Misplaced Pages

#787212

34-716: The RD-0124 ( GRAU Index 14D23) is a rocket engine burning liquid oxygen and kerosene in an oxygen-rich staged combustion cycle , developed by the Chemical Automatics Design Bureau in Voronezh . RD-0124 engines are used on the Block I stage used on Soyuz 2.1b and Soyuz 2.1v . A variant of the engine, the RD-0124A , is used on the Angara rocket family's URM-2 upper stage. RD-0124 engines use

68-658: A glide ratio comparable to that of the Space Shuttle . On 20 June 2024, Russia claimed that it used, for the first time, a FAB-3000 modified with a guidance wing kit near Lyptsi in Kharkiv Oblast. Russian media claimed that it was aimed at Ukrainian soldiers, Ukraine claimed that it narrowly missed a hospital. Russia announced that it was restarting production of the FAB-3000 in March 2024. More purported uses of

102-407: A GRAU index is a number indicating which of the several main categories of equipment a given item belongs to. The second part, a Cyrillic character, indicates the subcategory. The third part, a number, indicates the specific model. The optional suffix can be used to differentiate variants of the same model. General-purpose bomb A general-purpose bomb is an air-dropped bomb intended as

136-404: A bomb of this type is "medium case" or "medium capacity" (MC). The GP bomb is a common weapon of fighter bomber and attack aircraft because it is useful for a variety of tactical applications and relatively cheap. General-purpose bombs are often identified by their weight (e.g., 500 lb or 230 kg). In many cases this is strictly a nominal weight (the counterpart to the caliber of

170-465: A compromise between blast damage, penetration, and fragmentation in explosive effect. They are designed to be effective against enemy troops, vehicles, and buildings. General-purpose (GP) bombs use a thick-walled metal casing with explosive filler (typically TNT , Composition B , or Tritonal in NATO or United States service) comprising about 30% to 40% of the bomb's total weight. The British term for

204-441: A facility (the ship), and thus are in much more danger of fire reaching munitions (which tend to be more closely packed, due to space limitations). Also, losing a munitions storage building on land is far cheaper than sacrificing an entire naval vessel, even if one could easily evacuate the crew. All Mk 80 bombs have both nose and tail fuze wells and can accept a variety of fuzes. Various nose and tail kits can be fitted to adapt

238-406: A far greater radius than one that is delayed until the bomb is below the surface.) GP bombs are commonly used as the warheads for more sophisticated precision-guided munitions. Using various types of seeker and electrically controlled fins turns a basic 'iron' bomb into a laser-guided bomb (like the U.S. Paveway series), an electro-optical guided bomb, or, more recently, GPS -guided weapon (like

272-429: A firearm), and the actual weight of each individual weapon may vary depending on its retardation, fusing, carriage, and guidance systems. For example, the actual weight of a U.S. M117 bomb, nominally 750 lb (340 kg), is typically around 820 lb (370 kg). Most modern air-dropped GP bombs are designed to minimise drag for external carriage on aircraft lacking bomb bays. In low-altitude attacks, there

306-434: A further suffix ⟨letter⟩ ⟨number⟩ . They may be followed by a specially assigned codename. For example " 2 S 19   Msta-S ", the 2S19 Msta self-propelled howitzer, has the index 2S19 , without suffix; Msta-S is the codename. Several common misconceptions surround the scope and originating body of these indices. The GRAU designation is not an industrial designation, nor

340-419: A multi-stage turbopump powered by pre-combustion of the engine propellants in the preburner . The kerosene fuel is used for regenerative cooling of the engine. Vehicle attitude control during ascent is provided by gimbaling the engine in two planes. The propellant tanks are helium-pressurized. Four combustion chambers are fed by a single turbopump system. The engine operates at a high chamber pressure and, for

374-403: A single nose and a single tail fuze. The bomb could be dropped from up to 39,000 ft (12,000 m) and up to 620 mph (1,000 km/h). The original, 1946-series bombs had poor ballistic characteristics at supersonic speed, and their construction was fragile. As an interim measure, upgraded versions of the bombs were built with thicker walls and no nose fuze. The thick-walled version of

SECTION 10

#1732798844788

408-536: Is a danger of the attacking aircraft being caught in the blast of its own weapons. To address this problem, GP bombs are often fitted with retarders , parachutes or pop-out fins that slow the bomb's descent to allow the aircraft time to escape the detonation. GP bombs can be fitted with a variety of fuzes and fins for different uses. One notable example is the " daisy cutter " fuze used in Vietnam War era American weapons, an extended probe designed to ensure that

442-551: Is a modified enhanced Mk 82 warhead. The Russian term for general-purpose bomb is fugasnaya aviatsionnaya bomba (FAB) and followed by the bomb's nominal weight in kilograms. Most Russian iron bombs have circular ring airfoils rather than the fins used by Western types. In 1946 the Soviet Union developed a series of freefall bombs in four sizes 550 lb (250 kg), 1,100 lb (500 kg), 3,300 lb (1,500 kg), and 6,600 lb (3,000 kg) and sharing

476-417: Is designed to delay any potential accidental explosion in the event of a shipboard fire. Land-based air forces typically do not use such coatings, largely because they add some 30 lb (14 kg) to the weight of the complete weapon. Fire is less a danger in a land-based facility, where the personnel can be evacuated with relative ease, and the building be the only loss. At sea, the crew and munitions share

510-483: Is it assigned by the design bureau. In addition to its GRAU designation, a given piece of equipment could have a design name, an industrial name and a service designation. For example, one of the surface-to-air missiles in the S-25 Berkut air defense system had at least four domestic designations: Some Soviet general-purpose bombs bore a designation that looked confusingly similar to GRAU. The first part of

544-593: Is used to allow the aircraft escape the "blast pattern" in low altitude delivery. The principal modern British bombs are 540 lb (240 kg) and 1,000 lb (450 kg), and are no longer in service. The smaller 540 lb was retired with the demise of the Harrier GR9 aircraft with the larger 1000 lb being retired in Apr 2019. Currently the UK only uses the 500 lb class Paveway IV weapon system. The warhead

578-637: The M65 , M117 and M118 , which had an explosive content about 65% higher than most contemporary weapons. Although some of these weapons remain in the U.S. arsenal, they are little used and the M117 is primarily carried only by the B-52 Stratofortress . The primary U.S. GP bombs are the Mark 80 series . This class of weapons uses a shape known as Aero 1A, designed by Ed Heinemann of Douglas Aircraft as

612-1188: The Société des Ateliers Mécaniques de Pont-sur-Sambre . The acronym “SAMP” identifies these bombs, along with various type codes such as EU2 and T200. Since 2019, bomb casings are made at a new factory in Rouvignies and are filled with explosives at another factory in Sorgues . India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed the High Speed Low Drag Bomb or HSLD series of general-purpose bombs. Size variations of these bombs are 100 kg (220 lb), 250 kg (550 lb), 450 kg (990 lb) and 500 kg (1,100 lb). The 450 kg and 500 kg bombs have precision-guided versions as well. The bombs are manufactured by Munitions India Limited . Other countries, including Australia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Israel, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey, manufacture their own bombs, most of which are either licensed versions of

646-468: The Soyuz 2.1b/v and the Angara family . As such, there are different versions: GRAU The organization dates back to 1862 when it was established under the name Главное артиллерийское управление (ГАУ – GAU ). The "R" from "rockets" was added to the title from 19 November 1960. The GRAU is responsible for assigning GRAU indices to Russian army munitions and equipment . As of December 2021,

680-611: The 1980s, Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 and Tupolev Tu-22M bombers used massive FAB-1500, FAB-3000, FAB-5000NG , and FAB-9000 bombs to devastating effect during the Panjshir offensives . More recently, many Russian FAB-500 and FAB-1500 general-purpose bombs were converted to precision munitions through the addition of mass-produced so-called UMPK kits, which add battery-powered electrically-actuated pop-out wings and flight control surfaces as well as guidance electronics, all of whose addition turns unguided gravity bombs into smart bombs with

714-669: The Chief of the GRAU was Major General Nikolay Romanovsky. Arsenals of the GRAU, according to Kommersant -Vlast in 2005, included the 53rd at Dzerzhinsk, Nizhniy Novogorod Oblast , the 55th in the Sklad-40 microraion at Rzhev , the 60th at Kaluga , the 63rd at Lipetsk , the 75th at Serpukhov south of Moscow, and the 97th at Skolin (all five in the Moscow Military District ). An additional possibly disused arsenal in

SECTION 20

#1732798844788

748-825: The FAB-100, FAB-250, FAB-500, and FAB-1500, roughly corresponding to the U.S. Mark 80 series. These have seen widespread service in Russia, Warsaw Pact nations, and various export countries. Larger bombs with less streamlined shapes also remained in the Soviet arsenal, primarily for use by heavy bombers. In the Iran–Iraq War , FAB-5000 (11,000 lb or 5,000 kg) and FAB-9000 (20,000 lb or 9,000 kg) bombs were dropped by Iraqi Air Force Tupolev Tu-22 bombers, generally against large, fixed targets in Iran. In Afghanistan in

782-548: The Mk ;81 bomb have begun a return to service, based on U.S. experience in Iraq after 2003, and the desire to reduce collateral damage compared to Mk 82 and larger bombs (e.g., when attacking a single small building in a populated area). Since the Vietnam War and the 1967 USS Forrestal fire , United States Navy and United States Marine Corps GP bombs are distinguished by a thick ablative fire-retardant coating, which

816-628: The Moscow Military District is the 107th at Toropets . The 5th at Alatyr, Chuvash Republic , the 80th Arsenal at Gagarskiy, the 103rd Arsenal at Saransk , Mordovia , and the 116th at Krasno-Oktyabrskiy were all in the Volga–Urals Military District . Since 2009, there have been a number of fires and explosions at GRAU ammunition storage depots. GRAU indices are of the form ⟨number⟩ ⟨letter⟩ ⟨number⟩ , sometimes with

850-497: The U.S. JDAM ). The combination is cheaper than a true guided missile (and can be more easily upgraded or replaced in service), but is substantially more accurate than an unguided bomb. During WWII the British adopted a description of general-purpose bombs as medium capacity ( MC ) bombs. The 1,000 lb (450 kg) MC was developed from 1942 to replace the existing 1000 lb GP (General Purpose) bomb. Initially using most of

884-480: The bomb in the same region took place in the next days with videos appeared online. The Russian Ministry of Defense officially announced the use of the bomb on 14 July 2024 by publishing a video which showed a Su-34 tactical bomber launching it. France produces or has produced numerous types of general-purpose bombs with weights ranging from 50 kg (110 lb) to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), including US Mark 80 models. Until 2011, bomb casings were made by

918-480: The bomb would detonate on contact (even with foliage) rather than burying itself in earth or mud, which would reduce its effectiveness. (This was not the first instance of such devices. As early as World War II , the Luftwaffe was using extended-nose fuzes on bombs dropped by Stuka dive-bombers and other aircraft for exactly the same reason. A blast several feet above the ground is many times more effective and has

952-414: The bomb's stabilizers. The smaller (less than 6,600 lb or 3,000 kg) bombs had a single nose and a single tail fuze, while the larger weapons shared a single nose fuze and two base fuzes. The FAB-9000 (20,000 lb or 9,000 kg) weapon was roughly comparable to the wartime Grand Slam bomb . It was used by Soviet aircraft designers as a substitute for early nuclear weapons when determining

986-403: The bombs was built until 1956. The 1954 series of high-drag bombs was built in six sizes: 550 lb (250 kg), 1,100 lb (500 kg), 3,300 lb (1,500 kg), 6,600 lb (3,000 kg), 11,000 lb (5,000 kg), and 20,000 lb (9,000 kg). A feature of the 1954 series of bombs is the ballistic ring on the nose of the bomb which acts as a vortex generator to aid

1020-482: The components of the 1000 lb GP it was decided to give it a new tail and it was built with a half-inch-thick wall. Fillings could be Amatex , Amatol , Minol , RDX and others. Actual weight was around 1,020 lb (460 kg). It was introduced to service in 1943 and about a quarter of a million were produced by the end of the war. During the Korean War and Vietnam War the U.S. used older designs like

1054-484: The result of studies in 1946 . It has a length-to-diameter ratio of about 8:1, and results in minimal drag for the carrier aircraft. The Mark 80 series was not used in combat until the Vietnam War, but has since replaced most earlier GP weapons. It includes four basic weapon types: Vietnam service showed the Mk 81 "Firecracker" to be sub par, and it was withdrawn from U.S. service. However, recently, precision-guided variants of

RD-0124 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-401: The size and clearances of bomb bays. In 1962 a new series of streamlined, low-drag bombs was introduced, designed for external carriage by fighter-bomber aircraft rather than in internal bays. They come in only two sizes, 550 lb (250 kg) and 1,100 lb (500 kg). Both bombs have a single nose fuze. Both the 54 and 62 series designs remain in use. The most common of these are

1122-727: The type of propellants used, achieves a very high specific impulse of nearly 360 seconds in vacuum. The inaugural flight of a launch vehicle using an RD-0124 engine took place on December 27, 2006, on the inaugural launch of the Soyuz-2.1b Orbital Sciences considered using the RD-0124 in the High Energy Second Stage (HESS) for their Antares rocket. It would have replaced the Castor 30B second stage. This upper stage engine has been adapted to two different launch vehicles,

1156-444: The weapon for a variety of roles. Mk 80 series bomb bodies are also used in the following weapons: On August 14, 2020, Kaman Precision Products received roughly $ 57.3 million for a "cockpit-selectable" bomb fuze to be used on Mark 80 warheads (guided and unguided). The contract involved foreign military sales ( FMS ) to 25 unnamed countries. Dumb Mk 80 bombs could be converted to smart bombs with attached kits: The retarder

#787212