The RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer (nicknamed Victor ) was the first programmable electronic synthesizer and the flagship piece of equipment at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center . Designed by Herbert Belar and Harry Olson at RCA , with contributions by Vladimir Ussachevsky and Peter Mauzey , it was installed at Columbia University in 1957. Consisting of a room-sized array of interconnected sound synthesis components, the Mark II gave the user more flexibility and had twice the number of tone oscillators as its predecessor, the Mark I. The synthesizer was funded by a large grant from the Rockefeller Foundation .
16-466: Earlier 20th century electronic instruments such as the Telharmonium or the theremin were manually operated. The RCA combined diverse electronic sound generation with a music sequencer , which proved a huge attraction to composers of the day, who were growing weary of creating electronic works by splicing together individual sounds recorded on sections of magnetic tape . The RCA Mark II featured
32-439: A binary sequencer using a paper tape reader analogous to a player piano , that would send instructions to the synthesizer, automating playback from the device. The synthesizer would then output sound to a synchronized record lathe next to the machine. The resulting recording would then be compared against the punch-tape score, and the process would be repeated until the desired results were obtained. The sequencer features of
48-442: A white noise source). The synthesizer was difficult to configure, requiring extensive patching of analog circuitry prior to running a score. Little attempt was made to teach composition on the synthesizer, and with few exceptions the only persons proficient in the machine's use were the designers at RCA and the engineering staff at Columbia who maintained it. Princeton University composer Milton Babbitt , though not by any means
64-477: A mark of aesthetic progress (continuing with contemporary computer -based sequencers) generated high expectations for the Mark II, and contributed to the increased awareness of electronic music as a viable new art form. An album featuring the instrument and its capabilities was issued by RCA (LM-1922) in 1955. The synthesizer had a four-note variable polyphony (in addition to twelve fixed-tone oscillators and
80-724: A music teacher, September 5, 1959, and was with her until his death. Luening set songs to words by Oscar Wilde , Emily Dickinson , Lord Byron , Walt Whitman , William Blake , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Sharpe, Naidu, Hermann Hesse , and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . A selection of those recorded include "She walks in Beauty", "Farm Picture", "Little Vagabond", "Young Love", "Wake the serpent not", "Requiescat", "Venilia", "Locations and Times", "Noon Silence", "Visor'd", "Infant Joy", "Good-night", "I faint, I perish", "Transience", "At Christmas time/In Weihnachtszeiten", "Ach! wer bringt die schönen Tage", Songs of Emily Dickinson, "Love's Secret", "Harp
96-594: The Columbia Computer Music Center facility on 125th Street in New York City , where it is bolted to the floor in the office of Professor Brad Garton . Media Overall Olson-Belar composing machine (circa 1950) RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer, Mark I (circa 1955) RCA Mark II Electronic Music Synthesizer (circa 1958) Computer compositions Telharmonium Too Many Requests If you report this error to
112-503: The RCA were of particular attraction to modernist composers of the time, especially those interested in writing dodecaphonic music with a high degree of precision. The RCA is cited by composers of the day as contributing to the rise of musical complexity , because it allowed composers the freedom to write music using rhythms and tempos that were impractical, if not impossible, to realize on acoustic instruments . The allure of precision as
128-547: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 550749290 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:54:06 GMT Otto Luening Otto Clarence Luening (June 15, 1900 – September 2, 1996) was a German-American composer and conductor , and flutist. He was an early pioneer of tape music and electronic music . Luening
144-589: The cost of the synthesizer in the hopes of being able to eliminate their unionized radio orchestra. In 1959, the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center acquired the machine from RCA. At Columbia-Princeton, Milton Babbitt used it extensively. His tape and tape and instrument pieces were realized using the RCA Mark II, including his masterpiece Philomel , for synthesized sound and soprano. The RCA remains housed at
160-1205: The early potential of synthesizers and special editing techniques for electronic music. An October 28, 1952 concert with Vladimir Ussachevsky at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City introduced Fantasy in Space , flute recordings manipulated on magnetic tape, and led to an appearance on The Today Show with Dave Garroway . Luening was co-founder, along with Ussachevsky, of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in 1958. He also co-founded Composers Recordings, Inc. in 1954, with Douglas Moore and Oliver Daniel . He died in New York City in 1996. His notable students include Chou Wen-chung , Charles Wuorinen , Joan Tower , John Corigliano , Harvey Sollberger , Faye-Ellen Silverman , Dave Soldier , Sol Berkowitz , Elliott Schwartz , Bernard Garfield , Norma Wendelburg , and Karl Korte . See: List of music students by teacher: K to M#Otto Luening . He married Ethel Codd on April 19, 1927, and divorced in 1959. He married Catherine Brunson,
176-507: The historical interest of the RCA, besides its association with the Electronic Music Center, comes from a number of amusing and possibly apocryphal stories told regarding the synthesizer. One common story is that Ussachevsky and Otto Luening effectively conned RCA into building the machine, claiming that a synthesizer built to their specifications would "replace the symphony orchestra," prompting RCA executives to gamble
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#1732773246559192-519: The machine obsolete by its tenth birthday, having been surpassed by more reliable and affordable solid state modular synthesizers such as the Buchla and Moog modular synthesizer systems. It was prohibitively expensive to replicate, and an RCA Mark III, though conceived by Belar and Olsen, was never constructed. Nor was RCA to remain in the synthesizer business, prompting Columbia to purchase enough spare parts to build two duplicate synthesizers. Much of
208-499: The only person to use the machine, is the composer most often associated with it, and was its biggest advocate. A number of important pieces in the electronic music repertoire were composed and realized on the RCA. Babbitt's Vision and Prayer and Philomel both feature the RCA, as does Charles Wuorinen 's 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Music -winning piece Time's Encomium . Over time it fell into disrepair, and it remains only partly functional. The last composer to get any sound out of
224-476: The synthesizer was R. Luke DuBois , who used it for a fifty-one second piece on the Freight Elevator Quartet 's Jungle Album in 1997. Although part of the history of electronic music, the RCA was seldom used. Made to United States Air Force construction specifications (and even sporting a USAF oscilloscope ), its active electronics were constructed entirely with vacuum tubes , rendering
240-750: Was also an actor and stage manager for James Joyce 's English Players Company. He returned to the United States in 1924, and appeared mainly as a conductor of operas, in Chicago and the Eastman School of Music . His conducting premieres included Virgil Thomson 's The Mother of Us All , Gian Carlo Menotti 's The Medium , and his own Evangeline . Luening's tape music, including A Poem in Cycles & Bells , Gargoyles for Violin & Synthesized Sound , and Sounds of New Music demonstrated
256-684: Was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin to German parents, Eugene Luening , a conductor and composer, and Emma ( nee Jacobs), an amateur singer. When he was 12, his family moved to Munich , where he studied music at the State Academy of Music . At age 17, he moved to Switzerland and attended the Municipal Conservatory of Music in Zürich and University of Zurich , where he studied with Ferruccio Busoni and Philipp Jarnach , and
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