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36-422: When Chelomey's OKB-52 started their UR-200 ICBM project, they requested S. A. Kosberg's OKB-154 to develop the propulsion. They decided to use the same basic block for both the first and second stage. But to achieve the required performance, Kosberg had to develop a staged combustion engine, a then extremely aggressive feat. Only M. V. Melnikov of OKB-1 had designed a staged combustion engine before,

72-526: A cloudy summer day. Venera 9 was the first probe to send back television pictures (black and white) from the Venusian surface, showing no shadows, no apparent dust in the air, and a variety of 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) rocks which were not eroded. Planned 360-degree panoramic pictures could not be taken because one of two camera lens covers failed to come off, limiting pictures to 180 degrees. This failure recurred with Venera 10 . The lander payload

108-410: A cylinder with two solar panel wings and a high gain parabolic antenna attached to the curved surface. A bell-shaped unit holding propulsion systems was attached to the bottom of the cylinder, and mounted on top was a 2.4-metre (7.9 ft) sphere which held the lander. The instruments composing the orbiter included: The lander was encased in a spherical shell before landing to help protect it from

144-555: A decision by the USSR State Defense Committee and People's Commissar for Aviation Industry Alexey Shakhurin , Chelomey was appointed the Director and Chief Designer of Plant N51 (its previous director Nikolay Polikarpov having died a short time before). Chelomey was to design, build, and test the first Soviet cruise missile as soon as possible. As early as December 1944, the missile, code-named 10Kh ,

180-679: A disc-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped landing cushion. The landing was about 2,200 km (1,400 mi) from the Venera 10 landing site. Venera 9 measured clouds that were 30–40 km (19–25 mi) thick with bases at 30–35 km (19–22 mi) altitude. It also measured atmospheric chemicals including hydrochloric acid , hydrofluoric acid , bromine and iodine . Other measurements included surface pressure of about 9,100 kilopascals (90  atm ), temperature of 485  °C (905  °F ), and surface light levels comparable to those at Earth mid-latitudes on

216-504: A mass of 4,936 kilograms (10,882 lb). The orbiter was the first spacecraft to orbit Venus , while the lander was the first to return images from the surface of another planet. The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 20, 1975. Its mission was to act as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments. It performed 17 survey missions from October 26, 1975, to December 25, 1975. The orbiter consisted of

252-552: A professor at the School in 1952. In 1958, OKB-52 put forward a proposal for a multi-stage Intercontinental ballistic missile . Although their UR-200 rocket design was rejected in favour of Mikhail Yangel 's R-36 (NATO designation SS-9 Scarp ), their UR-100 design was accepted. Chelomey's OKB was part of the General Machine-Building Ministry headed by Sergey Afanasyev . In 1959, Chelomey

288-564: A smooth surface with numerous stones. The lander measured a light level of 14,000 lux, similar to that of Earth in full daylight but no direct sunshine. A system of circulating fluid was used to distribute the heat load. This system, plus pre-cooling prior to entry, permitted operation of the lander for 53 minutes after landing, at which time radio contact with the orbiter was lost as the orbiter moved out of radio range. During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes,

324-463: A steep (20°) slope covered with boulders (suspected to be the slope of the tectonic rift valley, Aikhylu Chasma ). The entry sphere weighed 1,560 kg (3,440 lb) and the surface payload was 660 kg (1,455 lb). It was the first spacecraft to return an image from the surface of another planet. Many of the instruments began working immediately after touchdown and the cameras were operational 2 minutes later. These instruments revealed

360-401: Is as follows: Some of these engines were bundled into modules of multiple engines. The relevant modules and auxiliary engines are: Vladimir Chelomey Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey or Chelomei ( Russian : Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й , Ukrainian : Володи́мир Микола́йович Челоме́й ; 30 June 1914 – 8 December 1984) was a Soviet engineer and designer in the missile program of

396-691: The Eastern Front of World War I came close to Siedlce. When Chelomey was 12 years old, the family moved again to Kyiv . In 1932, Chelomey was admitted to the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (later the basis of Kyiv Aviation Institute), where he showed himself as a student with outstanding talent. In 1936, his first book Vector Analysis was published. Studying at the institute, Chelomey also attended lectures on mathematical analysis , theory of differential equations , mathematical physics , theory of elasticity and mechanics in

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432-630: The Kyiv University . He also attended lectures by Tullio Levi-Civita in the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. Namely in this time Chelomey became interested in mechanics and in the theory of oscillations and remained interested the rest of his life. In 1937, Chelomey graduated from the institute with honours. After that he worked there as a lecturer, defending a dissertation for the Candidate of Science (in 1939). From

468-700: The N1 should be fueled with RP-1 / LOX or Hypergolic propellant resulted in Glushko and Korolev refusing to work with each other, causing Glushko to instead offer his RD-253 rocket engine to Chelomey, who adopted it for his UR-500 . On 3 August 1964 the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the USSR Council of Ministers adopted and signed Decree #655-268 On Work on Research on

504-464: The R-36 and was cancelled in favor of the latter, it did have a few test launches and thus was a proven design. When Chelomey started his super heavy ICBM UR-500 (8K82) project, he originally intended to use multiple UR-200 modules as a first stage. When this concept proved not viable, and the multi-body that was finally used was settled on, they had to search for new propulsion on the first stage. For

540-618: The RD-0207 . The RD-0204 only difference to the RD-0203 was that it included a heat exchanger to heat the pressurant gases for the first stage tank. The RD-0206 was very similar to the RD-0204, but its nozzle was vacuum optimized and had a fixed nozzle. The thrust vector control task was delegated to the four nozzle RD-0207 vernier engine. While the UR-200 project was in direct competition to

576-779: The RD-0208 / RD-0209 were born. In a parallel case with the RD-0203/4, the RD-0209 was a version of the RD-0208 that included a heat exchanger. When the UR-500 proved to be too big as an ICBM, the application of the vehicle as a weapon was cancelled. But it could be adapted as a heavy launch vehicle that could perform important missions for the Soviet moonshot , and so the Proton-K (8K82)

612-515: The S1.5400 , and it used a different propellant mix with significantly less thrust. To simplify design and manufacture, the engine would be used both on the first and the second stages. The first stage would use a module - the RD-0202 - that comprised three RD-0203 and one RD-0204 , while the upper stage would use a RD-0205 module comprising a RD-0206 main engine plus an auxiliary vernier engine ,

648-750: The UR-500 (also known as Proton ) took place in early 1965. Although it was never used to send cosmonauts to the Moon as Chelomey had hoped, Proton became the staple heavy lift launch vehicle of the Soviet/Russian fleet and would be used over the years for planetary probes, space stations, geosynchronous satellites, and more. Chelomey's OKB also designed anti-satellite weapons such as Polyot . Unlike earlier satellites, Chelomey's Polyot-1 (1963) and Polyot-2 (1964) were equipped with an propulsion bus which enabled them to change their orbits. He also headed

684-418: The "Moon race". Chelomey proposed that the powerful UR-500 be used to launch a small two-man craft on a lunar flyby, and managed to gain support for his proposal by employing Nikita Khrushchev 's son, Sergei Khrushchev. He also claimed the UR-500 could be used to launch a military space station. An argument between Sergey Korolev and rocket engine designer Valentin Glushko over personal issues and whether

720-544: The 1980s Chelomey's OKB proposed non-realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane based on Zenit-2 launcher. SS-N-3 Shaddock He is reported to have led the construction of the P-80 Zubr anti-ship missile, and it may be presumed that he was involved in the related P-100 Oniks missile. Chelomey died in Moscow on 8 December 1984 at the age of 70, suffering a fatal stroke while on the phone with his wife. He had been admitted to

756-410: The Moon and Outer Space , which redefined Chelomey's and Korolev's roles in the space program: Korolev was now responsible for development of the N1 , which was chosen to accomplish a crewed lunar landing , while Chelomei was assigned to the development of the UR-500 which was chosen to perform a crewed circumlunar flight . The projects continued to work separately side-by-side. The first launch of

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792-697: The beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, Chelomey worked at the Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Building ( TsIAM ) in Moscow , where he created the first Soviet pulsating air jet engine in 1942, independently of similar contemporary developments in Nazi Germany . In the summer of 1944, it became known that Nazi Germany used V-1 cruise missiles against Southern England . On 9 October 1944, following

828-720: The development of the Proton satellite . In the 1970s Chelomey's OKB proposed non-realised Proton-based 20-ton LKS (Kosmolyot) spaceplane and worked on the Almaz military orbital stations (flown as Salyut 2 , Salyut 3 and Salyut 5 ) which also became the basis for the Salyut, Mir and Zvezda civil space stations. To support his Almaz stations, Chelomey designed the TKS , as a large alternative to Soyuz . The TKS never flew crewed as planned but derivatives flew as modules on Salyut 7 and Mir. In

864-557: The first space station to orbit the Earth. On 19 May 1971 a Proton launched the Mars 2 probe to Mars . The orbiter was identical to the Venera 9 bus, and the lander was the first man made object to reach the surface of Mars. On 8 June 1975 a Proton launched the Venera 9 to Venus . It consisted of an orbiter based on the Mars 2 design, and a lander which was sent the first pictured from

900-715: The former Soviet Union . He invented the first Soviet pulse jet engine and was responsible for developing the world's first anti-ship cruise missiles and the ICBM program of the Soviet Union such as the UR-100 , UR-200 , UR-500 and UR-700 . Chelomey was born to a Ukrainian family in Siedlce , Lublin Governorate , Russian Empire (now Poland ). At the age of three months, his family fled to Poltava , Ukraine , when

936-429: The heat of entry as it slowed from 10.7 kilometres per second (6.6 mi/s) to 150 metres per second (490 ft/s). This sphere was then separated with explosive bolts and a three-domed parachute was deployed which slowed the lander further to 50 metres per second (160 ft/s) at an altitude of 63 kilometres (39 mi) above the planet. The descent through the cloud layer took about 20 minutes, during which time

972-405: The hospital three days prior after breaking his leg in his dacha. He was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery . Venera 9 Venera 9 ( Russian : Венера-9 , lit.   'Venus-9'), manufacturer's designation: 4V-1 No. 660 , was a Soviet uncrewed space mission to Venus . It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 8, 1975, at 02:38:00  UTC and had

1008-407: The lander took measurements of the atmosphere and radioed the information to the orbiter. To minimize lander damage in the hot atmosphere, the parachute was released at an altitude of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the ring-shaped aerodynamic shield provided braking. The Venusian atmosphere is so dense near the surface that this shield provided a descent rate of 7 metres per second (23 ft/s) as

1044-561: The lander touched down. The landing device, a hollow ring surrounding the lower part of the lander, was partly crushed upon touchdown to take up most of the landing impact. On October 20, 1975, the lander spacecraft separated from the orbiter, and landing was made with the Sun near zenith at 05:13 UTC on October 22. Venera 9 landed within a 150 km (93 mi) radius of 31°01′N 291°38′E  /  31.01°N 291.64°E  / 31.01; 291.64 , near Beta Regio , on

1080-481: The second stage, they adapted the UR-200 first stage's. It needed new tanks to match the first stage, but most of the rest could be adapted. The engines had to be started in the air and had to get longer nozzles, optimized for vacuum operation. Both of this features were demonstrated on the RD-0206, and were readily adapted. They also received a thrust vector gimbaling system, to have better control during launch. Thus,

1116-702: The surface of Venus. On 20 November 1998 a Proton launched Zarya the first module of the ISS . On 12 July 2000 a Proton launched Zvezda , the third module launched of the ISS and the center of the Russian portion of the station - the Russian Orbital Segment . The basic engine has been used for the UR-200 first and second stages, the UR-500 second stage and the Proton second and third stages. Each variation

RD-0210 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-535: The third stage, the UR-200 second stage was adapted -again, with the same 4.1m tanking as the first and second stages- and the RD-0205 module with an RD-0206 and an RD-0207 vernier engine was given an overhaul. The new module, - known as RD-0212 - consisted of an RD-0213 and an RD-0214 vernier engine. The RD-0213 was a RD-0206 brought to RD-0211/12 standards, and the RD-0214 was a revised RD-0207. The RD-0203/4

1188-563: Was appointed the Chief Designer of Aviation Equipment. OKB-52, along with designing ICBMs, started to work on spacecraft, and in 1961 began work on a design for a much more powerful ICBM, the UR-500 , although it was rather quickly rejected as impractical to use as a missile. In 1962, Chelomey became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences , Mechanics Department. Chelomey became Sergey Korolev 's internal competitor in

1224-567: Was born. This allowed Chelomey to pitch it as a competitor, along the UR-700 project, of Korolev 's N-1 . For this new missions, it would not need to comply with ICBM specification standards, but would need at least a third stage. The second stage was enlarged, and the RD-0208/9 were revised as the RD-0210 and RD-0211 by uprating them slightly and significantly increasing the burning time. For

1260-632: Was test fired from Petlyakov Pe-8 and Tupolev Tu-2 aircraft. Following his success with the 10Kh, the USSR Special Design Bureau on designing pilot-less aircraft (OKB-52) was established under Chelomey's. In 1955, Chelomey was appointed the Chief Designer of the OKB-52 , where he continued to work on cruise missiles. Chelomey continued his scientific research, earning a doctorate in science from Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School . After his dissertation defense in 1951, he became

1296-621: Was the second staged combustion engine in the world, only after the S1.5400 , and was also the first staged combustion engine with storable propellants. On 15 September 1968 the RD-0210, RD-0211 and the RD-0212 module launched the Zond 5 around the Moon on a free return trajectory , that sent the first alive organisms around the moon and back to Earth. On 19 April 1971 a Proton orbited Salyut 1

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