be cast from phones onto TVs through AirPlay and Chromecast , with the screen orientation being set to landscape by default. Quibi also developed its own screenshotting function. By early June, the company implemented voluntary executive pay cuts. That same month, the service was on track for 2 million subscribers in its first year, far below its projected 7.4 million total. From January to mid-June, Quibi raised an additional $ 750 million in funding. In July 2020, Sensor Tower reported that about 8 percent of Quibi's early wave of users had converted into paying subscribers, while

6132-461: Was developed by Shawn and John Fanning as well as Sean Parker . In an interview from 2009, Shawn Fanning explained that Napster "was something that came to me as a result of seeing a sort of unmet need and the passion people had for being able to find all this music, particularly a lot of the obscure stuff, which wouldn't be something you go to a record store and purchase, so it felt like a problem worth solving." Not only did this development disrupt

6216-450: Was first used for tape drives manufactured by Data Electronics Inc. that were meant to slowly ramp up and run for the entire track; slower ramp times lowered drive costs. "Streaming" was applied in the early 1990s as a better description for video on demand and later live video on IP networks . It was first done by Starlight Networks for video streaming and Real Networks for audio streaming. Such video had previously been referred to by

6300-408: Was founded by Steve Chen , Chad Hurley , and Jawed Karim in 2005. It initially used a Flash-based player, which played MPEG-4 AVC video and AAC audio, but now defaults to HTML video . Increasing consumer demand for live streaming prompted YouTube to implement a new live streaming service for users. The company currently also offers a (secure) link that returns the available connection speed of

6384-592: Was founded in 1989 and developed a JPEG streaming product called "StreamWorks". Another streaming product appeared in late 1992 and was named StarWorks. StarWorks enabled on-demand MPEG-1 full-motion videos to be randomly accessed on corporate Ethernet networks. Starworks was from Starlight Networks , which also pioneered live video streaming on Ethernet and via Internet Protocol over satellites with Hughes Network Systems . Other early companies that created streaming media technology include Progressive Networks and Protocomm prior to widespread World Wide Web usage. After

6468-539: Was freely available on the Internet. By 2018, however, music streaming revenue exceeded that of traditional revenue streams (e.g. record sales, album sales, downloads). Streaming revenue is now one of the largest driving forces behind the growth in the music industry. By August 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had streaming services busier than ever. In the UK alone, 12 million people joined a new streaming service that they had not previously had. An impact analysis of 2020 data by

6552-554: Was initially popularised by RealNetworks and Microsoft in the 1990s and has since grown to become the globally most popular method for consuming music and video, with numerous competing subscription services being offered since the 2010s. Audio streaming to wireless speakers , often using Bluetooth, is another use that has become prevalent during that decade. Live streaming is the real-time delivery of content during production, much as live television broadcasts content via television channels. Distinguishing delivery methods from

6636-601: Was made available in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and Germany among others on April 6, 2020. TechCrunch reported that Quibi saw 300,000 downloads and "hit No. 3 in the App Store" on its launch day. On April 14, the company announced it had seen 1.7 million downloads of its app in its release week. In the Google Play store, Quibi was the 11th-most-downloaded app as of April 16. Quibi's app fell out of

6720-428: Was made specifically for mobile devices and could be viewed in either a traditional 16:9 horizontal aspect ratio , or a 9:16 vertical frame (with the user able to shift between them in the same video). Instead of half-hour TV episodes or two-hour films, content on Quibi was delivered in episodes of 10 minutes or less. Quibi commissioned significant news programming in addition to its entertainment line-up, but it found

6804-599: Was no a built-in incentive specifically discouraging users from sharing their own files. This structure revolutionized the consumer's perception of ownership over digital goods ; it made music freely replicable. Napster quickly garnered millions of users, growing faster than any other business in history. At the peak of its existence, Napster boasted about 80 million users globally. The site gained so much traffic that many college campuses had to block access to Napster because it created network congestion from so many students sharing music files. The advent of Napster sparked

6888-1342: Was sold to Roku, Inc. for less than $ 100 million. The platform's concepts and failure inspired widespread mockery. Quibi was founded in August 2018 as NewTV by Jeffrey Katzenberg and was led by Meg Whitman as CEO. In October 2018, NewTV was renamed Quibi. The service targeted a younger demographic, with content delivered in 10-minute episodes called "quick bites" (with the name Quibi derived from "QUI-ck BI-tes"). In 2018, Quibi raised $ 1 billion in funding from major Hollywood film studios, TV companies, telecommunications companies, technology companies, banks, and other investors including The Walt Disney Company , 21st Century Fox , NBCUniversal , Sony Pictures , WarnerMedia , Viacom , RTL Group , FremantleMedia , eOne , Lionsgate , MGM , Madrone Capital , Goldman Sachs , JPMorgan Chase , Alibaba Group , Liberty Global , and ITV . In 2019, Quibi announced it would launch in April 2020 with two pricing tiers. On July 8, 2019, BBC Studios announced it had invested in Quibi. By late 2019, Quibi announced it had sold out its first-year advertising inventory, which amounted to $ 150 million. In 2020, Quibi presented at CES on its full launch plans including details on its content, technology, and partnerships. In March 2020, Quibi announced

6972-452: Was split between 60% for the music service and 40% for the tavern owner. This business model eventually became unsustainable due to city permits and the cost of setting up these telephone lines. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century. However, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From

7056-469: Was the technical basis for what later became Muzak , a technology for streaming continuous music to commercial customers without the use of radio. The Telephone Music Service, a live jukebox service, began in 1929 and continued until 1997. The clientele eventually included 120 bars and restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. A tavern customer would deposit money in the jukebox, use a telephone on top of

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